Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

PDF papers
References

Hits 1 to 20 of 75

Reformat results as: short short into frame detailed detailed into frame

_id	5509
authors	Koutamanis, Alexandros
year	1990
title	Development of a computerized handbook of architectural plans
source	Delft University of Technology
summary	The dissertation investigates an approach to the development of visual / spatial computer representations for architectural purposes through the development of the computerized handbook of architectural plans (chap), a knowledge-based computer system capable of recognizing the metric properties of architectural plans. This investigation can be summarized as an introduction of computer vision to the computerization of architectural representations: chap represents an attempt to automate recognition of the most essential among conventional architectural drawings, floor plans. The system accepts as input digitized images of architectural plans and recognizes their spatial primitives (locations) and their spatial articulation on a variety of abstraction levels. The final output of chap is a description of the plan in terms of the grouping formations detected in its spatial articulation. The overall structure of the description is based on an analysis of its conformity to the formal rules of its “stylistic” context (which in the initial version of chap is classical architecture). Chapter 1 suggests that the poor performance of computerized architectural drawing and design systems is among others evidence of the necessity to computerize visual / spatial architectural representations. A recognition system such as chap offers comprehensive means for the investigation of a methodology for the development and use of such representations. Chapter 2 describes a fundamental task of chap: recognition of the position and shape of locations, the atomic parts of the description of an architectural plan in chap. This operation represents the final and most significant part of the first stage in processing an image input in machine environment. Chapter 3 moves to the next significant problem, recognition of the spatial arrangement of locations in an architectural plan, that is, recognition of grouping relationships that determine the subdivision of a plan into parts. In the absence of systematic and exhaustive typologic studies of classical architecture that would allow us to define a repertory of the location group types possible in classical architectural plans, Chapter 3 follows a bottom-up approach based on grouping relationships derived from elementary architectural knowledge and formalized with assistance from Gestalt theory and its antecedents. The grouping process described in Chapter 3 corresponds both in purpose and in structure to the derivation of a description of an image in computer vision [Marr 1982]. Chapter 4 investigates the well-formedness of the description of a classical architectural plan in an analytical manner: each relevant level (or sublevel) of the classical canon according to Tzonis & Lefaivre [1986] is transformed into a single group of criteria of well-formedness which is investigated independently. The hierarchical structure of the classical canon determines the coordination of these criteria into a sequence of cognitive filters which progressively analyses the correspondence of the descriptions derived as in Chapter 3 to the constraints of the canon. The methodology and techniques presented in the dissertation are primarily considered with respect to chap, a specific recognition system. The resulting specification of chap gives a measure of the use of such a system within the context of a computerized collection of architectural precedents and also presents several extensions to other areas of architecture. Although these extensions are not considered as verifiable claims, Chapter 5 describes some of their implications, including on the role of architectural drawing in computerized design systems, on architectural typologies, and on the nature and structure of generative systems in architecture.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	0dfa
authors	Giuse, Dario
year	1982
title	DP - Command Set
source	24, [22] p. : ill. July, 1982. includes bibliography
summary	This is a short description of the command set of the Drawing Program (DP), a general-purpose graphics editor that runs on a personal computer. This paper contains general notions about the program, the complete description of the commands and a set of advanced techniques for DP users
keywords	software, programming, drafting, systems
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	cf2003_m_040
id	cf2003_m_040
authors	BAY, Joo-Hwa
year	2003
title	Making Rebuttals Available Digitally for Minimising Biases in Mental Judgements
source	Digital Design - Research and Practice [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-1210-1] Tainan (Taiwan) 13–15 October 2003, pp. 147-156
summary	The problem of heuristic biases (illusions) discussed by Tversky and Kahneman (1982) that can lead to errors in judgement by human designers, when they use precedent knowledge presented graphically (Bay 2001). A Cognitive framework of belief, goal, and decision, and a framework of representation of architectural knowledge by Tzonis are used to map out the problem of heuristic biases in the human mind. These are used to discuss what aspects of knowledge can be presented explicitly and digitally to users to make rebuttal more available for human thinking at the cognitive level. The discussion is applicable to both inductive and analytic digital knowledge systems that use precedent knowledge. This discussion is targeted directly at means of addressing bias in the human mind using digital means. The problem of human bias in machine learning and generalisation are discussed in a different paper, and the problems of international or non-intentional machine bias are not part of discussion in this paper.
keywords	analogy, bias, design thinking, environmental design, heuristics
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	2003/11/22 07:26

_id	89e4
authors	Cendes, Z.J., Shenton, D. and H. Shahnasser
year	1982
title	Adaptive Finite Element Mesh Generation Using the Delaunay Algorithm
source	3 p. : ill. Pittsburgh: Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982
summary	Includes bibliography. A two-dimensional generator is described which automatically creates optimal finite element meshes using the Delaunay triangulation algorithm. The mesh generator is adaptive in the sense that elements containing the largest normalized errors are automatically refined, providing meshes with a uniform error density. The system runs on a PERQ computer made by Three Rivers Computer Company. It is menu oriented and utilizes multiple command and display windows to create and edit the object description interactively. Mesh generation from the object data base is automatic, although it may be modified interactively by the user if desired. Application of the mesh generator to electric machine design and to magnetic bubble simulation shows it to be one of the most powerful and easy to use systems yet devised
keywords	electrical engineering, triangulation, algorithms, OOPS, finite elements, analysis
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	sigradi2006_e183a
id	sigradi2006_e183a
authors	Costa Couceiro, Mauro
year	2006
title	La Arquitectura como Extensión Fenotípica Humana - Un Acercamiento Basado en Análisis Computacionales [Architecture as human phenotypic extension – An approach based on computational explorations]
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 56-60
summary	The study describes some of the aspects tackled within a current Ph.D. research where architectural applications of constructive, structural and organization processes existing in biological systems are considered. The present information processing capacity of computers and the specific software development have allowed creating a bridge between two holistic nature disciplines: architecture and biology. The crossover between those disciplines entails a methodological paradigm change towards a new one based on the dynamical aspects of forms and compositions. Recent studies about artificial-natural intelligence (Hawkins, 2004) and developmental-evolutionary biology (Maturana, 2004) have added fundamental knowledge about the role of the analogy in the creative process and the relationship between forms and functions. The dimensions and restrictions of the Evo-Devo concepts are analyzed, developed and tested by software that combines parametric geometries, L-systems (Lindenmayer, 1990), shape-grammars (Stiny and Gips, 1971) and evolutionary algorithms (Holland, 1975) as a way of testing new architectural solutions within computable environments. It is pondered Lamarck´s (1744-1829) and Weismann (1834-1914) theoretical approaches to evolution where can be found significant opposing views. Lamarck´s theory assumes that an individual effort towards a specific evolutionary goal can cause change to descendents. On the other hand, Weismann defended that the germ cells are not affected by anything the body learns or any ability it acquires during its life, and cannot pass this information on to the next generation; this is called the Weismann barrier. Lamarck’s widely rejected theory has recently found a new place in artificial and natural intelligence researches as a valid explanation to some aspects of the human knowledge evolution phenomena, that is, the deliberate change of paradigms in the intentional research of solutions. As well as the analogy between genetics and architecture (Estévez and Shu, 2000) is useful in order to understand and program emergent complexity phenomena (Hopfield, 1982) for architectural solutions, also the consideration of architecture as a product of a human extended phenotype can help us to understand better its cultural dimension.
keywords	evolutionary computation; genetic architectures; artificial/natural intelligence
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:49

_id	0650
authors	Fenves, Stephen J. and Rasdorf, William J.
year	1982
title	Role of Database Management Systems in Structural Engineering
source	15 p.: ill Pittsburgh: Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982. includes bibliography.
summary	--- Presented at International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineers Symposium on Informatics in Structural Engineering.(1982 : Bergamo, Italy). The future integration of structural engineering application programs will depend critically on integrated databases which provide access to information in essentially arbitrary sequences, and which automatically perform a large portion of integrity checking on the data. One source of such design databases are the database management systems (DBMS) evolving from management applications. The paper surveys such systems and presents some extensions needed
keywords	integration, database, DBMS, systems, civil engineering
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	e323
authors	Holtz, Neal M. and Rasdorf, William J.
year	1982
title	The Use of LISP for Computer-Aided Design Systems
source	18, [19] p. Pittsburgh: Design Research Center, Carnegie-Mellon University, April, 1982. includes bibliography
summary	It is suggested that the LISP programming language has many advantages and few disadvantages for use in developing complex engineering application programs. The paper attempts to explore that possibility by briefly explaining a few of the concepts of the language, by discussing some of the criticisms of it, and by mentioning some new developments. In summary it is suggested that LISP may currently be the best programming language to use for the development of computer- aided design (CAD) systems
keywords	LISP, CAD, systems, programming, languages, CAE, engineering
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	4eb7
authors	Kirsch, Uri
year	1982
title	Optimal Design of Continuous Prestressed Concrete Structures
source	25 p. : il. tables Pittsburgh, PA: Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982. DRC-12-11-82. includes bibliography: p. 20-21
summary	Optimal design of continuous prestressed systems is stated in a nonlinear programming form. The design variables are the concrete dimensions, tendon coordinates, and prestressing force. The constraints are related to various behavior and design requirements and the objective function represents the overall cost. Some simplified models, intended to improve the solution efficiency, are presented. These include: explicit formulations of the general problem and the problem of minimizing the concrete dimensions; linear programming formulation of the tendon configuration and prestressing force optimization; and direct determination of the prestressing force for given concrete dimensions and tendon coordinates. Some examples illustrate the various problem formulations and solution methodology
keywords	engineering, structures, optimization, linear programming
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	0095
authors	Kowalski, T.J. and Thomas, Donald E.
year	1982
title	The VLSI Design Automation Assistant : First Step
source	5 p. Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982. DRC-18-57-82. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes an approach to VLSI design synthesis using both knowledge-based expert systems and data and control flow analysis. The authors are concerned with design synthesis as it proceeds from an algorithmic description of a VLSI system to a list of technology-independent registers, operators, data paths, and control signals. This paper discusses the development of the Design Automation Assistant from its first interviews with expert VLSI designers to its current prototype state. Four designs of a microcomputer are presented along with the changes in the knowledge base that created those designs
keywords	design, automation, integrated circuits, synthesis, expert systems, systems, knowledge base
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	1b10
id	1b10
authors	Bay, Joo-Hwa
year	2001
title	Cognitive Biases - The case of tropical architecture
source	Delft University of Technology
summary	This dissertation investigates, i) How cognitive biases (or illusions) may lead to errors in design thinking, ii) Why architects use architectural precedents as heuristics despite such possible errors, and iii) Develops a design tool that can overcome this type of errors through the introduction of a rebuttal mechanism. The mechanism controls biases and improves accuracy in architectural thinking. // The research method applied is interdisciplinary. It employs knowledge from cognitive science, environmental engineering, and architectural theory. The case study approach is also used. The investigation is made in the case of tropical architecture. The investigation of architectural biases draws from work by A. Tversky and D. Kahneman in 1982 on “Heuristics and biases”. According to Tversky and Kahneman, the use of heuristics of representativeness (based on similarity) and availability (based on ease of recall and imaginability) for judgement of probability can result in cognitive biases of illusions of validity and biases due to imaginability respectively. This theory can be used analogically to understand how errors arise in the judgement of environmental behaviour anticipated from various spatial configurations, leading to designs with dysfunctional performances when built. Incomplete information, limited time, and human mental resources make design thinking in practice difficult and impossible to solve. It is not possible to analyse all possible alternative solutions, multiple contingencies, and multiple conflicting demands, as doing so will lead to combinatorial explosion. One of the ways to cope with the difficult design problem is to use precedents as heuristic devices, as shortcuts in design thinking, and at the risk of errors. This is done with analogical, pre-parametric, and qualitative means of thinking, without quantitative calculations. Heuristics can be efficient and reasonably effective, but may not always be good enough or even correct, because they can have associated cognitive biases that lead to errors. Several debiasing strategies are discussed, and one possibility is to introduce a rebuttal mechanism to refocus the designer’s thinking on the negative and opposite outcomes in his judgements, in order to debias these illusions. The research is carried out within the framework of design theory developed by the Design Knowledge System Research Centre, TUDelft. This strategy is tested with an experiment. The results show that the introduction of a rebuttal mechanism can debias and improve design judgements substantially in environmental control. The tool developed has possible applications in design practice and education, and in particular, in the designing of sustainable environments.
keywords	Design bias; Design knowledge; Design rebuttal; Design Precedent; Pre-parametric design; Tropical architecture; Sustainability
series	thesis:PhD
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2006/05/28 07:42

_id	6094
authors	Blinn, J.I.
year	1982
title	A Generalization of Algebraic Surface Drawing
source	ACM Transaction on Graphics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 235-256, 1982
summary	The technology of creating realistic and visually interesting images of three- dimensional shapes is advancing on many fronts. One such front is the develop- ment of algorithms for drawing curved surfaces directly from their mathematical definitions rather than by dividing them into large numbers of polygons. Two classes of surfaces which have received attention are the quadric and the bivariate parametric surfaces. Bivariate parametric surfaces are generated by three func- tions of two variables (most popularly polynomials), as the variables take on different values. Algorithms dealing with such surfaces are due to Catmull; Lane, Carpenter, Whitted and Blinn; and Clark.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	2c13
authors	Knuth, Donald E.
year	1982
title	The Concept of a Meta-Font
source	Visible Language. Winter, 1982. vol. XVI: pp. 3-27 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A single drawing of a single letter reveals only a small part of what was in the designer's mind when that letter was drawn. But when precise instructions are given about how to make such a drawing, the intelligence of that letter can be captured in a way that permits us to obtain an infinite variety of related letters from the same specification. Instead of merely describing a single letter, such instructions explain how that letter would change its shape if other parameters of the design were changed. Thus an entire font of letters and other symbols can be specified so that each character adapts itself to varying conditions in an appropriate way. Initial experiments with a precise language for pen motions suggest strongly that the font designer of the future should not simply design isolated alphabets; the challenge will be to explain exactly how each design should adapt itself gracefully to a wide range of changes in the specification. This paper gives examples of a meta-font and explains the changeable parameters in its design
keywords	programming, computer graphics, parametrization
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e1d1
authors	Shafer, Steven A. and Kanade, Takeo
year	1982
title	Using Shadows in Finding Surface Orientations
source	61 p. : ill.` Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Computer Science, CMU, January, 1982. CMU-CS- 82-100
summary	Given a line drawing from an image with shadow regions identified, the shapes of the shadows can be used to generate constraints on the orientations of the surfaces involved. This paper describes the theory which governs those constraints under orthography. A 'Basic Shadow Problem' is first posed, in which there is a single light source, and a single surface casts a shadow on another (background) surface. There are six parameters to determine: the orientation (2 parameters) for each surface, and the direction of the vector (2 parameters) pointing at the light source. If some set of 3 of these are given in advance, the remaining 3 can then be determined geometrically
keywords	The solution method consists of identifying 'illumination surfaces' consisting of illumination vectors, assigning Huffman-Clowes line labels to
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	843d
authors	Avron, Barr and Feigenbaum, Edward A. (editors)
year	1982
title	The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence
source	xiii, 428 p. Stanford, California: Heuristech Press, 1982. vol. 2 of 3: Includes bibliography p.383-402 and indexes
summary	Part 2 of a three vol. work. This vol covers: AI programming languages, the kinds of programming languages suitable for AI, features and environments developed that were developed for its purpose. Expert systems in science, medicine and education. The last chapters reviews automatic programming
keywords	AI, programming, languages, expert systems, automation
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	482a
authors	Cole, Sam
year	1982
title	A Microprocessor Revolution and the World Distribution of Income: A General Equilibrium Approach
source	International Political Science Review. 1982. vol.3: pp. 434- 454 ; ill. includes bibliography
summary	This article shows that even if the world economy is able to withstand and surmount the present world crisis, the combination of market forces and rapid technical change that would be the result of a microprocessor revolution will give rise to large shifts in the distribution of income within and between both rich and poor countries. Some developed and developing economies may be unable to join the move to new technologies. In a world governed by only economic forces, all countries, whether they choose to adopt new systems of production or not, will be affected. Indeed, whatever their degree of involvement, all countries are beginning to feel in varying degrees the chain reaction that reverberates through and between all sectors of their domestic and the world economies. To gain insights into interrelations between technological change and global markets, this article uses a special type of model -- a general equilibrium model -- that enables the study to focus on exactly these variables
keywords	technology, economics
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	ddssar9616
id	ddssar9616
authors	Hunt, John
year	1996
title	Establishing design directions for complex architectural projects: a decision support strategy
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary	The paper seeks to identify characteristics of the design decision-making strategy implicit in the first placed design submissions for three significant architectural competitions: the Sydney Opera House competition, and two recent design competitions for university buildings in New Zealand. Cohn Rowe's (1982) characterisation of the design process is adopted as a basis for the analysis of these case studies. Rowe's fertile analogy between design and (criminal) detection is first outlined, then brought to bear on the case studies. By means of a comparison between the successful and selected unsuccessful design submissions in each case, aspects of Rowe's characterisation of the design process are confirmed. On the basis of this analysis several common features of the competition-winning submissions, and their implicit decision-making processes, are identified. The first of these features relates to establishing project or programmatic requirements and the prioritizing of these. The second concerns the role of design parameters or requirements that appear as conflicting or contradictory, in the development of a design direction and in innovative design outcomes. The third concerns the process of simultaneous consideration given by the designer to both project parameters or requirements, and to design solution possibilities - a process described by Rowe as "dialectical interanimation".
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	c55f
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E.
year	1986
title	The Impact of CAD On Architectural Design Education in the United States
source	Teaching and Research Experience with CAAD [4th eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Rome (Italy) 11-13 September 1986, pp. 348-355
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1986.348
summary	Computer-Aided Design (CAD) began to appear in schools of architecture in the United States over 15 years ago. By 1982, over 50% of all accredited schools of architecture in North America included some form of CAD in their curricula. This number has continued to steadily increase. For the most part, the use of CAD has been restricted to the few individuals working on special "CAD projects" and to the researchers developing CAD products. The reasons for this limitation have included the low availability, difficulty of use, restricted access and high cost of the CAD systems, as well as limited faculty and administrative support. Recently, however, partly due to the introduction of micro- computer CAD software, and partly due to the growing awareness of the importance of CAD in architectural education and practice, some schools have begun to introduce CAD as part of the general design curriculum.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	e234
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E. and Harfmann, Anton C.
year	1985
title	An Integrative Approach to Computer-Aided Design Education in Architecture
source	February, 1985. [17] p. : [8] p. of ill
summary	With the advent of CAD, schools of architecture are now obliged to prepare their graduates for using the emerging new design tools and methods in architectural practices of the future. In addition to this educational obligation, schools of architecture (possibly in partnership with practicing firms) are also the most appropriate agents for pursuing research in CAD that will lead to the development of better CAD software for use by the profession as a whole. To meet these two rather different obligations, two kinds of CAD education curricula are required: one which prepares tool- users, and another that prepares tool-builders. The first educates students about the use of CAD tools for the design of buildings, whereas the second educates them about the design of CAD tools themselves. The School of Architecture and Planning in SUNY at Buffalo has recognized these two obligations, and in Fall 1982 began to meet them by planning and implementing an integrated CAD environment. This environment now consists of 3 components: a tool-building sequence of courses, an advanced research program, and a general tool-users architectural curriculum. Students in the tool-building course sequence learn the principles of CAD and may, upon graduation, become researchers and the managers of CAD systems in practicing offices. While in school they form a pool of research assistants who may be employed in the research component of the CAD environment, thereby facilitating the design and development of advanced CAD tools. The research component, through its various projects, develops and provides state of the art tools to be used by practitioners as well as by students in the school, in such courses as architectural studio, environmental controls, performance programming, and basic design courses. Students in these courses who use the tools developed by the research group constitute the tool-users component of the CAD environment. While they are being educated in the methods they will be using throughout their professional careers, they also act as a 'real-world' laboratory for testing the software and thereby provide feedback to the research component. The School of Architecture and Planning in SUNY at Buffalo has been the first school to incorporate such a comprehensive CAD environment in its curriculum, thereby successfully fulfilling its obligation to train students in the innovative methods of design that will be used in architectural practices of the future, and at the same time making a significant contribution to the profession of architecture as a whole. This paper describes the methodology and illustrates the history of the CAD environment's implementation in the School
keywords	CAD, architecture, education
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ab39
authors	Kutay, Ali R.
year	1982
title	Abstractions and Transactions : A Solution for Structuring Complex Applications
source	March, 1982. [1] l, 14 p. includes bibliography
summary	In database systems when large applications are supported, their representation becomes a problem. A proposed model is to use the transaction concept and structure a large application as a nested transaction. This paper proposes to take advantage of abstraction techniques to avoid problems related to nested transactions. It first reviews the transition concept and restates the shortcomings. It then briefly states the available abstraction techniques in databases. It proposes to integrate transactions with abstraction levels and provide communication between the transactions instead of nesting them. It is argued that such a solution presents a better structure for applications and possible integration with abstract data types
keywords	abstraction, relational database, building
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	c361
authors	Logan, Brian S.
year	1986
title	Representing the Structure of Design Problems
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 158-170
summary	In recent years several experimental CAD systems have emerged which, focus specifically on the structure of design problems rather than on solution generation or appraisal (Sussman and Steele, 1980; McCallum, 1982). However, the development of these systems has been hampered by the lack of an adequate theoretical basis. There is little or no argument as to what the statements comprising these models actually mean, or on the types of operations that should be provided. This chapter describes an attempt to develop a semantically adequate basis for a model of the structure of design problems and presents a representation of this model in formal logic.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

For more results click below: