Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	08ba
authors	Requicha, Aristides A.G.
year	1980
title	Representations for Rigid Solids : Theory, Methods, and Systems
source	Computing Surveys December, 1980. vol. 12: pp. 437-464 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	Computer-based systems for modeling the geometry of rigid solid objects are becoming increasingly important in mechanical and civil engineering, architecture, computer graphics, computer vision, and other fields that deal with spatial phenomena. At the heart of such systems are symbol structures (representations) designating 'abstract solids' (subsets of Euclidean space) that model physical solids. Representations are the sources of data for procedures which compute useful properties of objects. The variety and uses of systems embodying representations of solids are growing rapidly, but so are the difficulties in assessing current designs, specifying the characteristics that future systems should exhibit, and designing systems to meet such specifications. This paper resolves many of these difficulties by providing a coherent view, based on sound theoretical principles, of what is presently known about the representation of solids. The paper is divided into three parts. The first introduces a simple mathematical framework for characterizing certain important aspects of representations, for example, their semantic (geometric) integrity. The second part uses the framework to describe and compare all of the major known schemes for representing solids. The third part briefly surveys extant geometric modeling systems and then applies the concepts developed in the paper to the high-level design of a multiple- representation geometric modeling system which exhibits a level of reliability and versatility superior to that of systems currently used in industrial computer-aided design and manufacturing
keywords	CAD, CAM, computational geometry, geometric modeling, representation,CSG, B-rep
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e952
authors	Carrara, Gianfranco and Paoluzzi, Alberto
year	1980
title	A Systems Approach to Building Program Planning
source	computer Aided Building Design Laboratory Research Report. 80 p. : ill. Rome, Italy: December, 1980. CABD LAB RR. 80-02. includes bibliography
summary	In this paper problems of design performance and of building program planning are considered from the view point of the general system theory. After having formalized the concept of requirement, performance and performance specification, it is shown that a set of building objects (spaces and constructive elements) foreseeable within a program is a semilattice, and that therefore the ordering of constructive elements and spaces corresponds to an ordering of relations among feasible 'behaviors.' A set of feasible behaviors is then presented as an abstract system, eventually discussing some assumptions on which to base an input-state-output representation of it
keywords	theory, methods, problem solving, architecture, design, knowledge
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	48db
authors	Proctor, George
year	2001
title	CADD Curriculum - The Issue of Visual Acuity
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.192
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 192-200
summary	Design educators attempt to train the eyes and minds of students to see and comprehend the world around them with the intention of preparing those students to become good designers, critical thinkers and ultimately responsible architects. Over the last eight years we have been developing the digital media curriculum of our architecture program with these fundamental values. We have built digital media use and instruction on the foundation of our program which has historically been based in physical model making. Digital modeling has gradually replaced the capacity of physical models as an analytical and thinking tool, and as a communication and presentation device. The first year of our program provides a foundation and introduction to 2d and 3d design and composition, the second year explores larger buildings and history, the third year explores building systems and structure through design studies of public buildings, fourth year explores urbanism, theory and technology through topic studios and, during the fifth year students complete a capstone project. Digital media and CADD have and are being synchronized with the existing NAAB accredited regimen while also allowing for alternative career options for students. Given our location in the Los Angeles region, many students with a strong background in digital media have gone on to jobs in video game design and the movie industry. Clearly there is much a student of architecture must learn to attain a level of professional competency. A capacity to think visually is one of those skills and is arguably a skill that distinguishes members of the visual arts (including Architecture) from other disciplines. From a web search of information posted by the American Academy of Opthamology, Visual Acuity is defined as an ability to discriminate fine details when looking at something and is often measured with the Snellen Eye Chart (the 20/20 eye test). In the context of this paper visual acuity refers to a subject’s capacity to discriminate useful abstractions in a visual field for the purposes of Visual Thinking- problem solving through seeing (Arnheim, 1969, Laseau 1980, Hoffman 1998). The growing use of digital media and the expanding ability to assemble design ideas and images through point-and-click methods makes the cultivation and development of visual skills all the more important to today’s crop of young architects. The advent of digital media also brings into question the traditional, static 2d methods used to build visual skills in a design education instead of promoting active 3d methods for teaching, learning and developing visual skills. Interactive digital movies provide an excellent platform for promoting visual acuity, and correlating the innate mechanisms of visual perception with the abstractions and notational systems used in professional discourse. In the context of this paper, pedagogy for building visual acuity is being considered with regard to perception of the real world, for example the visual survey of an environment, a site or a street scene and how that visual survey works in conjunction with practice.
keywords	Curriculum, Seeing, Abstracting, Notation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	8593
authors	Braid, I.C.
year	1980
title	Superficial Blends in Geometric Modelling
source	12 p. : ill. February, 1980. Document No. 105. includes bibliography
summary	In engineering practice, many blended surfaces are both indicated and manufactured by rounding off a sharp edge. The authors term them `superficial' blends in contrast to `designed' blends for which existing surface techniques are appropriate. The provision of superficial blends in a geometric modeling system is explained, and a method is given for drawing objects containing blended edges
keywords	geometric modeling, CAD, representation, solids
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	c361
authors	Logan, Brian S.
year	1986
title	Representing the Structure of Design Problems
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 158-170
summary	In recent years several experimental CAD systems have emerged which, focus specifically on the structure of design problems rather than on solution generation or appraisal (Sussman and Steele, 1980; McCallum, 1982). However, the development of these systems has been hampered by the lack of an adequate theoretical basis. There is little or no argument as to what the statements comprising these models actually mean, or on the types of operations that should be provided. This chapter describes an attempt to develop a semantically adequate basis for a model of the structure of design problems and presents a representation of this model in formal logic.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	0565
authors	Oxman, Robert and Oxman, Rivka
year	1990
title	The Computability of Architectural Knowledge
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 171-185
summary	In an important contribution to the theoretical foundation of design computing, Mitchell noted "an increasingly urgent need to establish a demonstrably sound, comprehensive, rigorously formalized theoretical foundation upon which to base practical software development efforts" (Mitchell, 1986). In this paper we propose such a theoretical framework. A basic assumption of this work is that the advancement of design computing is dependent upon the emergence of a rigorous formulation of knowledge in design. We present a model of knowledge in architectural design which suggests a promising conceptual basis for dealing with knowledge in computer-aided design systems. We require models which can represent the formal knowledge and manipulative operations of the designer in all of their complexity-that is formal models rather than just geometric models. Shape Grammars (Stiny,1980) represent an example of such models, and constitute a relatively high level of design knowledge as compared to, for example, use of symmetry operations to generate simple formal configurations. Building upon an understanding of the classes of design knowledge as the conceptual basis for formal modeling systems may contribute a new realization of the potential of the medium for design. This will require a comprehensive approach to the definition of architectural and design knowledge. We consider here the implications of a well-defined body of architectural and design knowledge for design education and the potential mutual interaction-in a knowledge-rich environment-of design learning and CAAD learning. The computational factors connected with the representation of design knowledge and its integration in design systems are among the key problems of CAAD. Mitchell's model of knowledge in design incorporates formal knowledge in a comprehensive, multi-level, hierarchical structure in which types of knowledge are correlated with computational concepts. In the main focus of this paper we present a structured, multi-level model of design knowledge which we discuss with respect to current architectural theoretical considerations. Finally, we analyze the computational and educational relevance of such models.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	4990
authors	Gips, J. and Stiny, G.
year	1980
title	Production System and Grammars: a Uniform Characterization
source	Environment and Planning B. 1980. vol. 7: pp. 399-408 : tables. includes bibliography
summary	The common structure underlying production system formalisms is developed. A variety of production system formalisms are summarized in terms of this structure. The structure is useful both for understanding existing systems and for developing new ones
keywords	systems, shape grammars, theory
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	b190
authors	Goldberg, Adele and Robson, David
year	1983
title	Smalltalk-80: The language and its implementation
source	New York, NY: Addison Wesley Co
summary	Smalltalk-80 is the classic standard Smalltalk language as described in Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation by Goldberg and Robson. This book is commonly called "the Blue Book". Squeak implements the dialect of Smalltalk described in this book, but has a different implementation. Overview of the Smalltalk Language Smalltalk is a general purpose, high level programming language. It was the first original "pure" object oriented language, but not the first to use the object oriented concept, which is credited to Simula 67. The explosive growth of Object Oriented Programming (OOP) technologies began in the early 1980's, with Smalltalk's introduction. Behind it was the idea that the individual human user should be the most important component of any computing system, and that programming should be a natural extension of thinking, and also a dynamic and evolutionary process consistent with the model of human learning activity. In Smalltalk, these ideas are embodied in a framework for human-computer communication. In a sense, Smalltalk is yet another language like C and Pascal, and programs can be written in Smalltalk that have the look and feel of such conventional languages. The difference lies * in the amount of code that can be reduced, * less cryptic syntax, * and code that is easier to handle for application maintenance and enhancement. But Smalltalk's most powerful feature is easy code reuse. Smalltalk makes reuse of programs, routines, and subroutines (methods) far easier. Though procedural languages allow reuse too, it is harder to do, and much easier to cheat. It is no surprise that Smalltalk is relatively easy to learn, mainly due to its simple syntax and semantics, as well as few concepts. Objects, classes, messages, and methods form the basis of programming in Smalltalk. The general methodology to use Smalltalk The notion of human-computer interface also results in Smalltalk promoting the development of safer systems. Errors in Smalltalk may be viewed as objects telling users that confusion exists as to how to perform a desired function.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	66eb
authors	Grayer, Alan R.
year	1980
title	Alternative Approaches in Geometric Modelling
source	Computer Aided Design. July, 1980. vol. 12: pp. 189-192 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	As systems for computer-aided design and production of mechanical parts have developed there has arisen a need for techniques for the comprehensive description of the desired part, including its three-dimensional shape. The creation and manipulation of shapes is generally known as Geometric Modelling, but some misconceptions have arisen as to the true meaning and import of the term. The paper argues for a broad, flexible approach to the subject, allowing the use of many techniques suited to particular applications, unifying them through common data structures
keywords	data structures, geometric modeling, solids
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	ddss2006-hb-187
id	DDSS2006-HB-187
authors	Lidia Diappi and Paola Bolchi
year	2006
title	Gentrification Waves in the Inner-City of Milan - A multi agent / cellular automata model based on Smith's Rent Gap theory
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2006, Innovations in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN-10: 1-4020-5059-3, ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-5059-6, p. 187-201
summary	The aim of this paper is to investigate the gentrification process by applying an urban spatial model of gentrification, based on Smith's (1979; 1987; 1996) Rent Gap theory. The rich sociological literature on the topic mainly assumes gentrification to be a cultural phenomenon, namely the result of a demand pressure of the suburban middle and upper class, willing to return to the city (Ley, 1980; Lipton, 1977, May, 1996). Little attempt has been made to investigate and build a sound economic explanation on the causes of the process. The Rent Gap theory (RGT) of Neil Smith still represents an important contribution in this direction. At the heart of Smith's argument there is the assumption that gentrification takes place because capitals return to the inner city, creating opportunities for residential relocation and profit. This paper illustrates a dynamic model of Smith's theory through a multi-agent/ cellular automata system approach (Batty, 2005) developed on a Netlogo platform. A set of behavioural rules for each agent involved (homeowner, landlord, tenant and developer, and the passive 'dwelling' agent with their rent and level of decay) are formalised. The simulations show the surge of neighbouring degradation or renovation and population turn over, starting with different initial states of decay and estate rent values. Consistent with a Self Organized Criticality approach, the model shows that non linear interactions at local level may produce different configurations of the system at macro level. This paper represents a further development of a previous version of the model (Diappi, Bolchi, 2005). The model proposed here includes some more realistic factors inspired by the features of housing market dynamics in the city of Milan. It includes the shape of the potential rent according to city form and functions, the subdivision in areal submarkets according to the current rents, and their maintenance levels. The model has a more realistic visualisation of the city and its form, and is able to show the different dynamics of the emergent neighbourhoods in the last ten years in Milan.
keywords	Multi agent systems, Housing market, Gentrification, Emergent systems
series	DDSS
last changed	2006/08/29 12:55

_id	c153
authors	Ullman, Jeffrey D.
year	1980
title	Principles of Database Systems
source	379 p. : ill. Potomac, Maryland: Computer Science Press, 1980. includes bibliography: p.360-371 and index. -- (Computer Software Engineering Series)
summary	A large part is a description of relations, their algebra and calculus, and the query languages that have been designed using these concepts. There are explanations of how the theory can be used to design good systems. A description of the optimization of queries in relation-based query languages is provided, and a chapter is devoted to the recently developed protocols for guaranteeing consistency in databases that are operated on by many processes concurrently
keywords	database, systems, theory, relational database, education, techniques
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	2ddb
authors	Davies, R.S.
year	1980
title	A Review of Computer Techniques for Representation of Geometry
source	1980? pp. 213-225 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The primary role of the computer in the design process is to provide a means of recording the design, and subsequently of extracting information from the record. The choice of technique for recording geometry depends on the characteristics of the component and the nature of the information subsequently required about it. This paper reviews the principal techniques currently in use with particular emphasis on these two aspects
keywords	CAD, curves, representation, geometric modeling, techniques
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e3c1
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Fenves, Stephen J.
year	1980
title	Design Specification Representation and Analysis
source	Computing in Civil Engineering Conference Proceedings (2nd : 1980 : Baltimore, MD.). American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 102- 111. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	The conventional structures of decision tables, information networks, and outlines define the current methodology for the representation and use of design specifications. This paper explores the relationships at the interfaces between these three representational tools. New analysis strategies are presented that provide flexibility at the lower boundary of the information network by converting decision tables to subnetworks within the information network and by compressing multiple subtables into larger tables representing higher- level nodes in the network. Both generation and compression of the information network provide flexibility in organizing a specification. The ability to both generate and compress nodes and subnodes establishes a mean of representing all the relations among the data items of a specification and gives one more direct control over the level of detail of the information network. As a direct consequence of the ability to generate new nodes, new classifiers can be progressively attached to the nodes of the subnetwork, as well as to the nodes in the information network. As a result, specification requirements are more logically identified by the outline and requirements and data items which were previously hidden within decision table conditions and actions are now directly accessible from the outline. Conversely, items inconsequential to the outline can be compressed into nodes and removed from the outline. A computer program is presented that implements these network transformations. The program accurately represents the interface between the network and the decision table
keywords	civil engineering, decision making, representation, analysis
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	c5c4
authors	Samet, Hanan
year	1980
title	Region Representation : Quadtrees from Boundary Codes
source	Communications of the ACM. March, 1980. vol. 23: pp. 163-170 : some ill. includes bibliography
summary	An algorithm is presented for constructing a quadtree for a region given its boundary in the form of a chain code. Analysis of the algorithm reveals that its execution time is proportional to the product of the perimeter and the log of the diameter of the region
keywords	representation, data structures, quadtree, image processing
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:09

_id	a2d4
authors	Timmer, H.G. and Stern, J.M.
year	1980
title	Computation of Global Geometric Properties of Solid Objects
source	Computer Aided Design November, 1980. vol. 12: pp. 301-304 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	A computational scheme for determining global geometric properties of solid object models is presented. The method operates directly on the boundary representation of the model. The scheme is tested on a number of models produced by an experimental modeling system. Primitive objects combined for the tests are all represented in terms of parametric bicubic patches
keywords	objects, solid modeling, computation, B-rep, curved surfaces
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	eea9
authors	Weiler, Kevin
year	1980
title	Polygon Comparison Using a Graph Representation
source	SIGGRAPH '80 Conference Proceedings July, 1980. vol. 14 ;no. 3: pp. 10-18 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	All of the information necessary to perform the polygon set operations (union, intersection, and difference) and therefore polygon clipping can be generated by a single application of a process called polygon comparison. This process accepts two or more input polygons and generates one or more polygons as output. These output polygons contain unique homogenous areas, each falling within the domain of one or more input polygons. Each output polygon is classified by the list of input polygons in which its area may be found. The union contour of all input is also generated, completing all of the information necessary to perform the polygon set operations. This paper introduces a polygon comparison algorithm which features reduced complexity due to its use of a graph data representation. The paper briefly introduces some of the possible approaches to the general problem of polygon comparison including the polygon set and clipping problems. The new algorithm is then introduced and explained in detail. The algorithm is sufficiently general to compare sets of concave polygons with holes. More than two polygons can be compared at one time; all information for future comparisons of subsets of the original input polygon sets is available from the results of the initial application of the process. The algorithm represents polygons using a graph of the boundaries of the polygons. These graphs are imbedded in a two dimensional geometric space. The use of the graph representation simplifies the comparison process considerably by eliminating many special cases from explicit consideration. Polygon operations like the ones described above are useful in a variety of application areas, especially those which deal with problems involving two dimensional or projected two dimensional geometric areas. Examples include VLSI circuit design, cartographic and demographic applications, and polygon clipping for graphic applications such as viewport clipping, hidden surface and line removal, detailing, and shadowing
keywords	boolean operations, clipping, graphs, polygons, computational geometry, algorithms
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:10

_id	40ad
authors	Yessios, Chris I.
year	1980
title	Generation and Visualization of Architectural Forms with Tekton
source	1980? pp. 68-79 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Tekton is an interactive computer aided architectural design software system. It incorporates graphic input and 3-D modeling capabilities, a potent notational system which is based on an algebra like linguistic model for the representation of transformation and spatial compositions, hidden face elimination, shadowing and texture rendering. The latter feature has been specifically designed for the visualization of architectural forms and materials, through renderings of a free hand drawing quality. They are derived by generative semi-random models, included in the system. The Tekton language allows for interactive unlimited editing and modification of previously generated compositions
keywords	CAD, architecture, modeling, computer graphics, rendering
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	8629
authors	Barzilay, Amos
year	1980
title	Human Problem Solving on Master Mind
source	Carnegie Mellon University
summary	The purpose of this work is to analyze the task of playing Master Mind and to examine subjects behaviors on solving that task. The methods and the ideas that are used in the work are the same found in the references for other tasks. The author wants to show that those ideas and methods can be used for that specific task as well. In other words, subjects behave in such a domain as an information processing system. [includes bibliography]
keywords	Psychology, Problem Solving
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/15 15:10

_id	cf2011_p127
id	cf2011_p127
authors	Benros, Deborah; Granadeiro Vasco, Duarte Jose, Knight Terry
year	2011
title	Integrated Design and Building System for the Provision of Customized Housing: the Case of Post-Earthquake Haiti
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 247-264.
summary	The paper proposes integrated design and building systems for the provision of sustainable customized housing. It advances previous work by applying a methodology to generate these systems from vernacular precedents. The methodology is based on the use of shape grammars to derive and encode a contemporary system from the precedents. The combined set of rules can be applied to generate housing solutions tailored to specific user and site contexts. The provision of housing to shelter the population affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake illustrates the application of the methodology. A computer implementation is currently under development in C# using the BIM platform provided by Revit. The world experiences a sharp increase in population and a strong urbanization process. These phenomena call for the development of effective means to solve the resulting housing deficit. The response of the informal sector to the problem, which relies mainly on handcrafted processes, has resulted in an increase of urban slums in many of the big cities, which lack sanitary and spatial conditions. The formal sector has produced monotonous environments based on the idea of mass production that one size fits all, which fails to meet individual and cultural needs. We propose an alternative approach in which mass customization is used to produce planed environments that possess qualities found in historical settlements. Mass customization, a new paradigm emerging due to the technological developments of the last decades, combines the economy of scale of mass production and the aesthetics and functional qualities of customization. Mass customization of housing is defined as the provision of houses that respond to the context in which they are built. The conceptual model for the mass customization of housing used departs from the idea of a housing type, which is the combined result of three systems (Habraken, 1988) -- spatial, building system, and stylistic -- and it includes a design system, a production system, and a computer system (Duarte, 2001). In previous work, this conceptual model was tested by developing a computer system for existing design and building systems (Benr__s and Duarte, 2009). The current work advances it by developing new and original design, building, and computer systems for a particular context. The urgent need to build fast in the aftermath of catastrophes quite often overrides any cultural concerns. As a result, the shelters provided in such circumstances are indistinct and impersonal. However, taking individual and cultural aspects into account might lead to a better identification of the population with their new environment, thereby minimizing the rupture caused in their lives. As the methodology to develop new housing systems is based on the idea of architectural precedents, choosing existing vernacular housing as a precedent permits the incorporation of cultural aspects and facilitates an identification of people with the new housing. In the Haiti case study, we chose as a precedent a housetype called ‚Äúgingerbread houses‚Äù, which includes a wide range of houses from wealthy to very humble ones. Although the proposed design system was inspired by these houses, it was decided to adopt a contemporary take. The methodology to devise the new type was based on two ideas: precedents and transformations in design. In architecture, the use of precedents provides designers with typical solutions for particular problems and it constitutes a departing point for a new design. In our case, the precedent is an existing housetype. It has been shown (Duarte, 2001) that a particular housetype can be encoded by a shape grammar (Stiny, 1980) forming a design system. Studies in shape grammars have shown that the evolution of one style into another can be described as the transformation of one shape grammar into another (Knight, 1994). The used methodology departs takes off from these ideas and it comprises the following steps (Duarte, 2008): (1) Selection of precedents, (2) Derivation of an archetype; (3) Listing of rules; (4) Derivation of designs; (5) Cataloguing of solutions; (6) Derivation of tailored solution.
keywords	Mass customization, Housing, Building system, Sustainable construction, Life cycle energy consumption, Shape grammar
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	8a27
authors	Bentley, Jon L. and Carruthers, Wendy
year	1980
title	Algorithms for Testing the Inclusion of Points in Polygons
source	Allertorn Conference on Communication, Control and Computing (18th : 1980). (10) p. includes bibliography
summary	Determining whether a given point lies inside or outside a simple polygon is an important problem in many applications, including computer vision systems and computer-assisted political redistricting systems. In this paper the authors give algorithms for inclusion problems that are efficient for polygons that are 'close to convex' in a certain precise sense. An empirical study of polygons that arise in several applications shows that typical polygons are indeed 'close to convex,' and a program implementing the algorithm shows that is extremely efficient on point sets of practical sizes
keywords	point inclusion, polygons, algorithms, computational geometry
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

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