CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2018_033
id caadria2018_033
authors Bai, Nan and Huang, Weixin
year 2018
title Quantitative Analysis on Architects Using Culturomics - Pattern Study of Prizker Winners Based on Google N-gram Data
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2018.2.257
source T. Fukuda, W. Huang, P. Janssen, K. Crolla, S. Alhadidi (eds.), Learning, Adapting and Prototyping - Proceedings of the 23rd CAADRIA Conference - Volume 2, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 17-19 May 2018, pp. 257-266
summary Quantitative studies using the corpus Google Ngram, namely Culturomics, have been analyzing the implicit patterns of culture changes. Being the top-standard prize in the field of Architecture since 1979, the Pritzker Prize has been increasingly diversified in the recent years. This study intends to reveal the implicit pattern of Pritzker Winners using the method of Culturomics, based on the corpus of Google Ngram to reveal the relationship of the sign of their fame and the fact of prize-winning. 48 architects including 32 awarded and 16 promising are analyzed in the printed corpus of English language between 1900 and 2008. Multiple regression models and multiple imputation methods are used during the data processing. Self-Organizing Map is used to define clusters among the awarded and promising architects. Six main clusters are detected, forming a 3×2 network of fame patterns. Most promising architects can be told from the clustering, according to their similarity to the more typical prize winners. The method of Culturomics could expand the sight of architecture study, giving more possibilities to reveal the implicit patterns of the existing empirical world.
keywords Culturomics; Google Ngram; Pritzker Prize; Fame Pattern; Self-Organizing Map
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id af53
authors Boyer, E. and Mitgang, L.
year 1996
title Building community: a new future for architecture education and practice
source Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
summary Internships, before and after graduation, are the most essential link connecting students to the world of practice. Yet, by all accounts, internship is perhaps the most troubled phase of the continuing education of architects. During this century, as architectural knowledge grew more complex, the apprenticeship system withered away and schools assumed much of the responsibility for preparing architects for practice. However, schools cannot do the whole job. It is widely acknowledged that certain kinds of technical and practical knowledge are best learned in the workplace itself, under the guidance of experienced professionals. All state accrediting boards require a minimum period of internship-usually about three years-before a person is eligible to take the licensing exam. The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) allows students to earn up to two years of work credit prior to acquisition of an accredited degree. The Intern Development Program (IDP), launched by NCARB and the American Institute of Architects in 1979, provides the framework for internship in some forty states. The program was designed to assure that interns receive adequate mentoring, that experiences are well-documented, and that employers and interns allocate enough time to a range of educational and vocational experiences to prepare students for eventual licensure. As the IDP Guidelines state, "The shift from school to office is not a transition from theory to pragmatism. It is a period when theory merges with pragmatism.... It's a time when you: apply your formal education to the daily realities of architectural practice; acquire comprehensive experience in basic practice areas; explore specialized areas of practice; develop professional judgment; continue your formal education in architecture; and refine your career goals." Whatever its accomplishments, however, we found broad consensus that the Intern Development Program has not, by itself, solved the problems of internship. Though we found mutually satisfying internship programs at several of the firms we visited or heard about around the country, at many others interns told us they were not receiving the continuing education and experience they needed. The truth is that architecture has serious, unsolved problems compared with other fields when it comes to supplying on-the-job learning experiences to induct students into the profession on a massive scale. Medicine has teaching hospitals. Beginning teachers work in actual classrooms, supported by school taxes. Law offices are, for the most part, in a better financial position to support young lawyers and pay them living wages. The architecture profession, by contrast, must support a required system of internship prior to licensure in an industry that has neither the financial resources of law or medicine, the stability and public support of teaching, nor a network of locations like hospitals or schools where education and practice can be seamlessly connected. And many employers acknowledged those problems. "The profession has all but undermined the traditional relationship between the profession and the academy," said Neil Frankel, FAIA, executive vice president of Perkins & Will, a multinational firm with offices in New York, Chicago, Washington, and London. "Historically, until the advent of the computer, the profession said, 'Okay, go to school, then we in the profession will teach you what the real world is like.' With the coming of the computer, the profession needed a skill that students had, and has left behind the other responsibilities." One intern told us she had been stuck for months doing relatively menial tasks such as toilet elevations. Another intern at a medium-sized firm told us he had been working sixty to seventy hours per week for a year and a half. "Then my wife had a baby and I 'slacked off' to fifty hours. The partner called me in and I got called on the carpet for not working hard enough." "The whole process of internship is being outmoded by economics," one frustrated intern told us. "There's not the time or the money. There's no conception of people being groomed for careers. The younger staff are chosen for their value as productive workers." "We just don't have the best structure here to use an intern's abilities to their best," said a Mississippi architect. "The people who come out of school are really problems. I lost patience with one intern who was demanding that I switch him to another section so that he could learn what he needed for his IDP. I told him, 'It's not my job to teach you. You are here to produce.'" What steps might help students gain more satisfying work opportunities, both during and after graduation?
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id 81bd
authors Lafue, G.M.E.
year 1979
title Integrating Language and Database for CAD Applications
source Computer Aided Design. IPC Business Press, May, 1979. vol. 11: pp.127-130. includes bibliography
summary This paper focuses on some issues related to the integration of database and programming language concepts and the usefulness of this integration for integrity maintenance. The first section explains why compilation should be independent of the database and presents some consequences of this independence. The second section shows how procedures become integrated parts of the database and serve to implement automatic maintenance of designer-defined integrity by being automatically invoked upon database operations. The third section develops a particular scheme for integrity maintenance with these procedures. Finally, in the fourth section, semantic-integrity is extended to system integrity and it is suggested that the scheme developed in the third section can apply to system integrity
keywords programming, languages, CAD, database
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id f42f
authors Baer, A., Eastman, C. and Henrion, M.
year 1979
title Geometric modeling: a survey
source Computer Aided Design; 11: 253
summary Computer programs are being developed to aid the design of physical systems ranging from individual mechanical parts to entire buildings or ships. These efforts highlight the importance of computer models of three dimensional objects. Issues and alternatives in geometric modelling are discussed and illustrated with comparisons of 11 existing modelling systems, in particular coherently-structured models of polyhedral solids where the faces may be either planar or curved. Four categories of representation are distinguished: data representations that store full, explicit shape information; definition languages with which the user can enter descriptions of shapes into the system, and which can constitute procedural representations; special subsets of the information produced by application programs; and conceptual models that define the logical structure of the data representation and/or definition language.
series journal paper
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id 60d4
authors Baer, A., Eastman, C.M. and Henrion, M.
year 1979
title Geometric Modeling : a Survey
source business Press. September, 1979. vol. 11: pp. 253-271 : ill. includes bibliography
summary Computer programs are being developed to aid the design of physical systems ranging from individual mechanical parts to entire buildings or ships. These efforts highlight the importance of computer models of three dimensional objects. Issues and alternatives in geometric modeling are discussed and illustrated with comparisons of 11 existing modelling systems, in particular coherently-structured models of polyhedral solids where the faces may be either planar or curved. Four categories of representation are distinguished: data representations that store full, explicit shape information; definition languages with which the user can enter description of shapes into the system, and which can constitute procedural representations; special subsets of the information produced by application programs; and conceptual models that define the logical structure of the dada representation and/or definition language
keywords solid modeling, B-rep, CSG, languages, CAD, programming, data structures, boolean operations, polyhedra
series CADline
email
last changed 2003/05/17 10:15

_id 6733
authors Bettels, Juergen and Myers, David R.
year 1986
title The PIONS Graphics System
source IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. July, 1986. vol. 6: pp. 30-38 : col. ill. includes a short bibliography
summary During 1979, CERN began to evaluate how interactive computer graphics displays could aid the analysis of high-energy physics experiments at the new Super Proton Synchrotron collider. This work led to PIONS, a 3D graphics system, which features the ability to store and view hierarchical graphics structures in a directed-acyclic-graph database. It is possible to change the attributes of these structures by making selections on nongraphical information also stored in the database. PIONS is implemented as an object-oriented message-passing system based on SmallTalk design principles. It supports multiple viewing transformations, logical input devices, and 2D and 3D primitives. The design allows full use to be made of display hardware that provides dynamic 3D picture transformation
keywords visualization, computer graphics, database, systems, modeling
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id 6d0b
authors Brown, Bruce Eric
year 1979
title Computer Graphics for Large Scale Two- and Three-Dimensional Analysis of Complex Geometries
source SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. August, 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 33-40 : ill. includes bibliography
summary A comprehensive set of programs have been developed for analysis of complex two- and three- dimensional geometries. State of the art finite element and hydrodynamic codes are being used for the analytical portion of the work. Several additional codes depending heavily on graphics have been developed to assist the analytical effort. These are basically used for the pre- and post-processing of the data. Prior to running any analysis, the geometry of the body of interest must be represented in the form of small 'finite elements.' After the analysis is run, the data must be post-processed. Both spatial and temporal data exist in the database. It is the database between the analysis codes and the post- processors which allows a wide variety of analysis codes to use the same post-processors. The temporal plotting codes produce time histories for specified quantities (i.e. temperature, pressure, velocity, stress, etc.) at various locations within the body. They may also produce cross-plots of these variables (i.e. stress vs. strain at a particular position). One of the two codes used for plotting of the spatial data is for two-dimensional geometries and the other for three-dimensional models. For three dimensions, the Watkins' hidden surface / line processor is utilized for plots. The spatial plotters display contour lines on vector output devices and color fringes (or gray values) on raster output devices. They both may also display deformed geometries. Further the three-dimensional code has extensive animation capabilities for movie productions
keywords computer graphics, finite elements, modeling, engineering, database, animation, mechanical engineering
series CADline
last changed 1999/02/12 15:07

_id 22ce
authors Cahn, Deborah U., Johnston, Nancy E. and Johnston, William E.
year 1977
title A Response to the 1977 GSPC Core Graphic System
source SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. August, 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 57-62. includes bibliography
summary This paper responds to the 1977 Core Graphics System of SIGGRAPH's Graphics Standards Planning Committee (GSPC). The authors are interested in low-level device-independent graphics for applications doing data representation and annotation. The level structure and bias in the core system toward display list processor graphics are criticized. Specific issues discussed include display contexts, attributes, current position, 3-dimensional graphics, area filling, and graphics input
keywords computer graphics, standards
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id 4435
authors Cheatham, Th.E., Townley, J.A. and Holloway, G.H.
year 1979
title A System for Program Refinement
source 1979. pp. 53-62. includes bibliography
summary The Program Development System (PDS) is a programming environment, an integrated collection of interactive tools that support the process of program definition, testing, and maintenance. The PDS is intended to aid the development of large programs, especially program families whose members must be maintained in synchrony. The system facilitates implementation by stepwise refinement, and it keeps a refinement history that allows program modifications made at a high level of abstraction to be reflected efficiently and automatically in the corresponding low level code. Analysis tools are used both to support program validation and to guide program refinement
keywords user interface, software, systems, programming, tools
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 14:41

_id e7b8
authors Dahl, Veronica
year 1983
title Logic Programming as a Representation of Knowledge
source IEEE Computer. IEEE Computer Society, October, 1983. vol. 16: pp. 106-110 : ill. includes bibliography
summary Logic has traditionally provided a firm conceptual framework for representing knowledge. As it can formally deal with the notion of logical consequence, the introduction of Prolog has made it possible to represent knowledge in terms of logic and also to expect appropriate inferences to be drawn from it automatically. This article illustrates and explores these ideas with respect to two central representational issues: problem solving knowledge and database knowledge. The technical aspects of both subjects have been covered elsewhere (Kowalski, R. Logic for problem solving, North- Holland pub. 1979 ; Dahl, V. on database system development through logic ACM Trans.vol.7/no.3/Mar.1982 pp.102). This explanation uses simple, nontechnical terms
keywords PROLOG, knowledge, representation, logic, programming, problem solving, database
series CADline
last changed 1999/02/12 15:08

_id c949
authors Even, Simon
year 1979
title Graph Algorithms
source ix, 249 p. : ill. Potomac, MD: Computer Science Press Inc., 1979. includes bibliography and index -- (computer software Engineering series)
summary The recent progress concerning efficient algorithms for graph processing and graph theory. Each chapter has a set of exercises, which makes it a text book
keywords algorithms, graphs, theory
series CADline
last changed 1999/02/12 15:08

_id e83f
authors Foley, James D., Templeman, James N. and Dastyar, Dara
year 1979
title Some Raster Graphics Extensions to the Core System
source SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. August, 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 15-24 : ill. includes bibliography
summary The Core System is a proposed standard subroutine package for line-drawing graphics. Some Core System extensions are presented for use with raster graphics equipment. The extensions, which are upward-compatible with the present Core System, provide filled polygons, display of arrays of pixels, use of a color look-up table, and hidden-surface on hidden- edge removal. The extensions are being integrated into an existing Core System implementation
keywords hardware, computer graphics, standards,
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id eb8e
authors Fowler, Robert J. and Little, James J.
year 1979
title Automatic Extraction of Irregular Network Digital Terrain Models
source SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. August, 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 199- 207 : ill. includes bibliography
summary For representation of terrain, an efficient alternative to dense grids is the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), which represents a surface as a set of non-overlapping contiguous triangular facets, of irregular size and shape. The source of digital terrain data is increasingly dense raster models produced by automated orthophoto machines or by direct sensors such as synthetic aperture radar. A method is described for automatically extracting a TIN model from dense raster data. An initial approximation is constructed by automatically triangulating a set of feature points derived from the raster model. The method works by local incremental refinement of this model by the addition of new points until a uniform approximation of specified tolerance is obtained. Empirical results show that substantial savings in storage can be obtained
keywords GIS, mapping, computational geometry, data structures, mapping, representation, computer graphics, triangulation
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id 0868
authors Gero, John S. and Volfneuk, M.
year 1979
title Building Fuzzy CAD Systems
source 1979? pp. 74-79 : ill. includes bibliography
summary The paper introduces the need to include subjectivities in computer aided design systems. It commences with the differences between uncertainty, which has been used to model subjectivity, and imprecision. The former provides the basis of probability theory, whilst the latter the basis of fuzzy set theory. The thesis is that subjectivities introduce imprecision. It shows that subjectivities can be included in the description of the interactions between parts of the system. After presenting a brief introduction to fuzzy set theory the paper shows how a fuzzy CAD system can be built. An example is presented which demonstrates the approach
keywords CAD, fuzzy logic
series CADline
email
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id c584
authors Gerzso, Miguel J.
year 1979
title Spacemaker : A Computer Language for Modelling Architectural Physical Form
source Application of Computers in Architecture, Building Design and Urban Planning, International Conference Proceedings. 1979. pp. 573-582 : ill. includes bibliography
summary The paper describes a modeling technique of architectural form. The technique is divided into two parts. A diagrammatic production system and a computer language. The production notation serves as a representation of underlying organization of building groups. The computer language -- SPACEMAKER -- facilitates the coding of such rules for computer programming. The particular version of the diagrammatic production system as presented first began by attempting to apply two picture grammars to architectural problems. The first effort was based on PDL developed by Allen Shaw and was called SNARQ I and the second one grew out of work done by Yun-chung Cho and was called SNARQ II. A few years later, these notations evolved into the notation presented after adapting ideas from A. Lindenmeyer. Numerous models of architectural systems were then constructed
keywords architecture, languages, modeling
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id 8456
authors Greenfield, S.E.
year 1979
title The Architecture of Microcomputers
source xvi, 366 p. : ill. Cambridge, Mass.: Wintrop Publishers, Inc., 1979. include bibliography: p. 353-359 and indexes. -- (Wintrop Computer system series)
summary Topics covered are: Microcomputers, the basic of computer logic, register structure, clocked sequential logic, microcomputer structure, instruction sequencing, the arithmetic logic unit, addressing and general registers, instruction sets, input/output system, software and architectural features applicable to a wide variety of microcomputers
keywords technology, hardware
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id 8e4d
authors Hartley, P.J. and Judd, C.J.
year 1979
title Curve and Surface Representations for Bezier B-spline Systems
source 1979? pp. 226- 236 : ill. includes bibliography
summary The Bezier approach to the computer-aided design of surfaces, using interactive design of curves to construct surface sections, can be implemented using spline curves just as well as the original polynomial curves, and with some advantages. In the paper, some problems are considered that arise when a Bezier system is formulated and describe possible solutions for a spline-based system
keywords curves, representation, CAD, curved surfaces, B-splines, Bezier,
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id c3b5
authors Hinds, John K. and Kuan, L.P.
year 1979
title Sculptured Surface Technology as a Unified Approach to Geometric Definition
source CASA - The Computer and Automated System Association of SME. 23 p. : ill Dearborn: SME, 1979. MS79-146. includes bibliography.
summary The purpose of this paper is to describe a comprehensive approach to representing and machining complex surface shapes in an APT programming system. The APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) user language was extended to permit the definition of a hierarchy of curves and surfaces. Much of the logic has been implemented using matrix canonical forms which are closed under the full family of projective transformations, permitting family of parts storage and retrieval and part compensation. The area of numerical control machining was addressed, but the solutions for tool positioning were only partially successful due to the complexity of the algorithmic problem. This paper first outlines some of the mathematical methods adopted and then illustrates how these have been implemented with an APT part programming example
keywords curved surfaces, representation, geometric modeling, mechanical engineering, CAM
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id a4cc
authors Hunter, Gregory M. and Steiglitz, Kenneth
year 1979
title Operations on Images Using Quad Trees
source IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. April, 1979. vol. PAMI-1: pp. 145-153 : ill. includes bibliography
summary A quad tree for representing a picture is a tree in which successively deeper levels represent successively finer subdivisions of picture area. An algorithm is given for superposing N quad trees in time proportional to the total number of nodes in the trees. Warnock-type algorithms are then presented for building the quad tree for the picture of the boundary of a polygon, and for coloring the interior of such a polygon. These algorithms take O(v + p + q) time, where v is the number of polygon vertices, p is the polygon perimeter, and q is a resolution parameter. When the resolution q is fixed, these algorithms are asymptotically optimal
keywords GIS, mapping, CAD, layout, pattern recognition, polyhedra, quadtree, planning, image processing, computer graphics
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id 4966
authors Kaplan, Michael and Greenberg, Donald P.
year 1979
title Parallel Processing Techniques for Hidden Surface Removal
source SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 300-307 : ill. includes bibliography
summary Previous work in the hidden-surface problem has revealed two key concepts. First, the removal of non-visible surfaces is essentially a sorting problem. Second, some form of coherence is essential for the efficient solution of this problem. In order to provide real-time simulations, it is not only the amount of sorting which must be reduced, but the total time required for computation. One potentially economic strategy to attain this goal is the use of parallel processor systems. This approach implies that the computational time will no longer be dependent on the total amount of sorting, but more on the appropriate division of responsibility. This paper investigates two existing algorithmic approaches to the hidden-surface problem with a view towards their applicability to implementation on a parallel machine organization. In particular, the statistical results of a parallel processor implementation indicate the difficulties stemming from a loss of coherence and imply potentially important design criteria for a parallel configuration
keywords computer graphics, rendering, display, hidden surfaces, parallel processing, algorithms
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

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