Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	62d0
authors	Gero, John S.
year	1989
title	Routine and Non-routine Design : A Prototype- based Approach
source	Expert Systems in Engineering Applications International Conference Proceedings. 1989. China: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, pp. 369-371
summary	CADLINE has abstract only. A new conceptual schema called a prototype for the representation of generalized design knowledge is proposed. It contains knowledge necessary for the commencement and the continuation of a design. This paper briefly presents the schema and describes its use in designing. Its use in categorizing design processes is presented
keywords	design, prototypes, knowledge, representation
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ab63
authors	Gross, Mark D.
year	1990
title	Relational Modeling: A Basis for Computer-Assisted Design
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 123-136
summary	Today's computer assisted design (CAD) systems automate traditional ways of working with tracing paper and pencil, but they cannot represent the rules and relationships of a design. As hardware becomes faster and memory less expensive, more sophisticated fundamental software technologies will be adopted. This shift in the basis of CAD will provide powerful capabilities and offer new ways to think about designing. Recently parametric design, a technique for describing a large class of designs with a small description in code, has become a focus of attention in architectural computing. In parametric CAD systems, design features are identified and keyed to a number of input variables. Changes in the input values result in variations of the basic design. Based on conventional software technologies, parametric design has been successfully applied in many design domains including architecture and is supported by several commercial CAD packages. A weakness of parametric techniques is the need to predetermine which properties are input parameters to be varied and which are to be derived. Relational modeling is a simple and powerful extension of parametric design that overcomes this weakness. By viewing relations as reversible rather than one-way, any set of properties can be chosen as input parameters. For example, a relational model that calculates the shadow length of a given building can also be used to calculate the building height given a desired shadow length. In exercising a relational model the designer is not limited to a pre-selected set of input variables but can explore and experiment freely with changes in all parts of the model. Co is a relational modeling environment under development on the Macintosh-II computer, and Co-Draw, a prototype CAD program based on Co. Co's relationaI engine and object-oriented database provide a powerful basis for modeling design relations. Co-Draw's interactive graphics offer a flexible medium for design exploration. Co provides tools for viewing and editing design models in various representations, including spreadsheet cards, tree and graph structures, as well as plan and elevation graphics. Co's concepts and architecture are described and the implications for design education are discussed.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	b4c4
authors	Carrara, G., Fioravanti, A. and Novembri, G.
year	2000
title	A framework for an Architectural Collaborative Design
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 57-60
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.057
summary	The building industry involves a larger number of disciplines, operators and professionals than other industrial processes. Its peculiarity is that the products (building objects) have a number of parts (building elements) that does not differ much from the number of classes into which building objects can be conceptually subdivided. Another important characteristic is that the building industry produces unique products (de Vries and van Zutphen, 1992). This is not an isolated situation but indeed one that is spreading also in other industrial fields. For example, production niches have proved successful in the automotive and computer industries (Carrara, Fioravanti, & Novembri, 1989). Building design is a complex multi-disciplinary process, which demands a high degree of co-ordination and co-operation among separate teams, each having its own specific knowledge and its own set of specific design tools. Establishing an environment for design tool integration is a prerequisite for network-based distributed work. It was attempted to solve the problem of efficient, user-friendly, and fast information exchange among operators by treating it simply as an exchange of data. But the failure of IGES, CGM, PHIGS confirms that data have different meanings and importance in different contexts. The STandard for Exchange of Product data, ISO 10303 Part 106 BCCM, relating to AEC field (Wix, 1997), seems to be too complex to be applied to professional studios. Moreover its structure is too deep and the conceptual classifications based on it do not allow multi-inheritance (Ekholm, 1996). From now on we shall adopt the BCCM semantic that defines the actor as "a functional participant in building construction"; and we shall define designer as "every member of the class formed by designers" (architects, engineers, town-planners, construction managers, etc.).
keywords	Architectural Design Process, Collaborative Design, Knowledge Engineering, Dynamic Object Oriented Programming
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	8775
authors	Cigolle, Mark and Coleman, Kim
year	1990
title	Computer Integrated Design: Transformation as Process
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 333-346
summary	To bring together poetry, magic and science, to explore beyond preconceptions, to invent spaces and forms which re-form and inform man's experience, these are the possibilities of architecture. Computer integrated design offers a means for extending the search, one which integrates both conceptual and perceptual issues in the making of architecture. The computer may assist in generating constructs which would not have been created by conventional methods. The application of computer techniques to design has to date been focused primarily on production aspects, an area which is already highly organizable and communicable. In conceptual and perceptual aspects of design, computer techniques remain underdeveloped. Since the impetus for- the development of computer applications has come from the immediate economics of practice rather than a theoretically based strategy, computer-aided design is currently biased toward the replication of conventional techniques rather than the exploration of new potentials. Over the last two years we have been involved in experimentation with methodologies which engage the computer in formative explorations of the design idea. Work produced from investigations by 4th and 5th year undergraduate students in computer integrated design studios that we have been teaching at the University of Southern California demonstrates the potential for the use of the computer as a principal tool in the exploration of syntax and perception, space and program. The challenge is to approach the making of architecture as an innovative act, one which does not rely on preconceived notions of design.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	eee2
authors	Gero, John S. and Rosenman, Michael A.
year	1989
title	A Conceptual Framework for Knowledge-Based Design Research at Sydney University's Design Computing Unit
source	Southampton/Berlin: CMP/Springer- verlag, 1989. pp. 363-382. Published also in Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 5(2):363-383, 1990
summary	This paper presents the conceptual framework behind the Design Computing Unit's knowledge-based design research. It commences with a brief overview before introducing the role of experience in design. The conceptual schema 'prototypes' is introduced and described within a framework of design as transforming required or expected functions to structure descriptions. Current projects related to this conceptual framework are briefly described
keywords	CAD, knowledge base, design, prototypes, representation
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	035e
authors	Gero, John S.
year	1988
title	Prototypes : A Basis for Knowledge-based Design
source	Symposium on Knowledge Based Design in Architecture. 1988. pp. 3-8. Also published in Knowledge Based Systems in Architecture, Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, Helsinki, edited by J. S. Gero and T. Oksala, 1989
summary	A new conceptual schema called a prototype for the representation of generalized design knowledge is proposed. It contains knowledge necessary for the commencement and the continuation of a design. This paper briefly presents the schema and describes its use in designing. Its use in categorizing design processes is presented
keywords	prototypes, representation, knowledge base, design
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	1a4e
authors	Goel, Ashok Kumar
year	1989
title	Integration of case-based reasoning and model-based reasoning for adaptive design problem solving
source	Ohio State University
summary	In the case-based approach to design, a novel problem is solved by adapting a design known to solve a related problem. Adapting a known design to solve a related problem by the commonly used methods of heuristic association and search, however, can be computationally expensive if the adaptation search space is not small. The adaptation space, then, needs to be decomposed into smaller and simpler spaces that can be searched more efficiently and effectively. The knowledge for decomposing the adaptation search space can be represented as a behavior-structure model that specifies how the structure of the known design results in its output behaviors. This research investigates the use of such behavior-structure models for adapting the designs of physical devices. Comprehension of how the output behaviors of a design arise from its structure is represented as a behavioral component-substance model for the design. The model explicitly specifies (i) the expected output behaviors of the design including its functions, (ii) the elementary structural and behavioral interactions between components and substances constituting the structure of the design, and (iii) the internal causal behaviors of the design that compose the elementary interactions into its output behaviors. The causal behaviors of the design, in this model, are indexed by the expected output behaviors for which they are responsible. The model aids case-based design in several ways. First, it identifies conceptual primitives for specifying the functions of designs, which are used to index the known designs stored in a case-based memory. Second, it identifies elementary types of behavior transformations and elementary types of structure modifications. Third, it provides knowledge for decomposition of the adaptation search space into smaller spaces so that the search for the needed structure modifications is localized. Fourth, it leads to a novel method for simulating the behavioral effects of structure modifications. The output and causal behaviors of the modified design, in this method, are derived by revising the output and causal behaviors of the known design. This integrative approach unifies case-based methods, associative methods, heuristic search methods, decomposition methods, and model-based methods into one architecture for adaptive design problem solving. Core portions of this approach have been implemented in an experimental design system called KRITIK.
keywords	Case Based Reasoning; Model Based Reasoning; Adaptive Design; Problem Solving
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	0565
authors	Oxman, Robert and Oxman, Rivka
year	1990
title	The Computability of Architectural Knowledge
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 171-185
summary	In an important contribution to the theoretical foundation of design computing, Mitchell noted "an increasingly urgent need to establish a demonstrably sound, comprehensive, rigorously formalized theoretical foundation upon which to base practical software development efforts" (Mitchell, 1986). In this paper we propose such a theoretical framework. A basic assumption of this work is that the advancement of design computing is dependent upon the emergence of a rigorous formulation of knowledge in design. We present a model of knowledge in architectural design which suggests a promising conceptual basis for dealing with knowledge in computer-aided design systems. We require models which can represent the formal knowledge and manipulative operations of the designer in all of their complexity-that is formal models rather than just geometric models. Shape Grammars (Stiny,1980) represent an example of such models, and constitute a relatively high level of design knowledge as compared to, for example, use of symmetry operations to generate simple formal configurations. Building upon an understanding of the classes of design knowledge as the conceptual basis for formal modeling systems may contribute a new realization of the potential of the medium for design. This will require a comprehensive approach to the definition of architectural and design knowledge. We consider here the implications of a well-defined body of architectural and design knowledge for design education and the potential mutual interaction-in a knowledge-rich environment-of design learning and CAAD learning. The computational factors connected with the representation of design knowledge and its integration in design systems are among the key problems of CAAD. Mitchell's model of knowledge in design incorporates formal knowledge in a comprehensive, multi-level, hierarchical structure in which types of knowledge are correlated with computational concepts. In the main focus of this paper we present a structured, multi-level model of design knowledge which we discuss with respect to current architectural theoretical considerations. Finally, we analyze the computational and educational relevance of such models.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	2b8f
authors	Colajanni, Benedetto and De Grassi, Mario
year	1989
title	Inferential Mechanisms to be Employed in CAAD: The Castorp System
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 7.1.1-7.1.9
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.c7m
summary	The paper presents an approach to the problems of architectural design aided by Artificial Intelligence techniques that can solve the difficulties related to combinatorial explosion, often encountered in the past. Three expert systems, dubbed "reasoners", capable of some elementary design work and a hypothesis for their interaction have been developed. Reasoner A has an "analogical" view of space. A notion of conflict, managed by means of fuzzy logic, has been introduced. It corresponds, in an intuitive and straightforward fashion, to the common notion of conflict or contradiction in real space as a consequence of improper overlapping of actual physical objects or of their functional pertinence. Reasoner B works on formalized models of building objects. It designs new patterns from given patterns taken as defaults. Reasoner C picks up from an archive of patterns the one which best suits a list of given goals. Design is the result of interaction between the three reasoners. Finally, the proposed schema raises questions about formal structures ("images") and about the nature of culturally-linked options ("memory") on which some preliminary considerations are made. Prototypes of the reasoners are operating at the Instituto di Edilizia of the University of Ancona, Italy.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	a442
authors	Rosenman, Michael A. and Gero, John S.
year	1989
title	Creativity in Design Using a Prototype Approach
source	Design Computing Unit, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 1989. pp. 207-232. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	This paper discusses creative design as the creation of new syntax in response to required semantics. Various ways of producing creative designs are investigated and it is postulated that the key element in all of these is experience. The paper stresses the need to provide a schema whereby experiences are generalized and stored as concepts wherein syntax and semantics are associated, the prototype schema is seen as providing a suitable structure
keywords	knowledge base, design, experience, architecture, prototypes, creativity
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	801b
authors	Cocchioni, Cristina and Mecca, Saverio
year	1989
title	Utilization of Rules for Modular Coordination in Relational Models to Be Employed In CAAD
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 7.5.1-7.5.11
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.p3f
summary	The paper deals with the structure of experimental software to be used for the interactive relational database and a graphic package. Proposed is the development that considers the main implications of a modular space grid for the project´s development already from the stage of preliminary wire-frame design.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	2728
authors	Daniell, J. and Director, S.W.
year	1989
title	An Object Oriented Approach to CAD Tool Control Within a Design Framework
source	Engineering Design Research Center, CMU, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
summary	As VLSI design frameworks evolve, a distributed control mechanism for CAD tools has become a central research issue. In this paper, we present an object oriented tool integration methodology that treats the tools as objects. This approach simplifies CAD tool control within a design framework making the framework more general, easier to use, and more capable of supporting a large population of CAD tools.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	c0a3
authors	Harfmann, Anton C. and Chen, Stuart S.
year	1989
title	Component Based Computer Aided Learning for Students of Architecture and Civil Engineering
source	New Ideas and Directions for the 1990’s [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Gainsville (Florida - USA) 27-29 October 1989, pp. 193-208
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1989.193
summary	The paper describes the methodology and the current efforts to develop an interdisciplinary computer aided learning system for architects and civil engineers. The system being developed incorporates a component oriented relational database with an existing interactive 3-dimensional modeling system developed in the School of Architecture and Planning at SUNY Buffalo. The software will be used in existing courses in architecture and civil engineering as a teaching aid to help students understand the complex 3-dimensional interrelationships of structural components. Initial implementation has focused on the modeling of the components and assemblies for a lowrise steel frame structure. Current implementation efforts are focusing on the capability to view connections in various ways including the ability to "explode" a connection to better understand the sequence of construction and load paths. Appropriate codes, limit states of failure and specific data will be linked to each specific component in an expert system shell so that the system can offer feedback about a student generated connection and perhaps offer other possible connections a library of standard connections. Future expansion of the system will include adding other "systems" of a building, such as mechanical, electrical, plumbing, enclosure etc., to help students visualize the integration of the various parts.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	cbdd
authors	Lawson, Bryan and Scott, Peter
year	1989
title	An Intelligent Tutoring System for Teaching CAD
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 3.1.1-3.1.13
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.r4f
summary	The paper raises some general problems concerning the teaching of CAAD both in schools of architecture and in practice. A new, less 'system-oriented' approach is suggested and some ideas for the design of a computer based intelligent tutoring system are advanced. Some prototype elements of the tutor will be described.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	6152
authors	Longhi, Domenico
year	1989
title	A System for Building Design Information Management
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 9.11.1-9.11.8
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.b7n
summary	Computer assistants to building process management are not able nowadays to efficiently work out the problems generated by the increased complexity of designing. Actual difficulties depend, on one hand, on the fact D.B.M.S. that have been developed on other environments than CAAD, and on the other hand, on the fact that architectural design process is scarcely formalized. At the Department of T.E.C.A., at the University of Rome, a PhD research program is aimed to overcome difficulties, working out techniques of information management based on Knowledge Engineering and particularly on Knowledge Base Management Systems and Expert Database Systems. At present a prototype system is being developed, that can manage existing technical information, connected with buiIding process.
keywords	Information Management, Data Base, Computer Assistants, BuiIding Process
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	8a0c
authors	Tan, Milton
year	1990
title	Saying What It Is by What It Is Like - Describing Shapes Using Line Relationships
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 201-213
summary	Shapes - taken as well-defined collections of lines - are fundamental building blocks in architectural drawings. From doodles to shop drawings, shapes are used to denote ideas and represent elements of design, many of which ultimately translate into actual objects. But because designs evolve, the shapes representing a design are seldom static - instead, they are perpetually open to transformations. And since transformations involve relationships, conventional methods of describing shapes as sets of discrete endpoints may not provide an appropriate foundation for schematic design. This paper begins with a review of the perception of shapes and its significance in design. In particular, it argues that juxtapositions and inter-relationships of shapes are important seedbeds for creative development of designs. It is clear that conventional representation of shapes as sets of discrete lines does not cope with these -emergent" subshapes; the most basic of which arise out of intersecting and colinear lines. Attempts to redress this by using ‘reduction rules’ based on traditional point-and-line data structures are encumbered by computational problems of precision and shape specification. Basically, this means that some ‘close’ cases of sub-shapes may escape detection and their specifications are difficult to use in substitution operations. The paper presents the findings of a computer project - Emergence II - which explored a 'relational' description of shapes based on the concept of construction lines. It builds on the notion that architectural shapes are constructed in a graphic context and that, at a basic compositional level, the context can be set by construction lines. Accordingly, the interface enables the delineation of line segments with reference to pre-established construction lines. This results in a simple data structure where the knowledge of shapes is centralized in a lookup table of all its construction lines rather than dispersed in the specifications of line segments. Taking this approach, the prototype software shows the ease and efficiency of applying ‘reduction rules’ for intersection and colinear conditions, and for finding emergent sub-shapes by simply tracking the construction lines delimiting the ends of line segments.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	2bb6
authors	Van Bakergem, Dave
year	1990
title	Image Collections in the Design Studio
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 261-271
summary	No matter what the medium, architects are constantly using images in all aspects of design thinking. Whether it is the perception of the environment, an image in the mind's eye, an abstract drawing or a photographic record, designers use images to conceive of, and manipulate their design ideas. Managing these image collections occurs at a variety of levels in the creative process and is dependent on the type of image that is called upon for reference. The most basic example would be the image collection residing in the mind's memory which is a result of the designer’s world experiences and the relative impressiveness of each experience. Clearly, personal memory plays a significant role in the use of imagery in design, but it is unreliable and can be abstracted in uncontrollable ways. The sketchbook and later photographic collections of the grand tour were the beginnings of efforts to manage and utilize image collections as an aid to drawing and thinking about design. Now the capacity to use electronic means of creating, altering, storing, and retrieving images will enable designers to effectively use large image collections in ways that have not been possible before. This paper describes current work at the School of Architecture at Washington University in a graduate design studio. The students use a powerful 3D modeling CAD system (HOKDraw) to design and present their studio projects. In addition, we are experimenting with an image storage and retrieval system which is directly linked to the CAD model through a relational database (INGRES). Access to the database and images is instantly available through the command language and graphic display. The CAD model in effect becomes a 3D menu to an extensive image database stored on an optical memory disc recorder. Several collections are available to the studio members: the library's slide collection which relates to the studio project, specific photographs and drawings of the project site, and personal image collections stored by individuals for their own reference. The commonly accessible images are basically background material and images collected by the students to document the site, urban context and building typology. The personal images collections are any images (drawings, photographs, published images, CAD images) created or collected by the students for purposes of informing their design thinking. This work relates to the use of precedents and typology in architecture as a point of departure as well as in development of design ideas.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	ddss2004_d-63
id	ddss2004_d-63
authors	Wen, K.-C. and W.-L. Chen
year	2004
title	Applying Genetic Algorithms to Establish Disaster Decision Support System for Flooding Evacuation Path of Hsichih Area in Taiwan
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Developments in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN 90-6814-155-4, p. 63-75
summary	Because of the special geography features and subtropics weather in Taiwan, we need to provide correct information to help people making decision when they are in disaster. So the disaster decision support system must offer proper information of evacuation path to people. This research has shown the difficulties associated with the GIS and the flooding evacuation path search through the huge searching space generated during the network analysis process. This research also presents an approach to these problems by utilizing a search process whose concept is derived from natural genetics. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been introduced in the optimization problem solving area by Holland (1975) and Goldberg (1989) and have shown their usefulness through numerous applications. We apply GA and GIS to choice flooding evacuation path in metropolitan area in this study. We take the region of Shiji city in Taiwan for case. Firstly, we establish the node relationship of GA calculation, the level of the weight is the standard of the date that is exported by Disaster Database. Secondly, we apply GA to calculate different evacuation path in different time series. Finally, we build the model of choosing flooding evacuation path.
keywords	Genetic Algorithms, Decision Support System, GIS, Evacuation Path
series	DDSS
last changed	2004/07/03 22:13

_id	3964
authors	Yoshikawa, H. and Gossard, D. (eds.)
year	1989
title	Intelligent CAD
source	North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. vii-ix
summary	In this research, design process knowledge is represented at two different levels, action level and object level, corresponding to the meta-knowledge to model design behaviors and the special knowledge to model the processes in designing particular objects. A design knowledge base and database modeling language - Integrated Data Description Language (IDDL) was developed at the University of Tokyo to model both design processes and design objects. This language combines logic programming functions and object oriented programming functions into an integrated environment. Using this language, an intelligent CAD system - Intelligent Integrated Interactive CAD (IIICAD) was developed at the University of Tokyo. Contradictions of knowledge base and database are resolved using circumscription and Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS) in this system. Many advanced knowledge modeling techniques, including Qualitative Process Theory (QPT), modal logic, default reasoning, etc., have also been introduced in the IIICAD system. The knowledge base and database representation scheme of IDDL serves as the basis in the feature-based integrated concurrent design system. In the integrated concurrent design system, a new feature modeling language was introduced. In addition to the qualitative and quantitative data/relations that were introduced in IDDL, the composing element features, data dependency relations, constraints, 2D and 3D feature geometric descriptions have also been introduced for representing product life-cycle models and their relations. Optimization functions were added to the integrated concurrent design system to identify the optimal design considering relevant life-cycle aspects.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	avocaad_2001_02
id	avocaad_2001_02
authors	Cheng-Yuan Lin, Yu-Tung Liu
year	2001
title	A digital Procedure of Building Construction: A practical project
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In earlier times in which computers have not yet been developed well, there has been some researches regarding representation using conventional media (Gombrich, 1960; Arnheim, 1970). For ancient architects, the design process was described abstractly by text (Hewitt, 1985; Cable, 1983); the process evolved from unselfconscious to conscious ways (Alexander, 1964). Till the appearance of 2D drawings, these drawings could only express abstract visual thinking and visually conceptualized vocabulary (Goldschmidt, 1999). Then with the massive use of physical models in the Renaissance, the form and space of architecture was given better precision (Millon, 1994). Researches continued their attempts to identify the nature of different design tools (Eastman and Fereshe, 1994). Simon (1981) figured out that human increasingly relies on other specialists, computational agents, and materials referred to augment their cognitive abilities. This discourse was verified by recent research on conception of design and the expression using digital technologies (McCullough, 1996; Perez-Gomez and Pelletier, 1997). While other design tools did not change as much as representation (Panofsky, 1991; Koch, 1997), the involvement of computers in conventional architecture design arouses a new design thinking of digital architecture (Liu, 1996; Krawczyk, 1997; Murray, 1997; Wertheim, 1999). The notion of the link between ideas and media is emphasized throughout various fields, such as architectural education (Radford, 2000), Internet, and restoration of historical architecture (Potier et al., 2000). Information technology is also an important tool for civil engineering projects (Choi and Ibbs, 1989). Compared with conventional design media, computers avoid some errors in the process (Zaera, 1997). However, most of the application of computers to construction is restricted to simulations in building process (Halpin, 1990). It is worth studying how to employ computer technology meaningfully to bring significant changes to concept stage during the process of building construction (Madazo, 2000; Dave, 2000) and communication (Haymaker, 2000).In architectural design, concept design was achieved through drawings and models (Mitchell, 1997), while the working drawings and even shop drawings were brewed and communicated through drawings only. However, the most effective method of shaping building elements is to build models by computer (Madrazo, 1999). With the trend of 3D visualization (Johnson and Clayton, 1998) and the difference of designing between the physical environment and virtual environment (Maher et al. 2000), we intend to study the possibilities of using digital models, in addition to drawings, as a critical media in the conceptual stage of building construction process in the near future (just as the critical role that physical models played in early design process in the Renaissance). This research is combined with two practical building projects, following the progress of construction by using digital models and animations to simulate the structural layouts of the projects. We also tried to solve the complicated and even conflicting problems in the detail and piping design process through an easily accessible and precise interface. An attempt was made to delineate the hierarchy of the elements in a single structural and constructional system, and the corresponding relations among the systems. Since building construction is often complicated and even conflicting, precision needed to complete the projects can not be based merely on 2D drawings with some imagination. The purpose of this paper is to describe all the related elements according to precision and correctness, to discuss every possibility of different thinking in design of electric-mechanical engineering, to receive feedback from the construction projects in the real world, and to compare the digital models with conventional drawings.Through the application of this research, the subtle relations between the conventional drawings and digital models can be used in the area of building construction. Moreover, a theoretical model and standard process is proposed by using conventional drawings, digital models and physical buildings. By introducing the intervention of digital media in design process of working drawings and shop drawings, there is an opportune chance to use the digital media as a prominent design tool. This study extends the use of digital model and animation from design process to construction process. However, the entire construction process involves various details and exceptions, which are not discussed in this paper. These limitations should be explored in future studies.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

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