Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Reformat results as: short short into frame detailed detailed into frame

_id	e118
authors	Balas, Egon
year	1983
title	Disjunctive Programming and a Hierarchy of Relaxations for Discrete Optimization Problems
source	December, 1983. 38 p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The author discuss a new conceptual framework for the convexification of discrete optimization problems, and a general technique for obtaining approximations to the convex hull of the feasible set. The concepts come from disjunctive programming and the key tool is a description of the convex hull of a union of polyhedra in terms of a higher dimensional polyhedron. Although this description was known for several years, only recently was it shown by Jeroslow and Lowe to yield improved representations of discrete optimization problems. The author expresses the feasible set of a discrete optimization problem as the intersection (conjunction) of unions of polyhedra, and define an operation that takes one such expression into another, equivalent one, with fewer conjuncts. He then introduces a class of relaxations based on replacing each conjunct (union of polyhedra) by its convex hull. The strength of the relaxations increases as the number of conjuncts decreases, and the class of relaxations forms a hierarchy that spans the spectrum between the common linear programming relaxation, and the convex hull of the feasible set itself. Instances where this approach presents advantages include critical path problems in disjunctive graphs, network synthesis problems, certain fixed charge network flow problems, etc. The approach on the first of these problems is illustrated, which is a model for machine sequencing
keywords	polyhedra, computational geometry, optimization, programming, convex hull, graphs
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	41af
authors	Barnhill, Robert E.
year	1983
title	A Survey of the Representation and Design of Surfaces
source	IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. October, 1983. vol. 3: pp. 9-16 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The approach of devising robust surface methods applicable to arbitrarily located data was taken by the CAGD Group at the University of Utah. Adopting two broad classes of methods suitable for solving the problems (i.e., problems for which simplifying geometric assumptions cannot be made): (1) surface interpolants defined over triangles or tetrahedra and (2) distance-weighted interpolants. Interactive computer graphics was used to display surfaces for adequate visualization. Although some figures were given, it must be kept in mind that some 3-D medium, or at least motion, is necessary to understand surfaces
keywords	computational geometry, computer graphics, representation, curved surfaces, mathematics
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	8c67
authors	Brachman, Ronald J., Levesque, Hector J. and Fikes, Richard E.
year	1983
title	Krypton : A Functional Approach to Knowledge Representation
source	IEEE Computer. IEEE Computer Society, October, 1983. vol. 16: pp. 67-73 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	While the basic ideas of frame systems are straight forward, complication arise in their design. A design strategy was developed and have been implemented in a representation system called Krypton. Krypton distinguishes between definitional and factual information by using both frame- based and logic-based languages. The result is a system defined in functional not structural terms
keywords	AI, frames, knowledge, representation, systems
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	88b6
authors	Campello, Ruy Eduardo and Maculan, Nelson
year	1983
title	A Lower Bound to the Set Partitioning Problem with Side Constraints
source	24 p. : ill. Pittsburgh: Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1983 DRC-70-20-83. includes bibliography.
summary	A Lagrangean relaxation approach is proposed to provide a lower bound on the optimal solution of the set partitioning problem with side constraints, which is a general methodology to solve a combinatorial optimization problem. This Lagrangean relaxation approach is accomplished by a subgradient optimization procedure which solves at each iteration a special 0-1 knapsack problem. The approach seems to be promising since it produces feasible integer solutions to the side constraints that can hopefully be the optimal solution to most of the instances of the set partitioning problem with side constraints
keywords	mathematics, operations research, relaxation, algorithms, combinatorics, optimization, constraints
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	8b75
authors	Cullen, Ian
year	1983
title	Expert Systems in Architectural and Planning Education
source	Proceedings of the International Conference eCAADe [European Computer Aided Architectural Design Education] Brussels (Belgium) 1983, pp. IV.1-IV.15
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1983.x.a7j
summary	The paper discusses the problems and possibilities of a project initiated recently within the Bartlett in the general area of knowledge engineering. The aim is to assemble a set of knowledge bases which may be explored interactively by students. The system will differ from traditional CAL packages in that it will be both problem oriented - designed to extract from the students the information required to reach a specific decision - and capable of providing an explanation of its approach at any point.
keywords	Knowledge Engineering
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	sigradi2006_e028c
id	sigradi2006_e028c
authors	Griffith, Kenfield; Sass, Larry and Michaud, Dennis
year	2006
title	A strategy for complex-curved building design:Design structure with Bi-lateral contouring as integrally connected ribs
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 465-469
summary	Shapes in designs created by architects such as Gehry Partners (Shelden, 2002), Foster and Partners, and Kohn Peterson and Fox rely on computational processes for rationalizing complex geometry for building construction. Rationalization is the reduction of a complete geometric shape into discrete components. Unfortunately, for many architects the rationalization is limited reducing solid models to surfaces or data on spread sheets for contractors to follow. Rationalized models produced by the firms listed above do not offer strategies for construction or digital fabrication. For the physical production of CAD description an alternative to the rationalized description is needed. This paper examines the coupling of digital rationalization and digital fabrication with physical mockups (Rich, 1989). Our aim is to explore complex relationships found in early and mid stage design phases when digital fabrication is used to produce design outcomes. Results of our investigation will aid architects and engineers in addressing the complications found in the translation of design models embedded with precision to constructible geometries. We present an algorithmically based approach to design rationalization that supports physical production as well as surface production of desktop models. Our approach is an alternative to conventional rapid prototyping that builds objects by assembly of laterally sliced contours from a solid model. We explored an improved product description for rapid manufacture as bilateral contouring for structure and panelling for strength (Kolarevic, 2003). Infrastructure typically found within aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, bilateral contouring is an organized matrix of horizontal and vertical interlocking ribs evenly distributed along a surface. These structures are monocoque and semi-monocoque assemblies composed of structural ribs and skinning attached by rivets and adhesives. Alternative, bi-lateral contouring discussed is an interlocking matrix of plywood strips having integral joinery for assembly. Unlike traditional methods of building representations through malleable materials for creating tangible objects (Friedman, 2002), this approach constructs with the implication for building life-size solutions. Three algorithms are presented as examples of rationalized design production with physical results. The first algorithm [Figure 1] deconstructs an initial 2D curved form into ribbed slices to be assembled through integral connections constructed as part of the rib solution. The second algorithm [Figure 2] deconstructs curved forms of greater complexity. The algorithm walks along the surface extracting surface information along horizontal and vertical axes saving surface information resulting in a ribbed structure of slight double curvature. The final algorithm [Figure 3] is expressed as plug-in software for Rhino that deconstructs a design to components for assembly as rib structures. The plug-in also translates geometries to a flatten position for 2D fabrication. The software demonstrates the full scope of the research exploration. Studies published by Dodgson argued that innovation technology (IvT) (Dodgson, Gann, Salter, 2004) helped in solving projects like the Guggenheim in Bilbao, the leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, and the Millennium Bridge in London. Similarly, the method discussed in this paper will aid in solving physical production problems with complex building forms. References Bentley, P.J. (Ed.). Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, 1-73 Celani, G, (2004) “From simple to complex: using AutoCAD to build generative design systems” in: L. Caldas and J. Duarte (org.) Implementations issues in generative design systems. First Intl. Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, July 2004 Dodgson M, Gann D.M., Salter A, (2004), “Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving: Lessons from High Profile Public Projects,” Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, 2004 Dristas, (2004) “Design Operators.” Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2004 Friedman, M, (2002), Gehry Talks: Architecture + Practice, Universe Publishing, New York, NY, 2002 Kolarevic, B, (2003), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, UK, 2003 Opas J, Bochnick H, Tuomi J, (1994), “Manufacturability Analysis as a Part of CAD/CAM Integration”, Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, 261-292 Rudolph S, Alber R, (2002), “An Evolutionary Approach to the Inverse Problem in Rule-Based Design Representations”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 329-350 Rich M, (1989), Digital Mockup, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1989 Schön, D., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professional Think in Action. Basic Books. 1983 Shelden, D, (2003), “Digital Surface Representation and the Constructability of Gehry’s Architecture.” Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003 Smithers T, Conkie A, Doheny J, Logan B, Millington K, (1989), “Design as Intelligent Behaviour: An AI in Design Thesis Programme”, Artificial Intelligence in Design, 293-334 Smithers T, (2002), “Synthesis in Designing”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 3-24 Stiny, G, (1977), “Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs” Environmental and Planning B, volume 4, pp. 89-98
keywords	Digital fabrication; bilateral contouring; integral connection; complex-curve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	6259
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E. and Majkowski, Bruce R.
year	1990
title	CAD Technology Transfer: A Case Study
source	From Research to Practice [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Big Sky (Montana - USA) 4-6 October 1990, pp. 133-143
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1990.133
summary	Transferring innovative university-based research results to the industry or practice that will ultimately use them is an arduous, time-consuming effort. One way to effect this technology transfer is to develop a demonstrable prototype product and then find or form a corporation that can expand the prototype into a full product and market it to the profession. Another way, which can shorten the transfer process, is to "sell" the idea, rather than the product, to a corporation that has the vision, the resources and the technical competency to support its development, with the intent to eventually market it. In this paper, we describe a case study of this latter approach, based on our seven year experience of researching, developing and transferring innovative architectural CAD technology. We describe the birth, growth, and maturity of Worldview, a computer-aided design and modeling system for use by architects. The project was initiated in 1983, and went through five software versions, numerous grants and grant extensions, two granting corporations, and extensive field testing. The software has developed into a mature system, with sufficient functionality appropriate for commercial distribution. The paper describes not only the factual chronology of the project, but also highlights the advantages and drawbacks of market-oriented university research. We conclude with suggestions as to how the process may be improved, and how problems and obstacles can be minimized.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	e26b
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E.
year	1983
title	Modeling Polyhedral Solids Bounded by Multi-Curved Parametric Surfaces
source	Computer Aided Design May, 1983. Vol. 15: pp. 141-146 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	An integrated solids modelling system for representing and manipulating objects bounded by bicubic parametric surfaces is presented. Its basic capabilities include the representation of solids through a surface based model, such that the surface underlying any face can be replaced by another surface that has been modelled independently. Other functionalities include scaling, rotation and translation of shapes and their pairwise combination into more complex shapes by means of spatial set operators. This approach integrates within a single system the representation and manipulation of polyhedral solids bounded by multi-curved parametric surfaces, thereby combining solid modelling with surface modelling techniques
keywords	solid modeling, curves, curved surfaces, integration, systems, B-rep, intersection, boolean operations
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	c87f
authors	Laing, L.
year	1983
title	Simulation of the Emergency Evacuation of Buildings in the Event of Fire
source	Proceedings of the International Conference eCAADe [European Computer Aided Architectural Design Education] Brussels (Belgium) 1983, pp. II.10-II.22
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1983.x.t1l
summary	The paper describes an application of CAAD techniques by Final Year architecture students using the computer program AIR-Q to dynamically simulate the emergency evacuation of people from a multi-storey department store. This is presented in the context of a fire emergency and reference made to the local Building Regulations which govern the size and location of fire exits. It is suggested that the technique not only provides students and designers with an easily assimilated understanding of the consequences of design decisions but also allows alternative design solutions to be quickly compared in a search for the optional design strategy. The exercise also demonstrates, to the students, the logic behind the rules contained in the Fire Regulations while demonstrating possible weaknesses and inadequacies of the empirical approach that these regulations are constrained to adopt.
keywords	CAAD Techniques, Fire Regulations
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	4843
authors	Lee, Y.C. and Fu, K.S.
year	1983
title	Integration of Solid Modeling and Data Base Management for CAD/CAM
source	ACM IEEE Design Automation Conference Proceedings (20th : 1983 : Miami Beach, Florida). pp. 367-373 : ill
summary	For the fast growing CAD/CAM technologies, geometric solid modeling plays one of the most important roles. In order to satisfy a variety of engineering applications, an integrated database management system based on solid modeling is highly desirable. In the proposed approach, a concise object representation scheme, Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), is adopted as the basis for database design. The underlying generic relational model is found to be more adequate than the conventional relational model in characterizing the embedded data abstraction. A systematic method is devised for converting the CSG scheme into a generic model based on the BNF grammar which depicts the CSG scheme. A relational query language, SEQUEL, has been modified to define, control, and manipulate the flat relations which represent the highly structural generic model
keywords	integration, CSG, relational database, management, solid modeling, CAD, CAM
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	49a8
authors	McCall, R., Fischer, G. and Morch, A.
year	1990
title	Supporting Reflection-in-Action in the Janus Design Environment
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 247-259
summary	We have developed a computer-based design aid called Janus, which is based on a model of computer-supported design that we think has significance for the future of architectural education. Janus utilizes a knowledge-based approach to link a graphic construction system to hypertext. This allows the computer to make useful comments on the solutions that students construct in a CAD-like environment. These comments contain information intended to make students think more carefully about what they are doing while they are doing it. In other words, Janus promotes what Donald Schon has called "reflection-inaction" (Schon, 1983). The Janus design environment is named for the Roman god with a pair of faces looking in opposite directions. In our case the faces correspond to complementary design activities we call construction and argumentation. Construction is the activity of graphically creating the form of the solution e.g., a building. Traditionally this has been done with tracing paper, pencils, and pens. Argumentation is the activity of reasoning about the problem and its solution. This includes such things as considering what to do next, what alternative courses of action are available, and which course of action to choose. Argumentation is mostly verbal but partly graphical.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	e0d1
authors	Mollaert Marijke
year	1983
title	Interactivity and Graphics as a Support for the Design of Cable Nets and Trusses
source	Proceedings of the International Conference eCAADe [European Computer Aided Architectural Design Education] Brussels (Belgium) 1983, pp. IV.26-IV.41
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1983.x.l4u
summary	This paper deals with an important aspect concerning the quality of a computer aided design (CAD) program, namely the human-computer interface. To fix the ideas,the user interface of FORCE, a program for the design and visualisation of cable nets and trusses, is considered The new design of this user interface was necessary to support an easy extension of the dialogue, both alpha-numerical and graphical. The new approach includes a separation of the interaction procedures and the application modules.
keywords	CAD, Human-computer Interface
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://wwwtw.vub.ac.be/ond/arch/pages/marijke
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	cf2009_poster_25
id	cf2009_poster_25
authors	Nembrini, Julien; Guillaume Labelle, Nathaniel Zuelzke, Mark Meagher and Jeffrey Huang
year	2009
title	Source Studio: Teaching Programming For Architectural Design
source	T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009 CD-Rom
summary	The architectural studio framework presented here is based on the use of programming as central form generation reflexive medium (Schon, 1983). Its aim is to teach architectural design while introducing a different approach toward computer tools by enabling students to fully explore variations in their designs through the use of coding for form definition. It proposes the students to reflect on their design process through its confrontation to algorithmic formalization (Mitchell 1990). This results in exercising the synthetic re-thinking of their initial sketch intents to comply with the difficult task of fitting the language syntax. With the proliferation and constant replacement of computer tools among the architectural practice, a shift appears in the attitude towards introducing students to different tools: studio teaching is branded by specific software platforms advocated by the teaching team. A lack of generalized view, independent of commercial CAD software, is problematic for the definition of new teaching tools suited for this constantly evolving situation (Terzidis, 2006).
keywords	Programming, studio teaching, scripting, parametric design
series	CAAD Futures
type	poster
last changed	2009/07/08 22:12

_id	46b2
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Fenves, Stephen J.
year	1983
title	Organization of a Structural Design Database
source	Electronic Computation Conference Proceedings (8th : 1983 : Houston, TX). American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 559-571. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	This paper proposes a database schema that supports structural engineering design of buildings. An evaluation and comparison of hierarchical, network, and relational databases shows that relational databases are especially suited to a structural engineering design database. The proposed database schema represents the complex relationships between the components of a building-design database. The schema consists of a structural system hierarchy that relates abstract database components to basic building elements. In addition, it combines topology with attributes to achieve an integration that allows the representation of a broad range of common building configurations and structural systems. The user can combine a basic set of constructs to generate either a general or a very detailed description of a structure. The high degree of integration of topology and attributes yields a database that possesses desirable relational characteristics. The database provides efficient access to components based both on their location and on their attribute values. It also allows the user to add, delete, retrieve, and modify database components and values. The versatility and flexibility of the relational model make it a useful tool for managing building engineering data
keywords	building, details, database, civil engineering, integration
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	0a6e
authors	Walters, Roger
year	1986
title	CAAD: Shorter-term Gains; Longerterm Costs?
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 185-196
summary	Assessment of CAAD systems in use is complex: it needs careful qualifications and is often contradictory. It is suggested that little progress has been made in making sense of the impacts of computing on design and design organizations. Impacts are more diverse and complicated than has been assumed. Assessments tend to be either overtly optimistic or pessimistic, yet the need is to be realistic. Moreover, impacts have been the subject of speculation and marketing rather than systematic study. Carefully documented case studies of projects or longitudinal studies of organizational impacts remain the exception. This chapter draws upon recorded user experience reported elsewhere (Walters, 1983)' and presents an assessment of the performance in use of current production systems. It presents an end-user view and also identifies a number of outstanding design research topics It is suggested that different systems in different organizations in different settings will give rise to new impacts. A wide variety of outcomes is possible. It seems unlikely that any simple set of relationships can account for all the data that inquiry reveals. The task becomes one of identifying variables that lead to differential outcomes, as the same cause may lead to different effects (Attewell and Rule, 1984). This becomes a long-term task. Each optimistic impact may be countered by some other more pessimistic impact. Moreover, the changes brought about on design by computing are significant because both beneficial and non- beneficial impacts are present together. Impacts are held in a dynamic balance that is subject to constant evolution. This viewpoint accounts for otherwise conflicting conclusions. It is unlikely that the full range of impacts is yet known, and a wide range of impacts and outcomes already need to be taken into account. It seems that CAD alone cannot either guarantee improved design or that it inevitably leads to some diminished role for the designer. CAD can lead to either possible outcome, depending upon the particular combination of impacts present. Careful matching of systems to design organization and work environment is therefore needed. The design management role becomes crucial.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	2b16
authors	Zadeh, Lofti A.
year	1983
title	Commonsense Knowledge Representation Based on Fuzzy Logic
source	IEEE Computer. IEEE computer society, October, 1983. vol. 16: pp. 61-67 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The approach to the representation of commonsense knowledge described in this article is based on the idea that propositions characterizing commomsense knowledge are for the most part, dispositions -- that is, propositions with implied fuzzy quantifiers. To deal with dispositions systematically the author uses Fuzzy-Logic -- The logic underlying approximate or fuzzy reasoning
keywords	AI, fuzzy logic, reasoning, logic, representation
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	bacd
authors	Abadí Abbo, Isaac
year	1999
title	APPLICATION OF SPATIAL DESIGN ABILITY IN A POSTGRADUATE COURSE
source	Full-scale Modeling and the Simulation of Light [Proceedings of the 7th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference / ISBN 3-85437-167-5] Florence (Italy) 18-20 February 1999, pp. 75-82
summary	Spatial Design Ability (SDA) has been defined by the author (1983) as the capacity to anticipate the effects (psychological impressions) that architectural spaces or its components produce in observers or users. This concept, which requires the evaluation of spaces by the people that uses it, was proposed as a guideline to a Masters Degree Course in Architectural Design at the Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes in Mexico. The theory and the exercises required for the experience needed a model that could simulate spaces in terms of all the variables involved. Full-scale modeling as has been tested in previous research, offered the most effective mean to experiment with space. A simple, primitive model was designed and built: an articulated ceiling that allows variation in height and shape, and a series of wooden panels for the walls and structure. Several exercises were carried out, mainly to experience cause -effect relationships between space and the psychological impressions they produce. Students researched into spatial taxonomy, intentional sequences of space and spatial character. Results showed that students achieved the expected anticipation of space and that full-scale modeling, even with a simple model, proved to be an effective tool for this purpose. The low cost of the model and the short time it took to be built, opens an important possibility for Institutions involved in architectural studies, both as a research and as a learning tool.
keywords	Spatial Design Ability, Architectural Space, User Evaluation, Learning, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed	2004/05/04 11:27

_id	ecaade2009_123
id	ecaade2009_123
authors	Achten, Henri; Beetz, Jakob
year	2009
title	What Happened to Collaborative Design?
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 357-366
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.357
wos	WOS:000334282200043
summary	In this paper we present the results of a comprehensive literature survey on the development of collaborative design. We reviewed 324 papers on collaborative design, taken from various sources (conferences, journals, and PhD-theses). We grouped the papers based on common themes, and in that way derived a classification of themes through the last 25 years (1983-2008). Each category is described, its development, and key publications are identified.
keywords	Collaborative design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	2387
authors	Akin, Omer, Baykan, Can D. and Rao, Radha D.
year	1983
title	Searching in the UNIX Directory
source	December, 1983. 19 p. : ill., tables. includes bibliography
summary	The structure of the directory space and subjects search behaviors in the UNIX operating system environment are examined. Protocol analysis with two subjects and survey of the contents of the directory space of all users of E-VAX and X-VAX systems in the Architecture and Computer Science Systems at Carnegie Mellon University were conducted. Depth first search characterized both the organization of the directories and the behavior of the subjects. Single step as opposed to multiple step traversal of the directory tree was also prevalent in the subject`s behaviors. Recommendations for system friendliness, in term of reusability, orientation, robustness, and consistency are developed
keywords	UNIX, user interface, protocol analysis
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	8d59
authors	Andersen, J.M.
year	1983
title	CAD in Architectural Practice
source	Mechanical Engineering. July, 1983. pp. 48-54 : ill. includes a short bibliography
summary	A leading architecture/engineering firm has made use of in- house computer system since 1963. This paper discusses some special topics in using computers for the design of HVAC systems, and the process of implementing CAD in the HVAC engineering practice
keywords	computer graphics, HVAC, applications, practice, architecture
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

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