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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	e234
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E. and Harfmann, Anton C.
year	1985
title	An Integrative Approach to Computer-Aided Design Education in Architecture
source	February, 1985. [17] p. : [8] p. of ill
summary	With the advent of CAD, schools of architecture are now obliged to prepare their graduates for using the emerging new design tools and methods in architectural practices of the future. In addition to this educational obligation, schools of architecture (possibly in partnership with practicing firms) are also the most appropriate agents for pursuing research in CAD that will lead to the development of better CAD software for use by the profession as a whole. To meet these two rather different obligations, two kinds of CAD education curricula are required: one which prepares tool- users, and another that prepares tool-builders. The first educates students about the use of CAD tools for the design of buildings, whereas the second educates them about the design of CAD tools themselves. The School of Architecture and Planning in SUNY at Buffalo has recognized these two obligations, and in Fall 1982 began to meet them by planning and implementing an integrated CAD environment. This environment now consists of 3 components: a tool-building sequence of courses, an advanced research program, and a general tool-users architectural curriculum. Students in the tool-building course sequence learn the principles of CAD and may, upon graduation, become researchers and the managers of CAD systems in practicing offices. While in school they form a pool of research assistants who may be employed in the research component of the CAD environment, thereby facilitating the design and development of advanced CAD tools. The research component, through its various projects, develops and provides state of the art tools to be used by practitioners as well as by students in the school, in such courses as architectural studio, environmental controls, performance programming, and basic design courses. Students in these courses who use the tools developed by the research group constitute the tool-users component of the CAD environment. While they are being educated in the methods they will be using throughout their professional careers, they also act as a 'real-world' laboratory for testing the software and thereby provide feedback to the research component. The School of Architecture and Planning in SUNY at Buffalo has been the first school to incorporate such a comprehensive CAD environment in its curriculum, thereby successfully fulfilling its obligation to train students in the innovative methods of design that will be used in architectural practices of the future, and at the same time making a significant contribution to the profession of architecture as a whole. This paper describes the methodology and illustrates the history of the CAD environment's implementation in the School
keywords	CAD, architecture, education
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e1d1
authors	Shafer, Steven A. and Kanade, Takeo
year	1982
title	Using Shadows in Finding Surface Orientations
source	61 p. : ill.` Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Computer Science, CMU, January, 1982. CMU-CS- 82-100
summary	Given a line drawing from an image with shadow regions identified, the shapes of the shadows can be used to generate constraints on the orientations of the surfaces involved. This paper describes the theory which governs those constraints under orthography. A 'Basic Shadow Problem' is first posed, in which there is a single light source, and a single surface casts a shadow on another (background) surface. There are six parameters to determine: the orientation (2 parameters) for each surface, and the direction of the vector (2 parameters) pointing at the light source. If some set of 3 of these are given in advance, the remaining 3 can then be determined geometrically
keywords	The solution method consists of identifying 'illumination surfaces' consisting of illumination vectors, assigning Huffman-Clowes line labels to
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	233c
authors	Udupa, Jayaram K., Srihari, Sargur N. and Herman, Gabor T.
year	1982
title	Boundary Detection in Multidimensions
source	IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. January, 1982. vol. PAM-4: pp. 41-50 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The development of image processing algorithms for time varying imagery and computerized tomography data calls for generalization of the concepts of adjacency, connectivity, boundary, etc. to three and four dimensional discrete spaces. This paper defines these basic concepts in unified terminology and presents algorithms for a boundary detection task in multidimensional space. The performance of these algorithms is discussed with respect to theoretical maximum complexity, and is illustrated with simulated computerized tomography data
keywords	algorithms, image processing, performance, applications
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	8239
authors	Campello, Ruy Eduardo and Maculan, Nelson
year	1982
title	On Deep Disjunctive Cutting Planes for Set Partitioning : A Computationally Oriented Research.
source	Pittsburgh: Design Research Center, CMU [DRC-70-11-82], 10 p.
summary	Several mathematical programming problems can be formulated as Disjunctive Programming Problems. This approach offers a powerful procedure for the generation of new and strong cutting planes with desirable properties. For general integer programs, the traditional cutting plane methodologies proved less efficient than enumerative techniques. However, for certain classes of problems, such as set partitioning, cutting planes are known to be efficient. Since the disjunctive cuts are strong, they can be expected to perform better. This paper reports on computational results with disjunctive B(.) cuts for the set partitioning problem, evaluated in terms of computer resources and other independent measures in solving specific randomly generated test problems under controlled conditions. [includes bibliography].
keywords	Mathematics, Operations Research, Integer Programming, Optimization
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/15 15:17

_id	46ba
authors	Hille, R.F. and Higginbotham, T.F.
year	1982
title	A Pascal Implementation of a Display System for Pascal Programs
source	10 p. Wollongong: Department of Computing Science, University of Wollongong, February, 1982. includes bibliography --- Cover title: A display system for Pascal programs written in Pascal
summary	A description is given of the design and implementation of a Pascal program for the stepwise visible execution of other Pascal programs. This system operates at the source code level by inserting additional statements into the user program. This additional code causes the stepwise execution of the user program, as well as the display of the statement currently executed together with variables whose values have just changed. This system is intended as both a teaching aid and a debugging aid. It enables the user to investigate the dynamic properties of his program
keywords	programming, PASCAL, display, education
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	5509
authors	Koutamanis, Alexandros
year	1990
title	Development of a computerized handbook of architectural plans
source	Delft University of Technology
summary	The dissertation investigates an approach to the development of visual / spatial computer representations for architectural purposes through the development of the computerized handbook of architectural plans (chap), a knowledge-based computer system capable of recognizing the metric properties of architectural plans. This investigation can be summarized as an introduction of computer vision to the computerization of architectural representations: chap represents an attempt to automate recognition of the most essential among conventional architectural drawings, floor plans. The system accepts as input digitized images of architectural plans and recognizes their spatial primitives (locations) and their spatial articulation on a variety of abstraction levels. The final output of chap is a description of the plan in terms of the grouping formations detected in its spatial articulation. The overall structure of the description is based on an analysis of its conformity to the formal rules of its “stylistic” context (which in the initial version of chap is classical architecture). Chapter 1 suggests that the poor performance of computerized architectural drawing and design systems is among others evidence of the necessity to computerize visual / spatial architectural representations. A recognition system such as chap offers comprehensive means for the investigation of a methodology for the development and use of such representations. Chapter 2 describes a fundamental task of chap: recognition of the position and shape of locations, the atomic parts of the description of an architectural plan in chap. This operation represents the final and most significant part of the first stage in processing an image input in machine environment. Chapter 3 moves to the next significant problem, recognition of the spatial arrangement of locations in an architectural plan, that is, recognition of grouping relationships that determine the subdivision of a plan into parts. In the absence of systematic and exhaustive typologic studies of classical architecture that would allow us to define a repertory of the location group types possible in classical architectural plans, Chapter 3 follows a bottom-up approach based on grouping relationships derived from elementary architectural knowledge and formalized with assistance from Gestalt theory and its antecedents. The grouping process described in Chapter 3 corresponds both in purpose and in structure to the derivation of a description of an image in computer vision [Marr 1982]. Chapter 4 investigates the well-formedness of the description of a classical architectural plan in an analytical manner: each relevant level (or sublevel) of the classical canon according to Tzonis & Lefaivre [1986] is transformed into a single group of criteria of well-formedness which is investigated independently. The hierarchical structure of the classical canon determines the coordination of these criteria into a sequence of cognitive filters which progressively analyses the correspondence of the descriptions derived as in Chapter 3 to the constraints of the canon. The methodology and techniques presented in the dissertation are primarily considered with respect to chap, a specific recognition system. The resulting specification of chap gives a measure of the use of such a system within the context of a computerized collection of architectural precedents and also presents several extensions to other areas of architecture. Although these extensions are not considered as verifiable claims, Chapter 5 describes some of their implications, including on the role of architectural drawing in computerized design systems, on architectural typologies, and on the nature and structure of generative systems in architecture.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	1b10
id	1b10
authors	Bay, Joo-Hwa
year	2001
title	Cognitive Biases - The case of tropical architecture
source	Delft University of Technology
summary	This dissertation investigates, i) How cognitive biases (or illusions) may lead to errors in design thinking, ii) Why architects use architectural precedents as heuristics despite such possible errors, and iii) Develops a design tool that can overcome this type of errors through the introduction of a rebuttal mechanism. The mechanism controls biases and improves accuracy in architectural thinking. // The research method applied is interdisciplinary. It employs knowledge from cognitive science, environmental engineering, and architectural theory. The case study approach is also used. The investigation is made in the case of tropical architecture. The investigation of architectural biases draws from work by A. Tversky and D. Kahneman in 1982 on “Heuristics and biases”. According to Tversky and Kahneman, the use of heuristics of representativeness (based on similarity) and availability (based on ease of recall and imaginability) for judgement of probability can result in cognitive biases of illusions of validity and biases due to imaginability respectively. This theory can be used analogically to understand how errors arise in the judgement of environmental behaviour anticipated from various spatial configurations, leading to designs with dysfunctional performances when built. Incomplete information, limited time, and human mental resources make design thinking in practice difficult and impossible to solve. It is not possible to analyse all possible alternative solutions, multiple contingencies, and multiple conflicting demands, as doing so will lead to combinatorial explosion. One of the ways to cope with the difficult design problem is to use precedents as heuristic devices, as shortcuts in design thinking, and at the risk of errors. This is done with analogical, pre-parametric, and qualitative means of thinking, without quantitative calculations. Heuristics can be efficient and reasonably effective, but may not always be good enough or even correct, because they can have associated cognitive biases that lead to errors. Several debiasing strategies are discussed, and one possibility is to introduce a rebuttal mechanism to refocus the designer’s thinking on the negative and opposite outcomes in his judgements, in order to debias these illusions. The research is carried out within the framework of design theory developed by the Design Knowledge System Research Centre, TUDelft. This strategy is tested with an experiment. The results show that the introduction of a rebuttal mechanism can debias and improve design judgements substantially in environmental control. The tool developed has possible applications in design practice and education, and in particular, in the designing of sustainable environments.
keywords	Design bias; Design knowledge; Design rebuttal; Design Precedent; Pre-parametric design; Tropical architecture; Sustainability
series	thesis:PhD
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2006/05/28 07:42

_id	eabb
authors	Boeykens, St. Geebelen, B. and Neuckermans, H.
year	2002
title	Design phase transitions in object-oriented modeling of architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.310
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 310-313
summary	The project IDEA+ aims to develop an “Integrated Design Environment for Architecture”. Its goal is providing a tool for the designer-architect that can be of assistance in the early-design phases. It should provide the possibility to perform tests (like heat or cost calculations) and simple simulations in the different (early) design phases, without the need for a fully detailed design or remodeling in a different application. The test for daylighting is already in development (Geebelen, to be published). The conceptual foundation for this design environment has been laid out in a scheme in which different design phases and scales are defined, together with appropriate tests at the different levels (Neuckermans, 1992). It is a translation of the “designerly” way of thinking of the architect (Cross, 1982). This conceptual model has been translated into a “Core Object Model” (Hendricx, 2000), which defines a structured object model to describe the necessary building model. These developments form the theoretical basis for the implementation of IDEA+ (both the data structure & prototype software), which is currently in progress. The research project addresses some issues, which are at the forefront of the architect’s interest while designing with CAAD. These are treated from the point of view of a practicing architect.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	611a
authors	Newell, Allen
year	1982
title	The Knowledge Level
source	[2]. 46 p. : ill. Design Research Center, CMU, April, 1982. DRC-15-15-82. includes bibliography
summary	As the first AAAI Presidential Address, this paper focuses on a basic substantive problem: the nature of knowledge and representation. There are ample indications that artificial intelligence is in need of substantial work in this area, e.g., a recent SIGART special issue on Knowledge Representation edited by Ron Brachman and Brian Smith. The paper proposes a theory of the nature of knowledge, namely, that there is another computer system level immediately above the symbol (or program) level. The nature of computer system levels is reviewed, the new level proposed, and its definition is treated in detail. Knowledge itself is the processing medium at this level and the principle of rationality plays a central role. Some consequences of the existence of the knowledge level and some relations to other fields are discussed
keywords	knowledge, representation, AI
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:09

_id	2415
authors	Nievergelt, J. and Preparata, Franco P.
year	1982
title	Plane-Sweep Algorithms for Intersecting Geometric Figures
source	Communications of the ACM. October, 1982. vol. 25: pp. 739-747 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Algorithms in computational geometry are of increasing importance in computer-aided design, for example, in the layout of integrated circuits. The efficient computation of the intersection of several superimposed figures is a basic problem. Plane figures defined by points connected by straight line segments are considered, for example, polygons (not necessarily simple) and maps (embedded planar graphs). The regions into which the plane is partitioned by these intersecting figures are to be processed in various ways such as listing the boundary of each region in cyclic order or sweeping the interior of each region. Let m be the total number of points of all the figures involved and s be the total number of intersections of all line segments. A two plane-sweep algorithm that solves the problems above is presented; in the general case (non convexity) in time O((n+s)log-n) and space O(n+s); when the regions of each given figure are convex, the same can be achieved in time O(n log n +s) and space O(n)
keywords	computational geometry, algorithms, intersection, mapping, polygons, data structures, analysis
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	8a88
authors	Anderson, David P.
year	1982
title	Hidden Line Elimination in Projected Grid Surfaces
source	ACM Transactions on Graphics. October, 1982. vol. 1: pp. 274-288 : ill. includes a short bibliography
summary	The hidden line and hidden surface problems are simpler when restricted to special classes of objects. An example is the class of grid surfaces, that is, graphs of bivariate functions represented by their values on a set of grid points. Projected grid surfaces have geometric properties which permit hidden line or hidden surface elimination to be done more easily than in the general case. These properties are discussed in this paper, and an algorithm is given which exploits them
keywords	algorithms, hidden lines, hidden surfaces, grids, computer graphics
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	0107
authors	Akin, Omer and Weinel, Eleanor F. (editors)
year	1982
title	Representation and Architecture
source	v, 285 p. : ill. Silver Spring, Maryland: Information Dynamics, Inc., 1982
summary	A collection of papers developed from the proceeding of the Northeastern Regional meeting of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA), held at the Department of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University. The introduction includes articles about representation, representation and architecture. Part 1, Who/To Whom speaks about representation and participatory design process, and of a system for recording behavior and occupying of design. Part 2, How: includes Figure, System and Memory, the Process of Design ; Representation and Creativity in Architecture and Miniature Substitutes. Part 3, With What :Information and Data Base in Design : the Computer as a Design Medium, Slides Talk and Translation
keywords	design process, representation, architecture, creativity
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/05/17 10:09

_id	a426
authors	Barsky, Brian A. and Greenberg, Donald P.
year	1982
title	Interactive Surface Representation System Using a B-spline Formulation with Interpolation Capability
source	computer Aided Design. July, 1982. vol. 14: pp. 187-194 : col.ill. includes bibliography
summary	An interactive surface representation system is described which uses a parametric uniform bicubic B-spline formulation which can describe a surface initially defined to interpolate a specified network of points
keywords	CAD, curved surfaces, computational geometry, interpolation, B-splines
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	6094
authors	Blinn, J.I.
year	1982
title	A Generalization of Algebraic Surface Drawing
source	ACM Transaction on Graphics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 235-256, 1982
summary	The technology of creating realistic and visually interesting images of three- dimensional shapes is advancing on many fronts. One such front is the develop- ment of algorithms for drawing curved surfaces directly from their mathematical definitions rather than by dividing them into large numbers of polygons. Two classes of surfaces which have received attention are the quadric and the bivariate parametric surfaces. Bivariate parametric surfaces are generated by three func- tions of two variables (most popularly polynomials), as the variables take on different values. Algorithms dealing with such surfaces are due to Catmull; Lane, Carpenter, Whitted and Blinn; and Clark.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	cc3e
authors	Bloom, Gregory L.
year	1982
title	Solving Architectural and Engineering Problems with CADD: Some Guidelines in Choosing the Right System
source	computer Graphics News. September/October 1982. [3] p
summary	To be useful, a CAD system intended for architectural engineering work must have a number of characteristics in addition to appropriate hardware or software. The article discusses some of these guidelines
keywords	CAD, engineering, architecture, practice
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	09f3
authors	Burt, Michael, Kent, Eli and Ne'eman, Eliyahu (et al)
year	1982
title	Single- and Multilayer Large-Span Membrane Structures for Daylight, Energy Control, and Savings
source	1982? PP. 177-183 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper examines membrane-covered structures. Such structures offer many advantages and their cost of construction is lower than that of equivalent alternatives. However, these thin, single-layer membrane covers cannot provide the control of daylight and heat required to make them environmentally satisfactory and energy-efficient. To improve the performance of membrane covers, a new solution has been studied. Double-layer membranes can be built without severe technical difficulties and provide a much higher degree of static and dynamic control. Further work is being carried out to study the option of incorporating into the two layer membrane structures solar collectors between the layers, thus converting the large area of the membrane cover into an active solar system
keywords	lighting, energy, analysis, topology, structures, building
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	b47b
authors	Callender, John Hancock (Ed.)
year	1982
title	Time Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data
source	McGraw Hill Book. Co., Sixth Ed.
summary	From Book News, Inc. The latest version of the venerable reference first published in 1946 and most recently in 1982. Considers such aspects as bioclimate design, life-cycle costing, the building shell, architectural ethics, superstructure, acoustics, construction materials technology, daylighting, environmentally responsible design, and evaluating building performance. A special section features design data formatted according to the Uniformat II classification system, offering easy access to preliminary design and specification by building component, assemble, and place in the system of construction. Useful for any professional in the architecture, design, or construction fields. Book News, Inc.(r), Portland. Book Description Our biggest database of ready-to-use architectural design details ever. A classic reference for over 50 years. Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data, edited by Donald Watson, Michael J. Crosbie, and John Hancock Callender, is the all-in-one desktop database that helps you work faster and smarter with instant design details-ready to incorporate into your architectural drawings the moment you need them. Now in a completely revised and updated seventh edition, this time-saving resource...
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	89e4
authors	Cendes, Z.J., Shenton, D. and H. Shahnasser
year	1982
title	Adaptive Finite Element Mesh Generation Using the Delaunay Algorithm
source	3 p. : ill. Pittsburgh: Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982
summary	Includes bibliography. A two-dimensional generator is described which automatically creates optimal finite element meshes using the Delaunay triangulation algorithm. The mesh generator is adaptive in the sense that elements containing the largest normalized errors are automatically refined, providing meshes with a uniform error density. The system runs on a PERQ computer made by Three Rivers Computer Company. It is menu oriented and utilizes multiple command and display windows to create and edit the object description interactively. Mesh generation from the object data base is automatic, although it may be modified interactively by the user if desired. Application of the mesh generator to electric machine design and to magnetic bubble simulation shows it to be one of the most powerful and easy to use systems yet devised
keywords	electrical engineering, triangulation, algorithms, OOPS, finite elements, analysis
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e7b8
authors	Dahl, Veronica
year	1983
title	Logic Programming as a Representation of Knowledge
source	IEEE Computer. IEEE Computer Society, October, 1983. vol. 16: pp. 106-110 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Logic has traditionally provided a firm conceptual framework for representing knowledge. As it can formally deal with the notion of logical consequence, the introduction of Prolog has made it possible to represent knowledge in terms of logic and also to expect appropriate inferences to be drawn from it automatically. This article illustrates and explores these ideas with respect to two central representational issues: problem solving knowledge and database knowledge. The technical aspects of both subjects have been covered elsewhere (Kowalski, R. Logic for problem solving, North- Holland pub. 1979 ; Dahl, V. on database system development through logic ACM Trans.vol.7/no.3/Mar.1982 pp.102). This explanation uses simple, nontechnical terms
keywords	PROLOG, knowledge, representation, logic, programming, problem solving, database
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	29bb
authors	Fix, George J. and Ernst, Stephan
year	1982
title	Finite Element Methods of the Least Squares Type for Regions with Corners
source	15 p. : ill Pittsburgh: Design Research Center, CMU, April, 1982. includes bibliography.
summary	This paper treats problems with corner singularities. It is shown that if appropriate weights are used in the least squares formulation, then optimal error estimates can be derived in unweighted L2 norms
keywords	computational geometry, finite elements, mathematics
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

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