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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	sigradi2006_e028c
id	sigradi2006_e028c
authors	Griffith, Kenfield; Sass, Larry and Michaud, Dennis
year	2006
title	A strategy for complex-curved building design:Design structure with Bi-lateral contouring as integrally connected ribs
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 465-469
summary	Shapes in designs created by architects such as Gehry Partners (Shelden, 2002), Foster and Partners, and Kohn Peterson and Fox rely on computational processes for rationalizing complex geometry for building construction. Rationalization is the reduction of a complete geometric shape into discrete components. Unfortunately, for many architects the rationalization is limited reducing solid models to surfaces or data on spread sheets for contractors to follow. Rationalized models produced by the firms listed above do not offer strategies for construction or digital fabrication. For the physical production of CAD description an alternative to the rationalized description is needed. This paper examines the coupling of digital rationalization and digital fabrication with physical mockups (Rich, 1989). Our aim is to explore complex relationships found in early and mid stage design phases when digital fabrication is used to produce design outcomes. Results of our investigation will aid architects and engineers in addressing the complications found in the translation of design models embedded with precision to constructible geometries. We present an algorithmically based approach to design rationalization that supports physical production as well as surface production of desktop models. Our approach is an alternative to conventional rapid prototyping that builds objects by assembly of laterally sliced contours from a solid model. We explored an improved product description for rapid manufacture as bilateral contouring for structure and panelling for strength (Kolarevic, 2003). Infrastructure typically found within aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, bilateral contouring is an organized matrix of horizontal and vertical interlocking ribs evenly distributed along a surface. These structures are monocoque and semi-monocoque assemblies composed of structural ribs and skinning attached by rivets and adhesives. Alternative, bi-lateral contouring discussed is an interlocking matrix of plywood strips having integral joinery for assembly. Unlike traditional methods of building representations through malleable materials for creating tangible objects (Friedman, 2002), this approach constructs with the implication for building life-size solutions. Three algorithms are presented as examples of rationalized design production with physical results. The first algorithm [Figure 1] deconstructs an initial 2D curved form into ribbed slices to be assembled through integral connections constructed as part of the rib solution. The second algorithm [Figure 2] deconstructs curved forms of greater complexity. The algorithm walks along the surface extracting surface information along horizontal and vertical axes saving surface information resulting in a ribbed structure of slight double curvature. The final algorithm [Figure 3] is expressed as plug-in software for Rhino that deconstructs a design to components for assembly as rib structures. The plug-in also translates geometries to a flatten position for 2D fabrication. The software demonstrates the full scope of the research exploration. Studies published by Dodgson argued that innovation technology (IvT) (Dodgson, Gann, Salter, 2004) helped in solving projects like the Guggenheim in Bilbao, the leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, and the Millennium Bridge in London. Similarly, the method discussed in this paper will aid in solving physical production problems with complex building forms. References Bentley, P.J. (Ed.). Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, 1-73 Celani, G, (2004) “From simple to complex: using AutoCAD to build generative design systems” in: L. Caldas and J. Duarte (org.) Implementations issues in generative design systems. First Intl. Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, July 2004 Dodgson M, Gann D.M., Salter A, (2004), “Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving: Lessons from High Profile Public Projects,” Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, 2004 Dristas, (2004) “Design Operators.” Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2004 Friedman, M, (2002), Gehry Talks: Architecture + Practice, Universe Publishing, New York, NY, 2002 Kolarevic, B, (2003), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, UK, 2003 Opas J, Bochnick H, Tuomi J, (1994), “Manufacturability Analysis as a Part of CAD/CAM Integration”, Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, 261-292 Rudolph S, Alber R, (2002), “An Evolutionary Approach to the Inverse Problem in Rule-Based Design Representations”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 329-350 Rich M, (1989), Digital Mockup, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1989 Schön, D., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professional Think in Action. Basic Books. 1983 Shelden, D, (2003), “Digital Surface Representation and the Constructability of Gehry’s Architecture.” Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003 Smithers T, Conkie A, Doheny J, Logan B, Millington K, (1989), “Design as Intelligent Behaviour: An AI in Design Thesis Programme”, Artificial Intelligence in Design, 293-334 Smithers T, (2002), “Synthesis in Designing”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 3-24 Stiny, G, (1977), “Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs” Environmental and Planning B, volume 4, pp. 89-98
keywords	Digital fabrication; bilateral contouring; integral connection; complex-curve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	ecec
authors	Requicha, Aristides A.G. and Voelcker, H.B.
year	1977
title	Constructive Solid Geometry
source	November, 1977. [3] 36 p. : ill. includes bibliography: p. 31-33
summary	The term 'constructive solid geometry' denotes a class of schemes for describing solid objects as compositions (usually 'additions' and 'subtractions') of primitive solid 'building blocks.' The notion of adding and subtracting solids has been used by mechanical designers and others for generations, but attempts to embody it in computer-based modelling systems have been hindered by the absence of a firm mathematical foundation. This paper provides such a foundation by drawing on established results in modern axiomatic geometry and point set topology. The paper also initiates a broader discussion, to be continued in subsequent papers, of three seminal topics: mathematical modelling of solids, representation of solids, and calculation of geometrical properties of solids
keywords	solid modeling, computational geometry, geometric modeling, CSG, topology, mathematics, representation
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	avocaad_2001_09
id	avocaad_2001_09
authors	Yu-Tung Liu, Yung-Ching Yeh, Sheng-Cheng Shih
year	2001
title	Digital Architecture in CAD studio and Internet-based competition
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	Architectural design has been changing because of the vast and creative use of computer in different ways. From the viewpoint of designing itself, computer has been used as drawing tools in the latter phase of design (Mitchell 1977; Coyne et al. 1990), presentation and simulation tools in the middle phase (Liu and Bai 2000), and even critical media which triggers creative thinking in the very early phase (Maher et al. 2000; Liu 1999; Won 1999). All the various roles that computer can play have been adopted in a number of professional design corporations and so-called computer-aided design (CAD) studio in schools worldwide (Kvan 1997, 2000; Cheng 1998). The processes and outcomes of design have been continuously developing to capture the movement of the computer age. However, from the viewpoint of social-cultural theories of architecture, the evolvement of design cannot be achieved solely by designers or design processes. Any new idea of design can be accepted socially, culturally and historically only under one condition: The design outcomes could be reviewed and appreciated by critics in the field at the time of its production (Csikszentmihalyi 1986, 1988; Schon and Wiggins 1992; Liu 2000). In other words, aspects of design production (by designers in different design processes) are as critical as those of design appreciation (by critics in different review processes) in the observation of the future trends of architecture.Nevertheless, in the field of architectural design with computer and Internet, that is, so-called computer-aided design computer-mediated design, or internet-based design, most existing studies pay more attentions to producing design in design processes as mentioned above. Relatively few studies focus on how critics act and how they interact with designers in the review processes. Therefore, this study intends to investigate some evolving phenomena of the interaction between design production and appreciation in the environment of computer and Internet.This paper takes a CAD studio and an Internet-based competition as examples. The CAD studio includes 7 master's students and 2 critics, all from the same countries. The Internet-based competition, held in year 2000, includes 206 designers from 43 counties and 26 critics from 11 countries. 3 students and the 2 critics in the CAD studio are the competition participating designers and critics respectively. The methodological steps are as follows: 1. A qualitative analysis: observation and interview of the 3 participants and 2 reviewers who join both the CAD studio and the competition. The 4 analytical criteria are the kinds of presenting media, the kinds of supportive media (such as verbal and gesture/facial data), stages of the review processes, and interaction between the designer and critics. The behavioral data are acquired by recording the design presentation and dialogue within 3 months. 2. A quantitative analysis: statistical analysis of the detailed reviewing data in the CAD studio and the competition. The four 4 analytical factors are the reviewing time, the number of reviewing of the same project, the comparison between different projects, and grades/comments. 3. Both the qualitative and quantitative data are cross analyzed and discussed, based on the theories of design thinking, design production/appreciation, and the appreciative system (Goodman 1978, 1984).The result of this study indicates that the interaction between design production and appreciation during the review processes could differ significantly. The review processes could be either linear or cyclic due to the influences from the kinds of media, the environmental discrepancies between studio and Internet, as well as cognitive thinking/memory capacity. The design production and appreciation seem to be more linear in CAD studio whereas more cyclic in the Internet environment. This distinction coincides with the complementary observations of designing as a linear process (Jones 1970; Simon 1981) or a cyclic movement (Schon and Wiggins 1992). Some phenomena during the two processes are also illustrated in detail in this paper.This study is merely a starting point of the research in design production and appreciation in the computer and network age. The future direction of investigation is to establish a theoretical model for the interaction between design production and appreciation based on current findings. The model is expected to conduct using revised protocol analysis and interviews. The other future research is to explore how design computing creativity emerge from the process of producing and appreciating.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	05f0
authors	Ball, A.A.
year	1977
title	CONSURF Part 3 : How the Program Is Used
source	computer Aided Design. January, 1977. vol. 9: pp. 9-12 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper is the last of a series describing the surface lofting program CONSURF, and outlines how the program is used. The overall approach is geometrical and is modeled closely on manual lofting. The program user must have a practical understanding of shape and be able to visualize the surfaces he defines. He must also be numerate, but he does not need to understand the surface mathematics which is confined to the software. In this paper CONSURF, is considered as a production program and the contribution to the user are described
keywords	mechanical engineering, curved surfaces, lofting
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ddssar0206
id	ddssar0206
authors	Bax, M.F.Th. and Trum, H.M.G.J.
year	2002
title	Faculties of Architecture
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	In order to be inscribed in the European Architect’s register the study program leading to the diploma ‘Architect’ has to meet the criteria of the EC Architect’s Directive (1985). The criteria are enumerated in 11 principles of Article 3 of the Directive. The Advisory Committee, established by the European Council got the task to examine such diplomas in the case some doubts are raised by other Member States. To carry out this task a matrix was designed, as an independent interpreting framework that mediates between the principles of Article 3 and the actual study program of a faculty. Such a tool was needed because of inconsistencies in the list of principles, differences between linguistic versions ofthe Directive, and quantification problems with time, devoted to the principles in the study programs. The core of the matrix, its headings, is a categorisation of the principles on a higher level of abstractionin the form of a taxonomy of domains and corresponding concepts. Filling in the matrix means that each study element of the study programs is analysed according to their content in terms of domains; thesummation of study time devoted to the various domains results in a so-called ‘profile of a faculty’. Judgement of that profile takes place by committee of peers. The domains of the taxonomy are intrinsically the same as the concepts and categories, needed for the description of an architectural design object: the faculties of architecture. This correspondence relates the taxonomy to the field of design theory and philosophy. The taxonomy is an application of Domain theory. This theory,developed by the authors since 1977, takes as a view that the architectural object only can be described fully as an integration of all types of domains. The theory supports the idea of a participatory andinterdisciplinary approach to design, which proved to be awarding both from a scientific and a social point of view. All types of domains have in common that they are measured in three dimensions: form, function and process, connecting the material aspects of the object with its social and proceduralaspects. In the taxonomy the function dimension is emphasised. It will be argued in the paper that the taxonomy is a categorisation following the pragmatistic philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce. It will bedemonstrated as well that the taxonomy is easy to handle by giving examples of its application in various countries in the last 5 years. The taxonomy proved to be an adequate tool for judgement ofstudy programs and their subsequent improvement, as constituted by the faculties of a Faculty of Architecture. The matrix is described as the result of theoretical reflection and practical application of a matrix, already in use since 1995. The major improvement of the matrix is its direct connection with Peirce’s universal categories and the self-explanatory character of its structure. The connection with Peirce’s categories gave the matrix a more universal character, which enables application in other fieldswhere the term ‘architecture’ is used as a metaphor for artefacts.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ddssar0003
id	ddssar0003
authors	Bax, Th., Trum, H. and Nauta, D.jr.
year	2000
title	Implications of the philosophy of Ch. S. Peirce for interdisciplinary design: developments in domain theory
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fifth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Nijkerk, the Netherlands)
summary	Subject of this paper is the establishment of a connection between categorical pragmatism, developed by Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) through phenomenological analysis, and Domain Theory, developed by Thijs Bax and Henk Trum since 1977. The first is a phenomenological branch of philosophy, the second a theory of interdisciplinary design. A connection seems possible because of similarity in form (three-partitions with an anarcho-hierarchical character), the not-absolute conception of functionality and the interdisciplinary and procedural (participation based action) character of both theories.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ed51
authors	Bergeron, Philippe
year	1986
title	A General Version of Crow's Shadow Volumes
source	IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications September, 1986. vol. 6: pp. 17-28 : col. ill. includes bibliography.
summary	In 1977 Frank Crow introduced a new class of algorithms for the generation of shadows. His technique, based on the concept of shadow volumes, assumes a polygonal database and a constrained environment. For example, polyhedrons must be closed, and polygons must be planar. This article presents a new version of Crow's algorithm, developed at the Universite de Montreal, which attempts a less constrained environment. The method has allowed the handling of both open and closed models and nonplanar polygons with the viewpoint anywhere, including any shadow volume. It does not, however, sacrifice the essential features of Crow's original version: penetration between polygons is allowed, and any number of light sources can be defined anywhere in 3D space, including the view volume and any shadow volume. The method has been used successfully in the film Tony de Peltrie and is easily incorporated into an existing scan-line, hidden-surface algorithm
keywords	algorithms, shadowing, polygons, computer graphics
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	4489
authors	Blinn, J.F.
year	1977
title	Models of light reflection for computer synthesised pictures
source	Computer Graphics, 11 2, 192-198
summary	Bui-Tuong Phong published his illumination model in 1973, in the paper titled "Illumination for Computer-Generated Images". Phong's model is a local illumination model, which means only direct reflections are taken into account. Light that bounces off more than one surface before reaching the eye is not accounted for. While this may not be very realistic, it allows the lighting to be computed efficiently. To properly handle indirect lighting, a global illumination method such as radiosity is required, which is much more expensive. In addition to Phong's basic lighting equation, we will look at a variation invented by Jim Blinn. Blinn changed the way specular is calculated, making the computations slightly cheaper. Blinn published his approach in his paper "Models of Light Reflection for Computer Synthesised Pictures" in 1977.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	2168
authors	Bobrow, Daniel G. and Winograd, Terry
year	1977
title	An Overview of KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language
source	Cognitive Science. 1977. vol. 1: pp. 3-46. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language designed for use in understander systems. It outlines both the general concepts which underlie the research and the details of KRL-O, an experimental implementation of some of these concepts. KRL is an attempt to integrate procedural knowledge with a broad base of declarative forms. These forms provide a variety of ways to express the logical structure of the knowledge, in order to give flexibility in associating procedures (for memory and reasoning) with specific pieces of knowledge, and to control the relative accessibility of different facts and descriptions. The formalism for declarative knowledge is based on structured conceptual objects with associated descriptions. These objects form a network of memory units with several different sorts of linkages, each having well-specified implications for the retrieval process. Procedures can be associated directly with the internal structure of a conceptual object. This procedural attachment allows the steps for a particular operation to be determined by characteristics of the specific entities involved. The control structure of KRL is based on the belief that the next generation of intelligent programs will integrate data-directed and goal-directed processing by using multiprocessing. It provides for a priority-ordered multiprocess agenda with explicit (user-provided) strategies for scheduling and resource allocation. It provides procedure directories which operate along with process frameworks to allow procedural parametrization of the fundamental system processes for building, comparing, and retrieving memory structures. Future development of KRL will include integrating procedure definition with the descriptive formalism
keywords	knowledge, representation, languages, AI
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	aef9
id	aef9
authors	Brown, A., Knight, M. and Berridge, P. (Eds.)
year	1999
title	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [Conference Proceedings]
source	eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7 / Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, 773 p.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999
summary	The core theme of this book is the idea of looking forward to where research and development in Computer Aided Architectural Design might be heading. The contention is that we can do so most effectively by using the developments that have taken place over the past three or four decades in Computing and Architectural Computing as our reference point; the past informing the future. The genesis of this theme is the fact that a new millennium is about to arrive. If we are ruthlessly objective the year 2000 holds no more significance than any other year; perhaps we should, instead, be preparing for the year 2048 (2k). In fact, whatever the justification, it is now timely to review where we stand in terms of the development of Architectural Computing. This book aims to do that. It is salutary to look back at what writers and researchers have said in the past about where they thought that the developments in computing were taking us. One of the common themes picked up in the sections of this book is the developments that have been spawned by the global linkup that the worldwide web offers us. In the past decade the scale and application of this new medium of communication has grown at a remarkable rate. There are few technological developments that have become so ubiquitous, so quickly. As a consequence there are particular sections in this book on Communication and the Virtual Design Studio which reflect the prominence of this new area, but examples of its application are scattered throughout the book. In 'Computer-Aided Architectural Design' (1977), Bill Mitchell did suggest that computer network accessibility from expensive centralised locations to affordable common, decentralised computing facilities would become more commonplace. But most pundits have been taken by surprise by just how powerful the explosive cocktail of networks, email and hypertext has proven to be. Each of the ingredients is interesting in its own right but together they have presented us with genuinely new ways of working. Perhaps, with foresight we can see what the next new explosive cocktail might be.
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.ecaade.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	092b
authors	Burton, Warren
year	1977
title	Representation of Many-Sided Polygons and Polygonal Lines for Rapid Processing
source	communications of the ACMò. March, 1977. vol. 20: pp. 166-171 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A representation for polygons and polygonal lines is described which allows sets of consecutive sides to be collectively examined. The set of sides are arranged in a binary tree hierarchy by inclusion. A fast algorithm for testing the inclusion of a point in a many-sided polygon is given. The speed of the algorithm is discussed for both ideal and practical examples. It is shown that the points of intersection of two polygonal lines can be located by what is essentially a binary tree search. The algorithm and a practical example are discussed. The representation overcomes many of the disadvantages associated with the various fixed- grid methods for representing curves and regions
keywords	representation, GIS, mapping, computer graphics, algorithms, information, intersection, curves, polygons, B-rep
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	22ce
authors	Cahn, Deborah U., Johnston, Nancy E. and Johnston, William E.
year	1977
title	A Response to the 1977 GSPC Core Graphic System
source	SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. August, 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 57-62. includes bibliography
summary	This paper responds to the 1977 Core Graphics System of SIGGRAPH's Graphics Standards Planning Committee (GSPC). The authors are interested in low-level device-independent graphics for applications doing data representation and annotation. The level structure and bias in the core system toward display list processor graphics are criticized. Specific issues discussed include display contexts, attributes, current position, 3-dimensional graphics, area filling, and graphics input
keywords	computer graphics, standards
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	490d
authors	De Groot, D.J.
year	1977
title	Designing Curved Surfaces with Analytical Functions
source	Computer Aided Design. January, 1977. vol. 9: pp. 3-8 : ill
summary	Shaping and computer-interactive design of curved surfaces of industrial objects, where artistic freedom is allowed for the outward appearance, is a time-consuming job particularly when feeding the computer program with the necessary geometrical input data. A design method is presented together with practical results of designed surfaces composed of simple analytical functions. Human input of geometrical and artistic data has been minimized. Smoothness and fairness are created by the surface composing functions
keywords	curved surfaces, representation, CAD, systems
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	sigradi2009_774
id	sigradi2009_774
authors	de Souza, Raphael Argento; André Soares Monat
year	2009
title	Visualização da Informação em meio telejornalístico: Uma abordagem sob a ótica do design [Information Visualization in the news television: An approach under the design sight]
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	This article proposes a classification, under the Visualization Information point of view, of infographics broadcasted in the brazilian news television. To achieve this purpose these so called motion graphics were analised under the basis formed by three main authors: Tufte (1997), Bertin (1977) and Spence (2007), whose theories are in this article compared to the digital means of the motion graphics. With these theoretical foundation and the analisys of two hundred motion graphics broadcasted in the brazilian news television, we achieved a classification which covers every type of these motion graphics, hoping it becomes a basis for the study of these projects.
keywords	Design; information visualization; television infographics, motion graphics; information design
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:50

_id	76ce
authors	Grimson, W.
year	1985
title	Computational Experiments with a Feature Based Stereo Algorithm
source	IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., Vol. PAMI-7, No. 1
summary	Computational models of the human stereo system' can provide insight into general information processing constraints that apply to any stereo system, either artificial or biological. In 1977, Marr and Poggio proposed one such computational model, that was characterized as matching certain feature points in difference-of-Gaussian filtered images, and using the information obtained by matching coarser resolution representations to restrict the search'space for matching finer resolution representations. An implementation of the algorithm and'its testing on a range of images was reported in 1980. Since then a number of psychophysical experiments have suggested possible refinements to the model and modifications to the algorithm. As well, recent computational experiments applying the algorithm to a variety of natural images, especially aerial photographs, have led to a number of modifications. In this article, we present a version of the Marr-Poggio-Gfimson algorithm that embodies these modifications and illustrate its performance on a series of natural images.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	ecaade2009_177
id	ecaade2009_177
authors	Göttig, Roland; Braunes, Jörg
year	2009
title	Building Survey in Combination with Building Information Modelling for the Architectural Planning Process
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 69-74
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.069
wos	WOS:000334282200007
summary	The architectural planning process is influenced by social, cultural and technical aspects (Alexander, 1977). When focussing on computer based planning for retrofitting or modification of buildings it becomes clear that many different data formats are used depending on a great variety of planning methods. Moreover, if building information models are utilized they still lack some essential criteria. It is rarely possible to attach individual data from survey systems. This paper will show both a way to add data from building survey systems as an example for special data attachment on IFC files and how to utilize content management systems for IFC files, deviated plans, lists of building components, and other data necessary in a planning process.
keywords	Planning process, building information modeling, IFC, building survey systems, content management systems
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	20a5
authors	Kieburtz, Richard B.
year	1977
title	Structured Programming and Problem- Solving with PASCAL
source	xiii, 348 p. : ill. Englewood cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1977. includes index
summary	An introduction emphasizing the problem-solving approach to computing, progressing from the development of a systematic and disciplined approach to the discovery of algorithms. Includes examples and exercises
keywords	PASCAL, programming, languages, problem solving, education
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e5a1
authors	Korf, R.E.
year	1977
title	A Shape Independent Theory of Space Allocation
source	Environment and Planning B. 1977. vol. 4: pp. 37-50 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A theory of space allocation in architectural design is presented. The theory is completely independent of the shapes of the spaces. The problem is broken down into four hierarchical levels of abstraction. The top level is the number of spaces. The second level consists of the adjacencies between the spaces, represented as abstract graphs. The third level is concerned with the different planar embeddings or geometries of the adjacency graphs. The bottom level is represented by labelled bubble diagrams. At each level, the number of design alternatives is finite and it is shown how they can be systematically enumerated
keywords	space allocation, synthesis, architecture, design, graphs, layout, algorithms
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	a4b7
authors	Lee, D. T. and Preparata, Franco P.
year	1977
title	Location of a Point in a Planar Subdivision and its Applications
source	SIAM Journal of Computing. September, 1977. vol. 6: pp. 594-606 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Given a subdivision of the plane induced by a planar graph with n vertices, in this paper the problem of identifying which region of the subdivision contains a given test points is considered. A search algorithm, called point-location algorithm, which operates on a suitably preprocessed data structure is presented. The search runs in time at most O((log n)2), while the preprocessing task runs in time at most O(n log n) and requires O(n) storage. The methods are quite general, since an arbitrary subdivision can be transformed in time at most O(n log n) into one to which the preprocessing procedure is applicable. This solution of the point location problem yields interesting and efficient solutions of other geometric problems, such as spatial convex inclusion and inclusion in an arbitrary polygon
keywords	computational geometry, algorithms, analysis, graphs, point inclusion
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ddss2006-hb-187
id	DDSS2006-HB-187
authors	Lidia Diappi and Paola Bolchi
year	2006
title	Gentrification Waves in the Inner-City of Milan - A multi agent / cellular automata model based on Smith's Rent Gap theory
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2006, Innovations in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN-10: 1-4020-5059-3, ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-5059-6, p. 187-201
summary	The aim of this paper is to investigate the gentrification process by applying an urban spatial model of gentrification, based on Smith's (1979; 1987; 1996) Rent Gap theory. The rich sociological literature on the topic mainly assumes gentrification to be a cultural phenomenon, namely the result of a demand pressure of the suburban middle and upper class, willing to return to the city (Ley, 1980; Lipton, 1977, May, 1996). Little attempt has been made to investigate and build a sound economic explanation on the causes of the process. The Rent Gap theory (RGT) of Neil Smith still represents an important contribution in this direction. At the heart of Smith's argument there is the assumption that gentrification takes place because capitals return to the inner city, creating opportunities for residential relocation and profit. This paper illustrates a dynamic model of Smith's theory through a multi-agent/ cellular automata system approach (Batty, 2005) developed on a Netlogo platform. A set of behavioural rules for each agent involved (homeowner, landlord, tenant and developer, and the passive 'dwelling' agent with their rent and level of decay) are formalised. The simulations show the surge of neighbouring degradation or renovation and population turn over, starting with different initial states of decay and estate rent values. Consistent with a Self Organized Criticality approach, the model shows that non linear interactions at local level may produce different configurations of the system at macro level. This paper represents a further development of a previous version of the model (Diappi, Bolchi, 2005). The model proposed here includes some more realistic factors inspired by the features of housing market dynamics in the city of Milan. It includes the shape of the potential rent according to city form and functions, the subdivision in areal submarkets according to the current rents, and their maintenance levels. The model has a more realistic visualisation of the city and its form, and is able to show the different dynamics of the emergent neighbourhoods in the last ten years in Milan.
keywords	Multi agent systems, Housing market, Gentrification, Emergent systems
series	DDSS
last changed	2006/08/29 12:55

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