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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures
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_id 98bd
authors Pea, R.
year 1993
title Practices of Distributed Intelligence and Designs for Education
source Distributed Cognitions, edited by G. Salomon. New York, NY: CambridgeUniversity Press
summary v Knowledge is commonly socially constructed, through collaborative efforts... v Intelligence may also be distributed for use in designed artifacts as diverse as physical tools, representations such as diagrams, and computer-user interfaces to complex tasks. v Leont'ev 1978 for activity theory that argues forcibly for the centrality of people-in-action, activity systems, as units of analysis for deepening our understanding of thinking. v Intelligence is distributed: the resources that shape and enable activity are distributed across people, environments, and situations. v Intelligence is accomplished rather than possessed. v Affordance refers to the perceived and actual properties of a thing, primarily those functional properties that determine how the thing could possibly be used. v Norman 1988 on design and psychology - the psychology of everyday things" v We deploy effort-saving strategies in recognition of their cognitive economy and diminished opportunity for error. v The affordances of artifacts may be more or less difficult to convey to novice users of these artifacts in the activities to which they contribute distributed intelligence. v Starts with Norman's seven stages of action Ø Forming a goal; an intention § Task desire - clear goal and intention - an action and a means § Mapping desire - unable to map goal back to action § Circumstantial desire - no specific goal or intention - opportunistic approach to potential new goal § Habitual desire - familiar course of action - rapidly cycle all seven stages of action v Differentiates inscriptional systems from representational or symbol systems because inscriptional systems are completely external, while representational or symbol systems have been used in cognitive science as mental constructs. v The situated properties of everyday cognition are highly inventive in exploiting features of the physical and social situation as resources for performing a task, thereby avoiding the need for mental symbol manipulations unless they are required by that task. v Explicit recognition of the intelligence represented and representable in design, specifically in designed artifacts that play important roles in human activities. v Once intelligence is designed into the affordances properties of artifacts, it both guides and constrains the likely contributions of that artifact to distributed intelligence in activity. v Culturally valued designs for distributed intelligence will change over time, especially as new technology becomes associated with a task domain. v If we treat distributed intelligence in action as the scientific unit of analysis for research and theory on learning and reasoning... Ø What is distributed? Ø What constraints govern the dynamics of such distributions in different time scales? Ø Through what reconfigurations of distributed intelligence might the performance of an activity system improve over time? v Intelligence is manifest in activity and distributed in nature. v Intelligent activities ...in the real world... are often collaborative, depend on resources beyond an individual's long-term memory, and require the use of information-handling tools... v Wartofsky 1979 - the artifact is to cultural evolution what the gene is to biological evolution - the vehicle of information across generations. v Systems of activity - involving persons, environment, tools - become the locus of developmental investigation. v Disagrees with Salomon et al.'s entity-oriented approach - a language of containers holding things. v Human cognition aspires to efficiency in distributing intelligence - across individuals, environment, external symbolic representations, tools, and artifacts - as a means of coping with the complexity of activities we often cal "mental." "
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14
_id cf2011_p051
id cf2011_p051
authors Cote, Pierre; Mohamed-Ahmed Ashraf, Tremblay Sebastien
year 2011
title A Quantitative Method to Compare the Impact of Design Mediums on the Architectural Ideation Process.
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 539-556.
summary If we compare the architectural design process to a black box system, we can assume that we now know quite well both inputs and outputs of the system. Indeed, everything about the early project either feasibility studies, programming, context integration, site analysis (urban, rural or natural), as well as the integration of participants in a collaborative process can all be considered to initiate and sustain the architectural design and ideation process. Similarly, outputs from that process are also, and to some extent, well known and identifiable. We are referring here, among others, to the project representations or even to the concrete building construction and its post-evaluation. But what about the black box itself that produces the ideation. This is the question that attempts to answer the research. Currently, very few research works linger to identify how the human brain accomplishes those tasks; how to identify the cognitive functions that are playing this role; to what extent they operate and complement each other, and among other things, whether there possibly a chain of causality between these functions. Therefore, this study proposes to define a model that reflects the activity of the black box based on the cognitive activity of the human brain. From an extensive literature review, two cognitive functions have been identified and are investigated to account for some of the complex cognitive activity that occurs during a design process, namely the mental workload and mental imagery. These two variables are measured quantitatively in the context of real design task. Essentially, the mental load is measured using a Bakan's test and the mental imagery with eyes tracking. The statistical software G-Power was used to identify the necessary subject number to obtain for significant variance and correlation result analysis. Thus, in the context of an exploratory research, to ensure effective sample of 0.25 and a statistical power of 0.80, 32 participants are needed. All these participants are students from 3rd, 4th or 5th grade in architecture. They are also very familiar with the architectural design process and the design mediums used, i.e., analog model, freehand drawing and CAD software, SketchUp. In three experimental sessions, participants were asked to design three different projects, namely, a bus shelter, a recycling station and a public toilet. These projects were selected and defined for their complexity similarity, taking into account the available time of 22 minutes, using all three mediums of design, and this in a randomly manner to avoid the order effect. To analyze the two cognitive functions (mental load and mental imagery), two instruments are used. Mental imagery is measured using eye movement tracking with monitoring and quantitative analysis of scan paths and the resulting number and duration of participant eye fixations (Johansson et al, 2005). The mental workload is measured using the performance of a modality hearing secondary task inspired by Bakan'sworks (Bakan et al.; 1963). Each of these three experimental sessions, lasting 90 minutes, was composed of two phases: 1. After calibrating the glasses for eye movement, the subject had to exercise freely for 3 minutes while wearing the glasses and headphones (Bakan task) to get use to the wearing hardware. Then, after reading the guidelines and criteria for the design project (± 5 minutes), he had 22 minutes to execute the design task on a drawing table allowing an upright posture. Once the task is completed, the subject had to take the NASA TLX Test, on the assessment of mental load (± 5 minutes) and a written post-experimental questionnaire on his impressions of the experiment (± 10 minutes). 2. After a break of 5-10 minutes, the participant answered a psychometric test, which is different for each session. These tests (± 20 minutes) are administered in the same order to each participant. Thus, in the first experimental session, the subject had to take the psychometric test from Ekstrom et al. (1978), on spatial performance (Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests Kit). During the second session, the cognitive style is evaluated using Oltman's test (1971). Finally, in the third and final session, participant creativity is evaluated using Delis-Kaplan test (D-KEFS), Delis et al. (2001). Thus, this study will present the first results of quantitative measures to establish and validate the proposed model. Furthermore, the paper will also discuss the relevance of the proposed approach, considering that currently teaching of ideation in ours schools of architecture in North America is essentially done in a holistic manner through the architectural project.
keywords design, ideation process, mental workload, mental imagery, quantitative mesure
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2012/02/11 19:21
_id 6387
authors Akin, Omer
year 1978
title How do Architects Design?
source Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition in Computer Aided Design. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1978. pp. 65-98. includes bibliography
summary This study is proposes a descriptive model of the design behavior of architects. In the first section a framework for the model is proposed. In the second section the framework is tested against empirical data. 11 information processing mechanisms are observed in the data. Eight of these: information acquisition, problem interpretation, problem representation, solution generation, solution integration, solution evaluation, perception and sketching, are used in developing design solutions. The three remaining mechanisms: design 'plans,' transformation rules and design-symbols, represent the categories of the priori knowledge used in design. In the third section these three knowledge mechanisms are explored in detail using the results of two additional experiments with designers
keywords design methods, architecture, design process
series CADline
email
last changed 2003/05/17 10:09
_id 20c1
authors Alavalkama, Ilkka
year 1993
title Technical Aspects of the Urban Simulator in Tampere University of Technology
source Endoscopy as a Tool in Architecture [Proceedings of the 1st European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference / ISBN 951-722-069-3] Tampere (Finland), 25-28 August 1993, pp. 35-46
summary The colour video recording Urban Simulator in TUT was built very early compared with the development of video systems. A contract for planning the simulator electronics, mechanics and camera systems was made in january 1978 with two TUT students: Jani Granholm (computer science and engineering) and Ilkka Alavalkama (machine design and automation). Ease of control and maintenance were asked by side of ”human movement inside coloured small-scale architectural models”. From the beginning, all components of the system were carefully tested and chosen from various alternatives. Financial resources were quite limited, which lead to a long building process and to self-planned and produced mechanical and electronical elements. Some optical systems were constructed by using elements from various manufacturers.
keywords Architectural Endoscopy
series EAEA
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/eaea/
last changed 2005/09/09 10:43
_id 629c
authors Ball, A. A.
year 1978
title A Simple Specification of the Parametric Cubic Segment
source computer Aided Design. Business Press, May, 1978. vol. 10: pp. 181-182
summary A parametric cubic segment may be specified in many ways but most specifications require quantities peculiar to the parametric representation rather than the geometric properties of the curve segment. This paper shows that a three- dimensional cubic segment is specified completely by its end points, end slopes and one intermediate point
keywords parametrization, curves, curved surfaces, representation
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 10:24
_id 898a
authors Bay, J.H.
year 2002
title Cognitive Biases and Precedent Knowledge in Human and Computer-Aided Design Thinking
source CAADRIA 2002 [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X] Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, pp. 213-220
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.213
summary Cognitive biases (illusions) and potential errors can occur when using precedent knowledge for analogical, pre-parametric and qualitative design thinking. This paper refers largely to part of a completed research (Bay 2001) on how heuristic biases, discussed by Tversky and Kahneman (1982) in cognitive psychology, can affect judgement and learning of facts from precedents in architectural design, made explicit using a kernel of conceptual system (Tzonis et. al., 1978) and a framework of architectural representation (Tzonis 1992). These are used here to consider how such illusions and errors may be transferred to computer aided design thinking.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54
_id e671
authors Bentley, Jon L., Haken, Dorothea and Saxe, James B.
year 1978
title A General Method for Solving Divide-and-Conquer Recurrences
source 10 p Carnegie Mellon University: December, 1978. includes bibliography.
summary The complexity of divide-and-conquer algorithms is often described by recurrence relations of the form T(n) = kT(n/c) + f(n). The only method currently available for solving such recurrences consists of solution tables for fixed functions f and varying k and c. In this note the authors describe a unifying method for solving these recurrences that is both general in applicability and easy to apply without the use of large tables
keywords recursion, algorithms, divide-and-conquer
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58
_id 6509
authors Blinn, J.F.
year 1978
title Simulation of Wrinkled Surfaces
source Computer Graphics 12 3. 286-292
summary Computer generated shaded images have reached an impressive degree of realism with the current state of the art. They are not so realistic, however, that they would fool many people into believing they are real. One problem is that the surfaces tend to look artificial due to their extreme smoothness. What is needed is a means of simulating the surface irregularities that are on real surfaces. In 1973 Ed Catmull introduced the idea of using the parameter values of parametrically defined surfaces to index into a texture definition function which scales the intensity of the reflected light. By tying the texture pattern to the parameter values, the texture is guaranteed to rotate and move with the object. This is good for showing patterns painted on the surface, but attempts to simulate rough surfaces in this way are unconvincing. This paper presents a method of using a texturing function to perform a small perturbation on the direction of the surface normal before using it in the intensity calculations. This process yields images with realistic looking surface wrinkles without the need to model each wrinkle as a separate surface element. Several samples of images made with this technique are included.
series journal paper
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14
_id 0fd5
authors Borkin, Harold J., McIntosh, John F. and Turner, James A.
year 1978
title The Development of Three-Dimensional Spatial Modeling Techniques for the Construction of Nuclear Power Plants
source SIGGRAPH-ACM Quarterly Report. August, 1978. pp. 26-30 : ill. includes bibliography
summary This paper presents the results of the first phase of a research project on the application of spatial modeling techniques to the process of planning and executing the construction of a nuclear power plant. A computer modeling technique, based on sets of polyhedra and spatial set operations, was developed and applied to modeling the components of a nuclear power plant. The objectives of the modeling are: To store and retrieve information about the various systems in the facility; to produce drawings of those systems from any angle in differing amounts of detail; to aid in the search for interference among the parts of the plant by identifying those elements that occupy the same space or are too close to each other; to calculate information such as surface area, length, and volume of selected elements of the plant; and to aid in finding the optimum construction sequence by simulating the construction of selected areas of the plant. Computer techniques are described for inputing information by digitizing directly from engineering drawings, for editing the spatial model, for management of the spatial and non-spatial data, and for graphic output from the model. The software is implemented on the University central time- sharing computer system and on a mini-computer system in the Architectural Research Laboratory
keywords geometric modeling, polyhedra, relational database, construction, synthesis, evaluation, design, applications
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58
_id 35a7
authors Brown, André G.P.
year 2001
title Architectural critique through digital scenariobuilding. Augmenting Architectural Criticism and Narrative
source Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-7023-6] Eindhoven, 8-11 July 2001, pp. 697-709
summary As an idea scenario-building has parallels the use of creative faking in related disciplines, most particularly, in contemporary art. The techniques involved in scenario-building and faking offer us enhanced ways of undertaking creative thinking and critical review of architecture and architectural projects. Critical review and theoretical analysis of architecture can be undertaken via a range of methods that Attoe (1978) classifies as Normative, Interpretive and Descriptive. Digital representation now offers us new ways of augmenting these critical styles in ways that have yet to be fully exploited, and possible means of exploitation are illustrated in this paper. In short the work described here shows how digital techniques can be used to enrich architectural investigation, critical reporting and debate.
keywords Digital Recreation, Scenario-Building, Narrative, Fake, Architectural Critique
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2006/11/07 07:22
_id b780
authors Chomsky, N.
year 1978
title Syntactic structures
source The Hague : Mouton
summary Noam Chomsky's first book on syntactic structures is one of the first serious attempts on the part of a linguist to construct within the tradition of scientific theory-construction a comprehensive theory of language which may be understood in the same sense that a chemical, biological theory is understood by experts in those fields. It is not a mere reorganization of the data into a new kind of library catalogue, nor another specualtive philosophy about the nature of man and language, but rather a rigorus explication of our intuitions about our language in terms of an overt axiom system, the theorems derivable from it, explicit results which may be compared with new data and other intuitions, all based plainly on an overt theory of the internal structure of languages; and it may well provide an opportunity for the application of explicity measures of simplicity to decide preference of one form over another form of grammar.
series other
type normal paper
last changed 2007/04/30 08:13
_id sigradi2023_90
id sigradi2023_90
authors Codarin, Sara and Daubmann, Karl
year 2023
title Rom[AI]nterrotta
source García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 705–716
summary This contribution presents the outcomes of a three-credit elective course offered at Lawrence Technological University’s College of Architecture and Design that involved a week-long travel experience in Rome with undergraduate and graduate students. The course used on-the-fly digital synthetic creations with AI text-to-image and image-to-image generation. The students collectively produced a disciplinary design-fiction tour book for a futuristic Rome, integrated into the city's historical layers. Inspired by the 1978 Roma Interrotta/Interrupted Rome project, the students reimagined the city using AI-informed storytelling to create altered narratives that explored common themes and critical insights. The digital tools allowed students to seamlessly blend AI-generated ideas with photos from the tour, linking historical contexts and contemporary design proposals. The critical use of AI served as a valuable tool in this process, educating designers on the importance of site-specific considerations and capturing the essence of a place through innovative creations informed by their experiences.
keywords AI, Text-to-Image, Storytelling, Travel Experience, Rome
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2024/03/08 14:07
_id 4df6
authors Cohen, Elaine and Riesenfeld, Richard F.
year 1978
title An Incompatibility Projector Based on an Interpolant of Gregory
source computer Graphics and Image Processing. 1978. vol. 8: pp. 294-298. includes bibliography
summary This paper develops an 'incompatibility Projector' Qm, which is an intrinsically bivariate projector that is not the composition of two univariate projectors. Then it employs Qm to manifest a recent rational interpolant due to Gregory in projector form as a triple Boolean sum. This creates a mold for additional compatibility projectors which yield interpolants to functions that do not meet the ordinary compatibility constraints required for Boolean sum interpolation
keywords algorithms, computational geometry, curves, curved surfaces, mathematics, theory
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 10:24
_id a8ca
authors Courtieux, Gerard
year 1981
title Man Machine Interface Problems in Computer Aided Architectural Design
source 1981. pp. 231-250 : ill. includes bibliography. -- discussion (pp. 247-250)
summary The author and two other researchers conducted a world-wide survey of existing computer aided architectural design programs in 1978. The purpose of the survey was to validate an earlier study of the architectural design process and to investigate problem areas in Computer Aided Architectural Design (CAAD). The survey indicated that two problems of man machine interaction in CAAD, though partly solved, remain a challenge for computer scientists: the description and graphical representation of three-dimensional objects. The formalization of the information collected in the survey, together with the experience of the author in teaching computer graphics to architecture students for the past ten years, is used to give some insight in these two problems and to make some recommendations for the improvement of the man machine interface in CAAD
keywords architecture, CAD, user interface
series CADline
last changed 1999/02/12 15:07
_id 0bd5
authors Dube, R., Herron, G.J. and Little, F.F. (et al)
year 1978
title SURFED -- An Interactive Editor for Free-Form Surfaces
source Computer Aided Design. March, 1978. vol. 10: pp. 111-115 : ill. includes bibliography
summary An editor is described for creating and modifying free-form surfaces. A modular system was developed in order to provide the researchers with a facility for communicating design ideas and new mathematical forms through an interactive graphical interface to a computer based model. To achieve this it was necessary to invent a new graphical construct called a `spider' for inputing three-dimensional parameters. This experimental system has the essential features of a large- scale implementation, with the capability of utilizing many new surface forms that have not yet been tried in actual applications
keywords curved surfaces, computer graphics, user interface
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58
_id 2612
authors Flemming, Ulrich
year 1978
title Wall Representations of Rectangular Dissections and Their Use in Automated Space Allocation
source Environment and Planning B. 1978. vol. 5: pp. 215-232 : ill. includes bibliography
summary A procedure is described which generates dissections of rectangles into rectangular components in order to obtain solutions to space-allocation problems which are restricted through topological and dimensional constraints. Solutions are generated in two steps: step 1 determines basic geometric properties of the arrangements to be produced, and step 2 computes the dimensions of the spaces in such an arrangement. Both steps are based on `wall representations' of the solutions. These representations allow geometric relations and operations to be transformed into relations and operations defined on character strings. They furthermore allow the (possibly infinite) set of solutions to be systematically searched for a finite set of `principal options'. The importance linear-programming techniques for step 2 is described
keywords space allocation, linear programming, representation, CAD, design,automation, layout, synthesis
series CADline
email
last changed 2003/02/26 17:24
_id 0354
authors Goodman, Gary and Reddy, Raj D.
year 1978
title Alternative Control Structures for Speech Understanding Systems
source 1978 ? [13] p. : ill. includes bibliography Control structures are an essential part of any speech recognition system. They are the devices by which passive knowledge about the task and language is transformed into active and effective processes. In the chapter, three areas of control structures are defined and discussed: knowledge source interaction, knowledge source activation, and knowledge source focusing. Discussion relates the concepts presented to systems developed during the five-year ARPA speech understanding project. speech recognition / systems / control / structures / AI. 64. Goodman, Tim and Keith Unsworth. 'Manipulating Shape and Producing Geometric Continuity in B-spline Curves.' IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. February, 1986. vol. 6: pp. 50-56 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary This article examines some of the desirable features of B- splines that make them particularly suitable for computer- aided design. First, a theoretical analysis is presented regarding the effects upon the shape of a design curve when the bias and tension parameters are allowed to vary in certain ways. Second, the concept of geometric continuity is discussed, and conditions are derived upon the control vertices to ensure that the design curve has second-order geometric continuity. Illustrations of B-spline curves are presented to support the theoretical conclusions
keywords computational geometry, B-splines, curves, CAD
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58
_id ce4a
authors Hashimshony, Rivka, Shaviv , Edna and Wachman, A.
year 1978
title A Decomposition Model as a Tool for Evaluation of Multi-Cell Solutions : A Case Study
source pp. 470-481 : ill. Haifa, Israel: Technion Research and Development Foundation Ltd., March 1978. no. 021-223. includes bibliography
summary A decomposition-recomposition model that was recently developed by the authors, is applied as a tool for evaluating the layout of an actual design problem composed of 130 activities. The evaluation is performed by comparing the suggested design solution, in terms of space allocation, with a theoretical solution obtained through the model which is set up as a norm for the evaluation
keywords architecture, evaluation, floor plans, decomposition, space allocation, synthesis
series CADline
email
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58
_id ea3c
authors Hillyard, R. and Braid, I.
year 1978
title Analysis of dimensions and tolerances in computer-aided mechanical design
source Computer Aided Design, vol.10, n.3, may 1978, pp. 161-166
summary The paper sets forth a theory to explain how dimensions and views combine to specify the shape of a mechanical component. It provides a method to determine whether a component is under, over, or exactly defined by a given dimensioning scheme. Measures for assessing the quality of a scheme are proposed. A solution is offered to a problem of tolerancing: given a toleranced dimensioning scheme, find the resulting tolerances between undimensioned parts of a component.
series journal paper
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14
_id 47dd
authors Kernighan, Brian W.
year 1978
title UNIX For Beginners --- 2nd. ed
source September, 1978. 14 p. includes bibliography
summary This paper is meant to help new users get started on the UNIX operating system. It includes: basics needed for day-to-day use of the system - typing commands, correcting typing mistakes, logging in and out, mail, inter-terminal communication, the file system, printing files, redirection I/O, pipes, and the shell. Document preparation - a brief discussion of the major formatting programs and macro packages - hints on preparing documents, and capsule descriptions of some supporting software. UNIX programming discusses using the editor, programming the shell, programming in C, and other languages and tools. An annotated UNIX bibliography is included
keywords UNIX, programming, education
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

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