Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	a36a
authors	Rasdorf, William J.
year	1985
title	Perspectives on Knowledge in Engineering Design
source	Proceedings of the International Computers in Engineering Conference. Boston, MA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, August, 1985. Vol. 2: pp. 249-253. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	Of all the contributions of artificial intelligence (AI), expert systems show some of the most significant promise for engineering applications. Expert systems provide a framework for acquiring, representing, and using knowledge about a particular application's domain. The role of knowledge in engineering design merits closer attention so that AI- oriented computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems can be developed and maintained systematically. Because 'knowledge' in engineering applications is loosely defined, it is necessary to identify knowledge types and the correlations between them before widespread engineering design applications can be achieved. The types of domain knowledge; facts, procedures, judgments, and control; differ from the classes of that knowledge; creative, innovative, and routine. Feasible tasks for expert systems can be determined based on these types and classes of knowledge. Interpretive tasks require reasoning about a task in light of the knowledge available, while generative tasks create potential solutions to be tested against constraints. Only after classifying the domain by type and level can the engineer select an appropriate knowledge-engineering tool for the domain being considered. The critical features to be weighed after problem classification are knowledge representation techniques, control strategies, interface requirements, compatibility with traditional systems, and economic considerations. After considering all of these factors in the selection of the expert system tool, the engineer can then proceed with the acquisition of knowledge and the construction and the use of the expert system
keywords	knowledge, AI, civil engineering, expert systems, CAE, representation
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	0551
authors	Haller, Fritz
year	1985
title	The Design of Buildings Which Have Complex Mechanical Infrastructure Using Expert Systems
source	1985? 24 p. : ill. Co-authored by several contributors. Includes bibliography
summary	The paper presents a project whose aim is to find better methods for the design of buildings like laboratories, office buildings, schools, hospitals etc., which have complex mechanical systems. The design of the mechanical infrastructure in such buildings is as important as the design of other architectural or construction parts. The fundamental idea of the project is to integrate design problems of the mechanical system into the design of the architectural and structural concepts of the entire building. This is based on the belief that using an expert system containing computer programs for the solution of design problems can support the whole design process and that the design of buildings having complex mechanical infrastructure can be qualitatively better and more efficient than the design with traditional methods
keywords	architecture, expert systems, mechanical, systems, applications, design, building, construction
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	6db4
authors	Karakatsanis, Andreas Georgiou
year	1985
title	Floder: A Floor Designer Expert System
source	Department of Civil Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA
summary	The use of computers in structural design for the last two decades has been limited to algorithmic and procedural tasks. The use of expert system environments facilitates the implementation of conceptual tasks in computer programs. The goal of this study is to develop an expert system for the structural design of floor framings. FLODER, the resulting expert system, generates, analyzes, and evaluates floor framings for a given architectural plan. Framing generation consists of determination of the locations of structural elements in the architectural plan. Analysis involves an approximation of the dimensions of the slabs. Evaluation numerically ranks all generated framings using heuristic features for the alternatives. FLODER is implemented in OPS5 and LISP. The primary representations used are OPS5 production rules for the knowledge-base, and OPS5 working memory elements, for the context. Tasks amenable to algorithmic approaches are implemented in LISP. FLODER, even in its present state, can be viewed as a useful assistant to a designer. It can rapidly generate and evaluate alternative framings for a given architectural plan and thus increase the work productivity of its users [includes bibliography].
keywords	Knowledge Base, Systems, Design, Architecture, Civil Engineering, Representation, Expert Systems, Floor Plans, Synthesis, Structures
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/15 15:27

_id	a127
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Salley, George C.
year	1985
title	Generative Engineering Databases - Toward Expert Systems
source	Computers and Structures. Pergamon Press, 1985. vol. 22: pp. 11-15
summary	CADLINE has abstract only. Engineering data management, incorporating concepts of optimization with data representation, is receiving increasing attention. Research in this area promises advantages for many engineering applications, particularly those which use data innovatively. This paper presents a framework for a comprehensive, relational database management system that combines a knowledge base (KB) of design constraints with a database (DB) of engineering data items to achieve a 'generative database' - one which automatically generates new engineering design data according to the design constraints stored in the knowledge base. Thus, in addition to the designer and engineering design and analysis application programs, the database itself contributes to the design process. The KB/DB framework proposed here requires a database that is able to store all of the data normally associated with engineering design and to accurately represent the interactions between constraints and the stored data while guaranteeing its integrity. The framework also requires a knowledge base that is able to store all the constraints imposed upon the engineering design process. The goal sought is a central integrated repository of data, supporting interfaces to a wide variety of application programs and supporting processing capabilities for maintaining integrity while generating new data. The resulting system permits the unaided generation of constrained data values, thereby serving as an active design assistant. This paper suggests this new conceptual framework as a means of improving engineering data representation, generation, use, and management
keywords	management, optimization, synthesis, database, expert systems, civil engineering
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	avocaad_2001_02
id	avocaad_2001_02
authors	Cheng-Yuan Lin, Yu-Tung Liu
year	2001
title	A digital Procedure of Building Construction: A practical project
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In earlier times in which computers have not yet been developed well, there has been some researches regarding representation using conventional media (Gombrich, 1960; Arnheim, 1970). For ancient architects, the design process was described abstractly by text (Hewitt, 1985; Cable, 1983); the process evolved from unselfconscious to conscious ways (Alexander, 1964). Till the appearance of 2D drawings, these drawings could only express abstract visual thinking and visually conceptualized vocabulary (Goldschmidt, 1999). Then with the massive use of physical models in the Renaissance, the form and space of architecture was given better precision (Millon, 1994). Researches continued their attempts to identify the nature of different design tools (Eastman and Fereshe, 1994). Simon (1981) figured out that human increasingly relies on other specialists, computational agents, and materials referred to augment their cognitive abilities. This discourse was verified by recent research on conception of design and the expression using digital technologies (McCullough, 1996; Perez-Gomez and Pelletier, 1997). While other design tools did not change as much as representation (Panofsky, 1991; Koch, 1997), the involvement of computers in conventional architecture design arouses a new design thinking of digital architecture (Liu, 1996; Krawczyk, 1997; Murray, 1997; Wertheim, 1999). The notion of the link between ideas and media is emphasized throughout various fields, such as architectural education (Radford, 2000), Internet, and restoration of historical architecture (Potier et al., 2000). Information technology is also an important tool for civil engineering projects (Choi and Ibbs, 1989). Compared with conventional design media, computers avoid some errors in the process (Zaera, 1997). However, most of the application of computers to construction is restricted to simulations in building process (Halpin, 1990). It is worth studying how to employ computer technology meaningfully to bring significant changes to concept stage during the process of building construction (Madazo, 2000; Dave, 2000) and communication (Haymaker, 2000).In architectural design, concept design was achieved through drawings and models (Mitchell, 1997), while the working drawings and even shop drawings were brewed and communicated through drawings only. However, the most effective method of shaping building elements is to build models by computer (Madrazo, 1999). With the trend of 3D visualization (Johnson and Clayton, 1998) and the difference of designing between the physical environment and virtual environment (Maher et al. 2000), we intend to study the possibilities of using digital models, in addition to drawings, as a critical media in the conceptual stage of building construction process in the near future (just as the critical role that physical models played in early design process in the Renaissance). This research is combined with two practical building projects, following the progress of construction by using digital models and animations to simulate the structural layouts of the projects. We also tried to solve the complicated and even conflicting problems in the detail and piping design process through an easily accessible and precise interface. An attempt was made to delineate the hierarchy of the elements in a single structural and constructional system, and the corresponding relations among the systems. Since building construction is often complicated and even conflicting, precision needed to complete the projects can not be based merely on 2D drawings with some imagination. The purpose of this paper is to describe all the related elements according to precision and correctness, to discuss every possibility of different thinking in design of electric-mechanical engineering, to receive feedback from the construction projects in the real world, and to compare the digital models with conventional drawings.Through the application of this research, the subtle relations between the conventional drawings and digital models can be used in the area of building construction. Moreover, a theoretical model and standard process is proposed by using conventional drawings, digital models and physical buildings. By introducing the intervention of digital media in design process of working drawings and shop drawings, there is an opportune chance to use the digital media as a prominent design tool. This study extends the use of digital model and animation from design process to construction process. However, the entire construction process involves various details and exceptions, which are not discussed in this paper. These limitations should be explored in future studies.
series	AVOCAAD
email	aleppo@cc.nctu.edu.tw
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	c898
authors	Gero, John S.
year	1986
title	An Overview of Knowledge Engineering and its Relevance to CAAD
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 107-119
summary	Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) has come to mean a number of often disparate activities. These can be placed into one of two categories: using the computer as a drafting and, to a lesser extent, modelling system; and using it as a design medium. The distinction between the two categories is often blurred. Using the computer as a drafting and modelling tool relies on computing notions concerned with representing objects and structures numerically and with ideas of computer programs as procedural algorithms. Similar notions underly the use of computers as a design medium. We shall return to these later. Clearly, all computer programs contain knowledge, whether methodological knowledge about processes or knowledge about structural relationships in models or databases. However, this knowledge is so intertwined with the procedural representation within the program that it can no longer be seen or found. Architecture is concerned with much more than numerical descriptions of buildings. It is concerned with concepts, ideas, judgement and experience. All these appear to be outside the realm of traditional computing. Yet architects discoursing use models of buildings largely unrelated to either numerical descriptions or procedural representations. They make use of knowledge - about objects, events and processes - and make nonprocedural (declarative) statements that can only be described symbolically. The limits of traditional computing are the limits of traditional computer-aided design systems, namely, that it is unable directly to represent and manipulate declarative, nonalgorithmic, knowledge or to perform symbolic reasoning. Developments in artificial intelligence have opened up ways of increasing the applicability of computers by acquiring and representing knowledge in computable forms. These approaches supplement rather than supplant existing uses of computers. They begin to allow the explicit representations of human knowledge. The remainder of this chapter provides a brief introduction to this field and describes, through applications, its relevance to computer- aided architectural design.
series	CAAD Futures
email	john@arch.usyd.edu.au
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	0e0a
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E., Harfmann, Anton C. and Swerdloff, Lucien M.
year	1985
title	An Expert System Approach to Computer-Aided Participatory Architectural Design
source	February, 1985. 16 p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Increased satisfaction of the built environment can be achieved by more effective communication between the people who use that environment and the designers who form it. Participatory design is a method which educates and involves the users in the actual design process so that such a communication becomes possible. Methods that have so far been developed for participatory design have proven to be too limited, due mainly to the large time demands they place on architects. An effective participatory design method can be achieved by the use of a knowledge-based expert system which is capable of providing an educational design experience to the user. The development and implementation of such a system, specifically for the design of single family homes, is the focus of this paper
keywords	expert systems, CAD, architecture, design process
series	CADline
email	kalay@socrates.berkeley.edu
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e02f
authors	Lenart, Mihaly
year	1985
title	The Design of Buildings which Have Complex Mechanical Infrastructure using Expert Systems
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1985.052
source	ACADIA Workshop ‘85 [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Tempe (Arizona / USA) 2-3 November 1985, pp. 52-68
summary	This paper presents a project under development at the University of Karlsruhe in which the author took part for two years. The aim of this project which was supported by the German Research Association (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) is to find better methods for the design of buildings having complex mechanical systems like laboratories, office buildings, schools, hospitals. etc. The design of the mechanical infrastructure in such buildings is as important as the design of other architectural or construction parts. The fundamental idea of the project is to consider design problems of the mechanical system as part of the design of the architectural and structural concepts of the entire building. This is based on the belief that the use of an expert system containing computer programs for the solution of design problems can support the whole design procedure and that the design of buildings having complex mechanical infrastructure can be qualitatively better and more efficient than the design with traditional methods.
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	8307
authors	Rehak, Daniel R. and Howard, Craig H.
year	1985
title	Interfacing Expert Systems with Design Databases in Integrated CAD Systems
source	Computer Aided Design. November, 1985. vol. 17: pp. 443-454 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A model of a distributed network DBMS, using knowledge-base programming techniques, for interfacing KBS-to-DBMS is presented. In this model, the description of the data model of each KBS and DBMS component of the CAD system is represented as knowledge describing the components, making the components independent of each other. KADBASE, a prototype of such a flexible interface is demonstrating an approach to developing an integrated, distributed CAD system containing a variety of heterogeneous expert systems and design databases
keywords	expert systems, design, database, user interface, integration, CAD
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	678e
authors	Aish, Robert
year	1986
title	Three-dimensional Input and Visualization
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 68-84
summary	The aim of this chapter is to investigate techniques by which man-computer interaction could be improved, specifically in the context of architectural applications of CAD. In this application the object being designed is often an assembly of defined components. Even if the building is not actually fabricated from such components, it is usually conceptualized in these terms. In a conventional graphics- based CAD system these components are usually represented by graphical icons which are displayed on the graphics screen and arranged by the user. The system described here consists of three- dimensional modelling elements which the user physically assembles to form his design. Unlike conventional architectural models which are static (i.e. cannot be changed by the users) and passive (i.e. cannot be read by a CAD system), this model is both 'user generated' and 'machine readable'. The user can create, edit and view the model by simple, natural modelling activities and without the need to learn complex operating commands often associated with CAD systems. In particular, the user can view the model, altering his viewpoint and focus of attention in a completely natural way. Conventional computer graphics within an associated CAD system are used to represent the detailed geometry which the different three-dimensional icons may represent. In addition, computer graphics are also used to present the output of the performance attributes of the objects being modelled. In the architectural application described in this chapter an energy- balance evaluation is displayed for a building designed using the modelling device. While this system is not intended to offer a completely free-form input facility it can be considered to be a specialist man-machine interface of particular relevance to architects or engineers.
series	CAAD Futures
email	Robert.Aish@bentley.com
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	a217
authors	Bhatt, Rajesh V., Fisher, Edward L. and Rasdorf, William J.
year	1985
title	Information Retrieval Architectures For Expert System/DBMS Communication
source	Industrial Engineering Fall Conference Proceedings. December, 1985. pp. 315-320. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	The development of expert systems (ES) for manufacturing problems indicates a need to interact with potentially large amounts of data, much of which resides elsewhere in the ES user's organization. A large amount of information required for planning, design, and control operations can be made available through an existing database management system (DBMS). The need for an ES to access that data is critical. This paper presents two approaches to the development of ES- DBMS interfaces, both query-language based. One approach uses a procedural attachment to the ES language to obtain the required data via the DBMS query language, while the other one uses a separate interface program between the ES and the query language of the DBMS. The procedural attachment is able to acquire data from a DBMS at a faster rate than the interface program; however, the procedural attachment lacks knowledge of the DBMS schema. On the other hand, the interface program sacrifices speed but promotes flexibility, as it has the capability of selecting which DBMS to extract the required data from and allowing augmentation of schema knowledge outside of the ES. A disadvantage of the interface approach is the amount of time involved in data retrieval. The process of writing information to disk files is I/O intensive. This can be quite slow, particularly in PROLOG, the language used to implement the ES. Thus the use of such an interface is only suitable in applications such as design, where extremely fast I/O is not required
keywords	design, engineering, expert systems, information, database, DBMS
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	66b3
authors	Bollinger, Elizabeth
year	1985
title	Integrating CADD into the AEC Process - A Case Study
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1985.013
source	ACADIA Workshop ‘85 [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Tempe (Arizona / USA) 2-3 November 1985, pp. 13-24
summary	A research grant was awarded to the Graduate School of Architecture at the University of Houston by Nash Phillips/Copus, a large homebuilding corporation, to study the integration of computer aided design into the entire building process. A computer aided design system had been utilized by the firm's department of architecture and planning for several months. A team of University faculty and graduate students studied the organization of the firm with respect to functions that could be automated. Its determination was that by utilizing an integrated data base, with information to be extracted from the computer generated drawings, the entire process of bidding and building a structure could be made more efficient and cost effective. The research team developed a system in which cost estimating could be done directly from the drawings. As drawings were modified, new reports could be automatically generated. More design solutions could be studied from the impact of cost as well as aesthetics. Additionally, once plans were drawn, a program written by students would automatically generate elevations of wall panels to be sent to the construction department for its use, and which would also generate material reports. The team also studied techniques of computer modelling for usage by the architectural planning department in client presentations.
series	ACADIA
email	EBollinger@uh.edu
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ascaad2006_paper20
id	ascaad2006_paper20
authors	Chougui, Ali
year	2006
title	The Digital Design Process: reflections on architectural design positions on complexity and CAAD
source	Computing in Architecture / Re-Thinking the Discourse: The Second International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2006), 25-27 April 2006, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
summary	These instructions are intended to guide contributors to the Second Architecture is presently engaged in an impatient search for solutions to critical questions about the nature and the identity of the discipline, and digital technology is a key agent for prevailing innovations in architectural design. The problem of complexity underlies all design problems. With the advent of CAD however, Architect’s ability to truly represent complexity has increased considerably. Another source that provides information about dealing with complexity is architectural theory. As Rowe (1987) states, architectural theory constitutes “a corpus of principles that are agreed upon and therefore worthy of emulation”. Architectural theory often is a mixed reflection on the nature of architectural design, design processes, made in descriptive and prescriptive terms (see Kruft 1985). Complexity is obviously not a new issue in architectural theory. Since it is an inherent characteristic of design problems, it has been dealt with in many different ways throughout history. Contemporary architects incorporate the computer in their design process. They produce architecture that is generated by the use of particle systems, simulation software, animation software, but also the more standard modelling tools. The architects reflect on the impact of the computer in their theories, and display changes in style by using information modelling techniques that have become versatile enough to encompass the complexity of information in the architectural design process. In this way, architectural style and theory can provide directions to further develop CAD. Most notable is the acceptance of complexity as a given fact, not as a phenomenon to oppose in systems of organization, but as a structuring principle to begin with. No matter what information modelling paradigm is used, complex and huge amounts of information need to be processed by designers. A key aspect in the combination of CAD, complexity, and architectural design is the role of the design representation. The way the design is presented and perceived during the design process is instrumental to understanding the design task. More architects are trying to reformulate this working of the representation. The intention of this paper is to present and discuss the current state of the art in architectural design positions on complexity and CAAD, and to reflect in particular on the role of digital design representations in this discussion. We also try to investigate how complexity can be dealt with, by looking at architects, in particular their styles and theories. The way architects use digital media and graphic representations can be informative how units of information can be formed and used in the design process. A case study is a concrete architect’s design processes such as Peter Eisenman Rem Koolhaas, van Berkel, Lynn, and Franke gehry, who embrace complexity and make it a focus point in their design, Rather than viewing it as problematic issue, by using computer as an indispensable instrument in their approaches.
series	ASCAAD
email	ali_chougui@yahoo.fr
last changed	2007/04/08 19:47

_id	23bc
authors	Demko, Stephen, Hodges, Laurie and Naylor, Bruce F.
year	1985
title	Construction of Fractal Objects with Iterated Function Systems
source	SIGGRAPH '85 Conference Proceedings. July, 1985. vol. 19 ; no. 3: pp. 271-278 : ill. col. includes bibliography
summary	In computer graphics, geometric modeling of complex objects is a difficult process. An important class of complex objects arise from natural phenomena: trees, plants, clouds, mountains, etc. Researchers are investigating a variety of techniques for extending modeling capabilities to include these as well as other classes. One mathematical concept that appears to have significant potential for this is fractals. Much interest currently exists in the general scientific community in using fractals as a model of complex natural phenomena. However, only a few methods for generating fractal sets are known. We have been involved in the development of a new approach to computing fractals. Any set of linear maps (affine transformations) and an associated set of probabilities determines an Iterated Function System (IFS). Each IFS has a unique 'attractor' which is typically a fractal set (object). Specification of only a few maps can produce very complicated objects. Design of fractal objects is made relatively simple and intuitive by the discovery of an important mathematical property relating the fractal sets to the IFS. The method also provides the possibility of solving the inverse problem, given the geometry of an object, determine an IFS that will (approximately) generate that geometry. This paper presents the application of the theory of IFS to geometric modeling
keywords	computer graphics, geometric modeling, fractals, visualization
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	c547
authors	Fenves, Stephen J. and Rasdorf, William J.
year	1985
title	Treatment of Engineering Design Constraints in a Relational Database
source	Engineering with Computers. Springer-Verlag, Spring, 1985. vol. 1: pp. 27-37. includes bibliography
summary	A major aspect of engineering design is the formulation, application, evaluation, and satisfaction of design constraints. The ability to represent and process a wide variety of such constraints is a necessary ingredient of an engineering design database. This is especially true in databases integrating several design processes, where the database management system must serve as an active design agent performing many of the consistency and integrity checks that are currently done manually. This paper presents a mechanism for representing and processing engineering design constraints. The mechanism can be used for checking that constraints are satisfied as well as for deriving attribute values that satisfy the applicable constraints. Furthermore, the mechanism provides flexibility in sequencing the enforcement of constraints by allowing new constraints to be applied to a preexisting state of the database as well as to all subsequent operations on the database. In both these respects, the mechanism proposed appears to have applications beyond engineering design. The mechanism presented handles a broad class of single-relation, single-tuple constraints typical in engineering design applications. Instead of relying on normalization where possible, to remove functional dependencies, the mechanism incorporates new attributes that represent the status (satisfied or violated) of each constraint, thereby increasing the functional dependence of the relation. Consequently, passive constraint checking can be readily extended to active assignment of attribute values that automatically satisfy constraints. A prototype system implementing many of the components presented has been programmed in Pascal. In addition, portions of the system were implemented using the Relational Information Management (RIM) system, a commercially available DBMS
keywords	civil engineering, design, knowledge, relational database, CAE, constraints management
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ed59
authors	Hart, Anna
year	1985
title	Knowledge Elicitation : Issues and Methods
source	Computer Aided Design. November, 1985. vol. 17: pp. 455-462 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The paper, after briefly outlining the stages in the development of an expert system, describes and reviews methods for knowledge elicitation. These methods include: interview techniques; protocol analysis; induction; and the repertory grid technique
keywords	knowledge acquisition, expert systems, protocol analysis, psychology
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	07c6
authors	Kalay, Y.E., Harfmann, A.C. and Swerdloff, L.M.
year	1985
title	ALEX: A Knowledge-Based Architectural Design System
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1985.096
source	ACADIA Workshop ‘85 [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Tempe (Arizona / USA) 2-3 November 1985, pp. 96-108
summary	A methodology for the development of a knowledge-based computer-aided design system and its experimental application in the domain of single family house design are presented. The methodology involves integrating within a unified design environment, tools and techniques that have been independently developed in various disciplines (including knowledge representation, information management, geometric modeling, human,machine interface, and architectural design). By assuming the role of active design partners, the resulting systems are expected to increase the productivity of designers, improve the quality of their products, and reduce cost and lead time of the design process as a whole. ALEX (Architecture Learning Expert), a particular application of this methodology, is a prototype knowledge-based CAD system in the domain of single family house design. It employs user-interactive, goal directed heuristic search strategies in a solution space that consists of a network of objects. Message-based change propagation techniques, guided by domain-specific knowledge, are used to ensure database integrity and well-formedness. The significance of the methodology and its application is threefold: it furthers our knowledge of the architectural design process, explores the utilization of knowledge engineering methods in design, and serves as a prototype for developing the next generation of computer-aided architectural design systems.
series	ACADIA
email	kalay@socrates.berkeley.edu
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	e234
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E. and Harfmann, Anton C.
year	1985
title	An Integrative Approach to Computer-Aided Design Education in Architecture
source	February, 1985. [17] p. : [8] p. of ill
summary	With the advent of CAD, schools of architecture are now obliged to prepare their graduates for using the emerging new design tools and methods in architectural practices of the future. In addition to this educational obligation, schools of architecture (possibly in partnership with practicing firms) are also the most appropriate agents for pursuing research in CAD that will lead to the development of better CAD software for use by the profession as a whole. To meet these two rather different obligations, two kinds of CAD education curricula are required: one which prepares tool- users, and another that prepares tool-builders. The first educates students about the use of CAD tools for the design of buildings, whereas the second educates them about the design of CAD tools themselves. The School of Architecture and Planning in SUNY at Buffalo has recognized these two obligations, and in Fall 1982 began to meet them by planning and implementing an integrated CAD environment. This environment now consists of 3 components: a tool-building sequence of courses, an advanced research program, and a general tool-users architectural curriculum. Students in the tool-building course sequence learn the principles of CAD and may, upon graduation, become researchers and the managers of CAD systems in practicing offices. While in school they form a pool of research assistants who may be employed in the research component of the CAD environment, thereby facilitating the design and development of advanced CAD tools. The research component, through its various projects, develops and provides state of the art tools to be used by practitioners as well as by students in the school, in such courses as architectural studio, environmental controls, performance programming, and basic design courses. Students in these courses who use the tools developed by the research group constitute the tool-users component of the CAD environment. While they are being educated in the methods they will be using throughout their professional careers, they also act as a 'real-world' laboratory for testing the software and thereby provide feedback to the research component. The School of Architecture and Planning in SUNY at Buffalo has been the first school to incorporate such a comprehensive CAD environment in its curriculum, thereby successfully fulfilling its obligation to train students in the innovative methods of design that will be used in architectural practices of the future, and at the same time making a significant contribution to the profession of architecture as a whole. This paper describes the methodology and illustrates the history of the CAD environment's implementation in the School
keywords	CAD, architecture, education
series	CADline
email	kalay@socrates.berkeley.edu
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	4f6f
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E.
year	1985
title	Knowledge-Based Computer-Aided Design to Assist Designers of Physical Artifacts
source	1985. [15] p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The objectives of this project are to increase the productivity of physical designers, and to improve the quality of designed artifacts and environments. The means for achieving these objectives include the development, implementation and verification of a broad-based methodology to be used for building context-sensitive computer-aided design systems to facilitate the design and fabrication of physical artifacts. Such systems will extend computer aides for design over the earliest phases of the design process and thus facilitate design-capture in addition to the common design-communication utilities they currently provide. They will thus constitute intelligent design assistants that will relieve the designer from the necessity to deal with some design details, as well as the need to explicitly manage the consistency of the design database. The project employs principles developed by Artificial Intelligence methods that are used in non-deterministic problem solving processes that represent data and knowledge in distributed networks. Principles such as object-centered data factorization and message-based change propagation techniques are implemented in an existing architectural computer-aided design system and field-tested in a practicing Architectural/Engineering office
keywords	CAD, knowledge base, design methods, design process, architecture
series	CADline
email	kalay@socrates.berkeley.edu
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e1a8
authors	Kellogg, Richard E.
year	1985
title	CAD-Spreadsheet Linkages for Design and Analysis
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1985.109
source	ACADIA Workshop ‘85 [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Tempe (Arizona / USA) 2-3 November 1985, pp. 109-118
summary	This paper reports on two systems under development which link a CAD system with a spreadsheet. The first extracts areas and R-values from a special AutoCAD drawing and processes the information in a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet to obtain total heatloss for a building. The second is a prototype expert system which uses space labels from an AutoCAD "bubble-diagram" to print lists of design recommendations extracted from a Lotus 1-2-3 data-base. These methods emphasize drawing as the primary design activity, while providing immediate factual feedback about the design proposal.
series	ACADIA
email	rkellogg@uark.edu
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

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