Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

PDF papers
References

Hits 1 to 20 of 97

Reformat results as: short short into frame detailed detailed into frame

_id	ga9928
id	ga9928
authors	Goulthorpe
year	1999
title	Hyposurface: from Autoplastic to Alloplastic Space
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	By way of immediate qualification to an essay which attempts to orient current technical developments in relation to a series of dECOi projects, I would suggest that the greatest liberation offered by new technology in architecture is not its formal potential as much as the patterns of creativity and practice it engenders. For increasingly in the projects presented here dECOi operates as an extended network of technical expertise: Mark Burry and his research team at Deakin University in Australia as architects and parametric/ programmatic designers; Peter Wood in New Zealand as programmer; Alex Scott in London as mathematician; Chris Glasow in London as systems engineer; and the engineers (structural/services) of David Glover’s team at Ove Arup in London. This reflects how we’re working in a new technical environment - a new form of practice, in a sense - a loose and light network which deploys highly specialist technical skill to suit a particular project. By way of a second disclaimer, I would suggest that the rapid technological development we're witnessing, which we struggle to comprehend given the sheer pace of change that overwhelms us, is somehow of a different order than previous technological revolutions. For the shift from an industrial society to a society of mass communication, which is the essential transformation taking place in the present, seems to be a subliminal and almost inexpressive technological transition - is formless, in a sense - which begs the question of how it may be expressed in form. If one holds that architecture is somehow the crystallization of cultural change in concrete form, one suspects that in the present there is no simple physical equivalent for the burst of communication technologies that colour contemporary life. But I think that one might effectively raise a series of questions apropos technology by briefly looking at 3 or 4 of our current projects, and which suggest a range of possibilities fostered by new technology. By way of a third doubt, we might qualify in advance the apparent optimism of architects for CAD technology by thinking back to Thomas More and his island ‘Utopia’, which marks in some way the advent of Modern rationalism. This was, if not quite a technological utopia, certainly a metaphysical one, More’s vision typically deductive, prognostic, causal. But which by the time of Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis is a technological utopia availing itself of all the possibilities put at humanity’s disposal by the known machines of the time. There’s a sort of implicit sanction within these two accounts which lies in their nature as reality optimized by rational DESIGN as if the very ethos of design were sponsored by Modern rationalist thought and its utopian leanings. The faintly euphoric ‘technological’ discourse of architecture at present - a sort of Neue Bauhaus - then seems curiously misplaced historically given the 20th century’s general anti-, dis-, or counter-utopian discourse. But even this seems to have finally run its course, dissolving into the electronic heterotopia of the present with its diverse opportunities of irony and distortion (as it’s been said) as a liberating potential.1 This would seem to mark the dissolution of design ethos into non-causal process(ing), which begs the question of ‘design’ itself: who 'designs' anymore? Or rather, has 'design' not become uncoupled from its rational, deterministic, tradition? The utopianism that attatches to technological discourse in the present seems blind to the counter-finality of technology's own accomplishments - that transparency has, as it were, by its own more and more perfect fulfillment, failed by its own success. For what we seem to have inherited is not the warped utopia depicted in countless visions of a singular and tyrranical technology (such as that in Orwell's 1984), but a rich and diverse heterotopia which has opened the possibility of countless channels of local dialect competing directly with the channels of power. Undoubtedly such multiplicitous and global connectivity has sent creative thought in multiple directions…
series	other
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	4b27
authors	Lansdown, John
year	1984
title	Knowledge for Designers
source	Architect`s journal. England: February, 1984. vol. 179: pp. 55-58
summary	The first of two articles discussing expert systems. Both design and construction are carried out within the framework of empirical rules and regulations designed more for ease of implementation and checking than scientific validity. On completion of a building, little follow up research is done on the way it is used or on the way in which the assumption made in its design are borne out in practice. This present two problems: How to make information from disparate sources easily available to designers and constructors, and how to make them aware that they need this information. This paper describes how a special type of computer programming might assist in solving these problems
keywords	design, construction, building, expert systems, knowledge base, systems, programming, life cycle
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:09

_id	ecaadesigradi2019_449
id	ecaadesigradi2019_449
authors	Becerra Santacruz, Axel
year	2019
title	The Architecture of ScarCity Game - The craft and the digital as an alternative design process
source	Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 3, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 45-52
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.3.045
summary	The Architecture of ScarCity Game is a board game used as a pedagogical tool that challenges architecture students by involving them in a series of experimental design sessions to understand the design process of scarcity and the actual relation between the craft and the digital. This means "pragmatic delivery processes and material constraints, where the exchange between the artisan of handmade, representing local skills and technology of the digitally conceived is explored" (Huang 2013). The game focuses on understanding the different variables of the crafted design process of traditional communities under conditions of scarcity (Michel and Bevan 1992). This requires first analyzing the spatial environmental model of interaction, available human and natural resources, and the dynamic relationship of these variables in a digital era. In the first stage (Pre-Agency), the game set the concept of the craft by limiting students design exploration from a minimum possible perspective developing locally available resources and techniques. The key elements of the design process of traditional knowledge communities have to be identified (Preez 1984). In other words, this stage is driven by limited resources + chance + contingency. In the second stage (Post-Agency) students taking the architects´ role within this communities, have to speculate and explore the interface between the craft (local knowledge and low technological tools), and the digital represented by computation data, new technologies available and construction. This means the introduction of strategy + opportunity + chance as part of the design process. In this sense, the game has a life beyond its mechanics. This other life challenges the participants to exploit the possibilities of breaking the actual boundaries of design. The result is a tool to challenge conventional methods of teaching and leaning controlling a prescribed design process. It confronts the rules that professionals in this field take for granted. The game simulates a 'fake' reality by exploring in different ways with surveyed information. As a result, participants do not have anything 'real' to lose. Instead, they have all the freedom to innovate and be creative.
keywords	Global south, scarcity, low tech, digital-craft, design process and innovation by challenge.
series	eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	8087
authors	Boehm, Barry W., Penedo, Maria H. and Stuckle, Don E. (et al)
year	1984
title	A Software Development Environment for Improving Productivity
source	IEEE Computer. June, 1984. pp. 30-44 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The software productivity system (SPS) was developed to support project activities. It involves a set of strategies, including the work environment; the evaluation and procurement of hardware equipment; the provision for immediate access to computing resources through local area networks; the building of an integrated set of tools to support the software development life cycle and all project personnel; and a user support function to transfer new technology. All of these strategies are being accomplished incrementally. The current architecture is VAX-based and uses the Unix operating system, a wideband local network, and a set of software tools. The article describes the steps that led to the creation of the software productivity project and its components and summarized the requirements analyses on which the SPS was based
keywords	productivity, software, hardware, programming
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	a6f1
authors	Bridges, A.H.
year	1986
title	Any Progress in Systematic Design?
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 5-15
summary	In order to discuss this question it is necessary to reflect awhile on design methods in general. The usual categorization discusses 'generations' of design methods, but Levy (1981) proposes an alternative approach. He identifies five paradigm shifts during the course of the twentieth century which have influenced design methods debate. The first paradigm shift was achieved by 1920, when concern with industrial arts could be seen to have replaced concern with craftsmanship. The second shift, occurring in the early 1930s, resulted in the conception of a design profession. The third happened in the 1950s, when the design methods debate emerged; the fourth took place around 1970 and saw the establishment of 'design research'. Now, in the 1980s, we are going through the fifth paradigm shift, associated with the adoption of a holistic approach to design theory and with the emergence of the concept of design ideology. A major point in Levy's paper was the observation that most of these paradigm shifts were associated with radical social reforms or political upheavals. For instance, we may associate concern about public participation with the 1970s shift and the possible use (or misuse) of knowledge, information and power with the 1980s shift. What has emerged, however, from the work of colleagues engaged since the 1970s in attempting to underpin the practice of design with a coherent body of design theory is increasing evidence of the fundamental nature of a person's engagement with the design activity. This includes evidence of the existence of two distinctive modes of thought, one of which can be described as cognitive modelling and the other which can be described as rational thinking. Cognitive modelling is imagining, seeing in the mind's eye. Rational thinking is linguistic thinking, engaging in a form of internal debate. Cognitive modelling is externalized through action, and through the construction of external representations, especially drawings. Rational thinking is externalized through verbal language and, more formally, through mathematical and scientific notations. Cognitive modelling is analogic, presentational, holistic, integrative and based upon pattern recognition and pattern manipulation. Rational thinking is digital, sequential, analytical, explicatory and based upon categorization and logical inference. There is some relationship between the evidence for two distinctive modes of thought and the evidence of specialization in cerebral hemispheres (Cross, 1984). Design methods have tended to focus upon the rational aspects of design and have, therefore, neglected the cognitive aspects. By recognizing that there are peculiar 'designerly' ways of thinking combining both types of thought process used to perceive, construct and comprehend design representations mentally and then transform them into an external manifestation current work in design theory is promising at last to have some relevance to design practice.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	e799
authors	Howes, Jaki
year	1986
title	Computer Education in Schools of Architecture and the Needs of Practice
source	Teaching and Research Experience with CAAD [4th eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Rome (Italy) 11-13 September 1986, pp. 45-48
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1986.045
summary	In April 1985 there was a meeting (at Huddersfield Polytechnic) or representatives from 26 Schools of Architecture. At this, concern was expressed about the lack of direction from the RIBA with regard to the appropriate level of computer teaching on architectural courses. In addition, it was felt that it was essential that at least one member of a Visiting Board panel should be computer literate and in a position to give advice. These points were raised at the RIBA Computer Committee later in 1985, and the committee's attention was also drawn to comments contained in the report by HM Inspector on Public Sector Education in Architecture (1985) based on investigations made during 1984.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	e0a3
authors	Johnson, Robert E.
year	1984
title	Computer-Aided Energy Economics for Early Concept Design Analysis
source	Building Economics, International Symposium Proceedings (3rd : Canada). 1984? vol. 3: pp.46-57 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Decisions that have the greatest impact on energy cost performance are made very early in the design process. The problem is that these early design decisions are rarely tested thoroughly until very late in design. Usually this is due to the difficulties inherent in the use of the more sophisticated analysis procedures. Hourly energy computer simulations are costly to use, often require detailed input preparation, and use large ''main-frame' computers. Easier to use energy evaluation tools such as manual calculations and simplified computer programs do not yield reliable results. This is particularly true when passive solar design solutions are being tested. However, even the sophisticated approaches often have a limited ability to comprehensively model the economic implications of the more accurate energy simulations. This paper is intended to describe efforts at the University of Michigan to develop a more integrated approach to the assessment of energy economics - one that may be used at the earliest stages of concept design. The approach taken has been to concentrate on developing interactive, easy to use computer programs to describe building design proposals. This computer-generated building model is then used to automatically generate the information required to run a large, sophisticated energy analysis program developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (BLAST). Total life cycle cost analysis is performed either using procedures within BLAST or an 'electronic spreadsheet' system. Perceived deficiencies in the current state of this energy/cost evaluation system are described, and future research directions are presented
keywords	architecture, energy, analysis, CAD, economics, design, methods
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	ebcc
authors	Kolb, David A.
year	1984
title	Experiential Learning
source	Prentice Hall
summary	In his book Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development (1984), David Kolb introduces his experiential learning theory and provides a model for its application in schools, organizations, and virtually anywhere people are gathered together. Kolb's comprehensive and practical theory builds on the rich foundations of experience-based learning provided by John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget. We first consider the roots of his theory following which we offer a summary of it in practice.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	ca27
id	ca27
authors	Martens, Bob and Peter, Herbert
year	2004
title	ARCHICAD - BEST PRACTICE: THE VIRTUAL BUILDING™ REVEALED
source	Springer Publishers, Vienna/NewYork (ISBN 3-211-40755-3)
summary	ArchiCAD has been on the market since 1984 and has firmly established itself among the available CAD software packages. The number of ArchiCAD users continues to increase and has already exceeded 100.000 by far. Continuous product development has broadened the program’s possible spectrum of work applications. Therefore, this book provides comprehensive (background) information and descriptions of the many tools, functions and processes, that explain and document their many practical, research and educational uses.
keywords	CAD-software package, Virtual Building
series	book
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.springer.at/main/book.jsp?bookID=3-211-40755-3&categoryID=0
last changed	2004/08/17 12:34

_id	ac8b
authors	Mitchell, W.
year	1984
title	CAD Technology, Its Effects on Practice and the Response of Education - an Overview
source	The Third European Conference on CAD in the Education of Architecture [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Helsinki (Finnland) 20-22 September 1984.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1984.x.b3c
summary	Related with the evolution of hardware there also is an evolution of CAD techniques. The very first CAD/CAM packages were developed on mainframes. They moved into practice when 16-bit minicomputers became available. The packages mainly were production drafting applications. The 32-bit super minicomputers give wider possibilities, but at the same time some software problems arise, namely the complexity of CAD- databases and the development and maintenance cost of large programs. With VLSI the distribution of intelligence becomes possible, the enthousiasm for CAD increases, but still the gap between available hardware and high quality software, remains high.Concerning CAD teaching there are severe problems. First of all there are not enough really good designers which know CAD in such a way that they can teach it. Second there is a shortage of equipment and a financial problem. Thirdly there is the question what the students need to know about CAD. which is not clear at the moment. At the University of California, Los Angeles, the following 5 subjects are teached: Computer Support, Computer Literacy, Professional Practice Implications, Exploration of CAD as a Design Medium and Theoretical Foundations of CAD. To use computers as a medium it is necessary to understand architecture, its objects, its operators and its evaluation criteria. The last topic is considered at research level.
series	eCAADe
email
more	www.ecaade.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	20a8
authors	Ruffle, Simon
year	1986
title	How Can CAD Provide for the Changing Role of the Architect?
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 197-199
summary	At the RIBA Conference of 1981 entitled 'New Opportunities', and more recently at the 1984 ACA Annual Conference on 'Architects in Competition' there has been talk of marketing, new areas of practice, recapturing areas of practice lost to other professions, more accountability to client and public 'the decline of the mystique of the professional'. It is these issues, rather than technical advances in software and hardware, that will be the prime movers in getting computers into widespread practice in the future. In this chapter we will examine how changing attitudes in the profession might affect three practical issues in computing with which the author has been preoccupied in the past year. We will conclude by considering how, in future, early design stage computing may need to be linked to architectural theory, and, as this is a conference where we are encouraged to be outspoken, we will raise the issue of a computer-based theory of architecture.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	0ecb
authors	Waerum, Jens and Rüdiger Kristiansen, Bjarne
year	1989
title	CAAD Education at the School of Architecture Copenhagen
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 4.5.1-4.5.9
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.q8k
summary	The establishment of Datacentret (the Data Centre) in summer 1985 was preceded by 15 years slow- moving, arduous work from the early experiments in what was then the computing laboratory under the supervision of architect Per Jacobi, author of the Danish 3D drawing system MONSTER, until 1984, when a special committee was commissioned to draw up proposals for the introduction of teaching in computing at the Architects School. In spring 1985 the school administrators decided that a central computer workshop should be set up and in cooperation with the school's institutes placed jointly in charge of instructing teachers and students, carrying out research and development within the field of architecture and taking steps to work out a curriculum of supplementary training for practising architects. With the aid of a special grant, 12 PC's were successfully acquired in the 2 years that followed, as well as a screen projector and other peripherals.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	a688
authors	Walters, R. J.
year	1984
title	Towards and End User View of Design Systems
source	1984? pp. 17-27 : tables. includes bibliography
summary	Based upon detailed reporting of CAD use in hospital projects, an end user's view of design systems is developed. From the recorded user experience system development, implementation, performance in use and effects upon design practice are assessed. Aspects of user technique are developed. Current systems are found to be flawed but satisfactory results may be obtained under the right conditions. These are identified. The range of factors required in the development of an end user view of design systems also identified. An evaluation of the use of OXSYS/BDS on Milton Keynes DGH is presented together with an assessment of CAD use (both BDS and GDS) on health building projects at Oxford RHA. The paper summaries a detailed report (Walters 83). The paper is presented in 4 parts: an introduction, results of a detailed case study and an assessment leading towards an end user view of current design systems
keywords	design, CAD, systems, applications, practice, user interface, evaluation
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	409c
authors	Akin, Omer, Flemming, Ulrich and Woodbury, Robert F.
year	1984
title	Development of Computer Systems for Use in Architectural Education
source	1984. ii, 47 p. includes bibliography
summary	Computers have not been used in education in a way that fosters intellectual development of alternate approaches to design. Sufficient theory exists to use computing devices to support other potentially fruitful approaches to design. A proposal is made for the development of a computer system for architectural education which is built upon a particular model for design, that of rational decision making. Within the framework provided by the model, a series of courseware development projects are proposed which together with hardware acquisitions constitute a comprehensive computer system for architectural education
keywords	architecture, education, design, decision making
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	sigradi2015_9.347
id	sigradi2015_9.347
authors	Andrade, Eduardo; Orellana, Nicolas; Mesa, Javiera; Felmer, Patricio
year	2015
title	Spatial Configuration and Sociaty. Comparison between the street market Tristan Matta and Tirso de Molina Market
source	SIGRADI 2015 [Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - vol. 2 - ISBN: 978-85-8039-133-6] Florianópolis, SC, Brasil 23-27 November 2015, pp. 481-485.
summary	This research aims to clarify how certain visual and accessibility patterns, in buildings and urban environments, are related to social activities that take place in them. The study, based on the theory of space syntax (Hillier & Hanson 1984; Hillier, 1996), seeks to recognize patterns of behavior, both individual and aggregate. The case studies are Tirso de Molina Market and the free street market Tristan Matta, both in Santiago de Chile.
keywords	pace Syntax, Visibilidad, Accesibilidad, Conectividad, Comportamiento
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	d5c8
authors	Angelo, C.V., Bueno, A.P., Ludvig, C., Reis, A.F. and Trezub, D.
year	1999
title	Image and Shape: Two Distinct Approaches
source	III Congreso Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings] Montevideo (Uruguay) September 29th - October 1st 1999, pp. 410-415
summary	This paper is the result of two researches done at the district of Campeche, Florianópolis, by the Grupo PET/ARQ/UFSC/CAPES. Different aspects and conceptual approaches were used to study the spatial attributes of this district located in the Southern part of Santa Catarina Island. The readings and analysis of two researches were based on graphic pistures builded with the use of Corel 7.0 e AutoCadR14. The first research – "Urban Development in the Island of Santa Catarina: Public Space Study"- examined the urban structures of Campeche based on the Spatial Syntax Theory developed by Hillier and Hanson (1984) that relates form and social appropriation of public spaces. The second research – "Topoceptive Characterisation of Campeche: The Image of a Locality in Expansion in the Island of Santa Catarina" -, based on the methodology developed by Kohlsdorf (1996) and also on the visual analysis proposed by Lynch (1960), identified characteristics of this locality with the specific goal of selecting attributes that contributed to the ideas of the place its population held. The paper consists of an initial exercise of linking these two methods in order to test the complementarity of their analytical tools. Exemplifying the analytical procedures undertaken in the two approaches, the readings done - global (of the locality as a whole) and partial (from parts of the settlement) - are presented and compared.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	44b1
authors	Balas, Egon
year	1984
title	On the Facial Structure of Scheduling Polyhedra
source	49 p., 6 p. of appendix : ill. Pittsburgh, PA: Design Research Center, Carnegie Mellon Univ., December, 1984. includes bibliography
summary	A well-known job shop scheduling problem can be formulated as follows. Given a graph G with node set N and with directed and undirected arcs, find an orientation of the undirected arcs that minimizes the length of a longest path in G. The author treats the problem as a disjunctive program, without recourse to integer variables, and give a partial characterization of the scheduling polyhedron P(N), i.e., the convex hull of feasible schedules. In particular, he derives all the facets inducing inequalities for the scheduling polyhedron P(K) defined on some clique with node set K, and gives a sufficient condition for such inequalities to also induce facets of P(N). One of our results is that any inequality that induces a facet of P(H) for some HCK, also induces a facet of P(K). Another one is a recursive formula for deriving a facet inducing inequality with p positive coefficients from one with p-1 positive coefficients. The author also addresses the constraint identification problem, and gives a procedure for finding an inequality that cuts off a given solution to a subset of the constraints
keywords	polyhedra, graphs, optimization, convex hull
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	4685
authors	Barsky, Brian A.
year	1984
title	A Description and Evaluation of Various 3-D Models
source	IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. January, 1984. vol. 4: pp. 38-52 : ill. Includes bibliography
summary	The use of parametric curves and surfaces for object modeling in computer graphics is becoming increasingly popular. There is sometimes, however, a reluctance to use them because it seems that the added power they give is more than offset by the complexity of their formulations and their computations. The purpose of this article is to clarify their meanings and uses and show how much they have in common behind the diversity of their formulations. The author discusses the properties and benefits of using the parametric Hermite, Coons, Bezier, B-spline, and Beta-spline curve and surface formulations
keywords	Hermite, Coons, curved surfaces, Bezier, curves, B- splines, computational geometry, computer graphics
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	c9c1
authors	Basili, Victor R. and Perricone, Barry T.
year	1984
title	Software Errors and Complexity : An Empirical Investigation
source	communications of the ACM. January, 1984. vol. 27: pp. 42-52 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The relationships between the frequency and distribution of errors during software development, the maintenance of the developed software, and a the influence of a variety of environmental factors on software development were analyzed. These factors include the complexity of the software, the developer's experience with the application, and the reuse of existing design and code. Such relationships can not only provide an insight into the characteristics of computer software development and the effects that the environment can have on the product, but also improve its reliability and quality. The study is based on data derived from a medium- scale software development project
keywords	software, engineering, programming, reliability
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	6050
authors	Bentley, Jon L.
year	1984
title	Algorithm Design Techniques -- Programming Pearls
source	communications of the ACM. September, 1984. vol. 27: pp. 865-871 : ill
summary	The problem arose in one-dimensional pattern recognition: The input is a vector X of N real numbers; the output is the maximum sum found in any contiguous subvector of the input. The problem is when some of the numbers are negative. This column is built around that problem with an emphasis on the algorithms that solve it and the techniques used to design them
keywords	techniques, programming, algorithms, pattern recognition
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

For more results click below: