Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	a442
authors	Rosenman, Michael A. and Gero, John S.
year	1989
title	Creativity in Design Using a Prototype Approach
source	Design Computing Unit, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 1989. pp. 207-232. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	This paper discusses creative design as the creation of new syntax in response to required semantics. Various ways of producing creative designs are investigated and it is postulated that the key element in all of these is experience. The paper stresses the need to provide a schema whereby experiences are generalized and stored as concepts wherein syntax and semantics are associated, the prototype schema is seen as providing a suitable structure
keywords	knowledge base, design, experience, architecture, prototypes, creativity
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ee16
authors	Coyne, R.D., Newton, S. and Sudweeks, F.
year	1989
title	Modeling the Emergence of Schemas in Design Reasoning
source	Design Computing Unit, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 1989. pp. 173-205. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	The authors explore how neural networks can be used to model important aspects of design reasoning: the way design involves memory; and a 'holistic' kind of reasoning by which designs appear to emerge from that memory. A simple neural network is constructed to demonstrate how information about schemas (in this case, room types) is stored implicitly after exposure to a number of examples of specific rooms. We then demonstrate how new room types emerge from this information. The paper includes a discussion of design, a discussion of schemas from a psycholinguistic perspective, a technical explanation of neural networks and the demonstration of an implemented examples
keywords	neural networks, modeling, design, reasoning, learning, knowledge acquisition, experimentation
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/05/17 10:13

_id	88cb
authors	Gero, John S. and Oksala, Tarkko (editors)
year	1988
title	Knowledge-Based Systems in Architecture
source	TIPS'88 - Knowledge Based Design in Architecture, Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica (1988 : Helsinki, Finland). 143 p. 1989
summary	The technology of knowledge-based systems can be found in texts on artificial intelligence. There is very little published so far on knowledge-based systems in architecture. To this end an international conference -- TIPS' 88: Knowledge-Based Design in Architecture -- was organized for August 1988 in Finland. Thirteen papers from that conference have been selected and edited for this monograph. They are grouped under five parts: Introduction; Schemas and Models; Processes and Knowledge; Modeling Buildings; and Creativity and Knowledge-Based Systems
keywords	knowledge base, architecture, representation, expert systems,building, creativity
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ab63
authors	Gross, Mark D.
year	1990
title	Relational Modeling: A Basis for Computer-Assisted Design
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 123-136
summary	Today's computer assisted design (CAD) systems automate traditional ways of working with tracing paper and pencil, but they cannot represent the rules and relationships of a design. As hardware becomes faster and memory less expensive, more sophisticated fundamental software technologies will be adopted. This shift in the basis of CAD will provide powerful capabilities and offer new ways to think about designing. Recently parametric design, a technique for describing a large class of designs with a small description in code, has become a focus of attention in architectural computing. In parametric CAD systems, design features are identified and keyed to a number of input variables. Changes in the input values result in variations of the basic design. Based on conventional software technologies, parametric design has been successfully applied in many design domains including architecture and is supported by several commercial CAD packages. A weakness of parametric techniques is the need to predetermine which properties are input parameters to be varied and which are to be derived. Relational modeling is a simple and powerful extension of parametric design that overcomes this weakness. By viewing relations as reversible rather than one-way, any set of properties can be chosen as input parameters. For example, a relational model that calculates the shadow length of a given building can also be used to calculate the building height given a desired shadow length. In exercising a relational model the designer is not limited to a pre-selected set of input variables but can explore and experiment freely with changes in all parts of the model. Co is a relational modeling environment under development on the Macintosh-II computer, and Co-Draw, a prototype CAD program based on Co. Co's relationaI engine and object-oriented database provide a powerful basis for modeling design relations. Co-Draw's interactive graphics offer a flexible medium for design exploration. Co provides tools for viewing and editing design models in various representations, including spreadsheet cards, tree and graph structures, as well as plan and elevation graphics. Co's concepts and architecture are described and the implications for design education are discussed.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	2fd0
authors	Maher, Mary Lou, Zhao, F. and Gero, John S.
year	1989
title	Creativity in Humans and Computers
source	Helsinki: Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, 1989. pp. 129-141. Also Published as : Creativity in Humans and Computers: A Discussion of Creativity in Computer-Aided Architectural Design, in J.S. Gero and T. Oksala (eds.) Symposium on Knowledge-based Design in Architecture, Helsinki University of Technology, pp. 31-44. 1988
summary	This paper explores creativity from a process viewpoint. It examines various strategies employed by humans during their creative acts and posits analogous computational processes. The discussion provides a framework for the current work by the authors on knowledge-based creative design
keywords	creativity, design process, architecture, knowledge base
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	a262
authors	Maher, Mary Lou, Zhao, F. and Gero, John S.
year	1989
title	An Approach to Knowledge-Based Creative Design
source	NSF Engineering Design Research Conference. PREPRINT. 1989. pp. 333-346. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	When considering the design process as a search through a design space, creative design occurs when the design space is expanded by adding knowledge from outside the space. A design space includes a state space, points which represent partial design descriptions, and operators that enable the process to move from one state to another. The design operators embody generalized design knowledge about classes of design solutions, i.e. prototypes. The authors' approach to knowledge- based creative design provides mechanisms for prototype adaptation and generation through analogy and mutation. This model is illustrated by creative solutions to building design problems. The implementation is discussed
keywords	synthesis, knowledge, representation, creativity, design process, prototypes, building, architecture, engineering
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	a708
authors	McLaughlin, S. and Gero, John S.
year	1989
title	Creative Processes : Can They be Automated?
source	Design Computing Unit, Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, 1989. pp. 69-94. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	This paper attempts to identify the nature of creative processes and the relationship of those processes to the automated information processing techniques. Creative processes are characterized in terms of three categories of activity: problem solving, selection and reminding. Intuitive control is identified as a necessary component of any process capable of yielding a creative outcome. The nature of intuitive control is explored. The possibility of automating such control is considered. The implications of the presented characterization of creative processes in relation to the development of fully-automated systems and semi-automated support systems are described
keywords	creativity, design process, architecture, problem solving, intuition, control, automation
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e6f5
authors	McLaughlin, S. and Gero, John S.
year	1989
title	Requirements of a Reasoning System that Supports Creative and Innovative Design Activity
source	Knowledge Based Systems. 1989. vol.2: pp. 62-71 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Innovative and creative design occurs when fragments of previous design episodes are retrieved and incorporated into the present design context. This paper presents an implementable approach to innovative and creative design based on notions of prototypes and instances within a dynamic memory model of episodic memory. Innovative and creative design are defined in terms of operators. The requirements of a reasoning system to support these classes of design activity are outlined. Examples of the processes are presented
keywords	design, reasoning, creativity, prototypes, architecture
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	eee2
authors	Gero, John S. and Rosenman, Michael A.
year	1989
title	A Conceptual Framework for Knowledge-Based Design Research at Sydney University's Design Computing Unit
source	Southampton/Berlin: CMP/Springer- verlag, 1989. pp. 363-382. Published also in Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 5(2):363-383, 1990
summary	This paper presents the conceptual framework behind the Design Computing Unit's knowledge-based design research. It commences with a brief overview before introducing the role of experience in design. The conceptual schema 'prototypes' is introduced and described within a framework of design as transforming required or expected functions to structure descriptions. Current projects related to this conceptual framework are briefly described
keywords	CAD, knowledge base, design, prototypes, representation
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	600f
authors	Cortes, Chaves Camila
year	1989
title	Design Software of the '90s
source	Architectural and Engineering Systems. July, 1989. vol. 5: pp. 30
summary	The design firm of the '90s will have the ability to use the right tool for the right task, permitting tailored resources to be used more effectively. This mean portable, modular and multiuser software running on machines specifically designed for a particular environment with the option to tap other sources. Designers will enter the 21st century using integrated design knowledge-based support systems with knowledge-based inferencing systems, information management systems for text and graphics, a CAD/modeling package, and a flexible user interface with speech recognition, eye tracking and manual input device. Some of these are discussed in this article
keywords	practice, construction, systems, software, integration
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	298e
authors	Dave, Bharat and Woodbury, Robert
year	1990
title	Computer Modeling: A First Course in Design Computing
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 61-76
summary	Computation in design has long been a focus in our department. In recent years our faculty has paid particular attention to the use of computation in professional architectural education. The result is a shared vision of computers in the curriculum [Woodbury 1985] and a set of courses, some with considerable historyland others just now being initiated. We (Dave and Woodbury) have jointly developed and at various times over the last seven years have taught Computer Modeling, the most introductory of these courses. This is a required course for all the incoming freshmen students in the department. In this paper we describe Computer Modeling: its context, the issues and topics it addresses, the tasks it requires of students, and the questions and opportunities that it raises. Computer Modeling is a course about concepts, about ways of explicitly understanding design and its relation to computation. Procedural skills and algorithmic problem solving techniques are given only secondary emphasis. In essential terms, the course is about models, of design processes, of designed objects, of computation and of computational design. Its lessons are intended to communicate a structure of such models to students and through this structure to demonstrate a relationship between computation and design. It is hoped that this structure can be used as a framework, around which students can continue to develop an understanding of computers in design.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	ac36
authors	McCullough, Malcolm
year	1990
title	Low-Threshold Modeling
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 413-426
summary	This is a case study of teaching at the University of Texas at Austin. It is about using an electronic design studio to provide architecture students with their first exposure to computing. It suggests that, despite the limitations of present technology, there is reason to lower the thresholds to computer-aided design. The study presents a studio which attempted such by allowing students to find their own level of commitment to use of electronic media for geometric modeling. More generally, the paper aims to document issues presently facing the many professional schools not having substantial traditions in computer-aided design education.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	8ca2
authors	Miller, Frank C.
year	1990
title	Form Processing Workshop: Architectural Design and Solid Modeling at MIT
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 441-455
summary	Computing impacts the preliminary architectural design process as a tool for observation and analysis, as a formal prototyping tool, and as a vehicle to generate variations of objects and assemblies. Through the use of both traditional and computing tools, the Form Processing Workshop examines the relationship between design decisions and design tools. The Workshop utilizes several software applications, with emphasis on the use of a solid modeler. This curriculum was developed with the support of MIT's Project Athena.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	e91f
authors	Mitchell, W.J., Liggett, R.S. and Tan, M.
year	1990
title	Top-Down Knowledge-Based Design
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 137-148
summary	Traditional computer drafting systems and three- dimensional geometric modeling systems work in bottom-up fashion. They provide a range of graphic primitives, such as vectors, arcs, and splines, together with operators for inserting, deleting, combining, and transforming instances of these. Thus they are conceptually very similar to word processors, with the difference that they operate on two- dimensional or three-dimensional patterns of graphic primitives rather than one-dimensional strings of characters. This sort of system is effective for input and editing of drawings or models that represent existing designs, but provides little more help than a pencil when you want to construct from scratch a drawing of some complex object such as a human figure, an automobile, or a classical column: you must depend on your own knowledge of what the pieces are and how to shape them and put them together. If you already know how to draw something then a computer drafting system will help you to do so efficiently, but if you do not know how to begin, or how to develop and refine the drawing, then the efficiency that you gain is of little practical consequence. And accelerated performance, flashier color graphics, or futuristic three-dimensional modes of interaction will not help with this problem at all. By contrast, experienced expert graphic artists and designers usually work in top-down fashion-beginning with a very schematic sketch of the whole object, then refining this, in step-by-step fashion, till the requisite level of precision and completeness is reached. For example, a figure drawing might begin as a "stick figure" schema showing lengths and angles of limbs, then be developed to show the general blocking of masses, and finally be resolved down to the finest details of contour and surface. Similarly, an architectural drawing might begin as a parti showing just a skeleton of construction lines, then be developed into a single-line floor plan, then a plan showing accurate wall thicknesses and openings, and finally a fully developed and detailed drawing.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	effd
authors	Morozumi, M., Nakamura, H. and Kijima, Y.
year	1990
title	A Primitive-Instancing Interactive 3-D Modeling System for Spatial Design Studies
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 457-468
summary	The authors have developed a basic, interactive, primitive-instancing 3-D modeling system (CAADF), which is based on a high-speed 3-D color graphic workstation, and have tested its potential ability to support spatial design studies in an architectural design studio. After- a review of work performed by a student with the system, this paper concludes that this system provides an attractive environment for spatial design studies which conventional CAD systems have not achieved. The interactive process of 3-D modeling in perspective or isometric view images and the dynamic viewing utility are the most successful features of the system. In contrast to those advantages, the resolution of color graphic display is a limitation of the system. The authors conclude that if sufficiently many appropriate 3-D geometric primitives are supported by a CAD system, a primitive instancing method can significantly reduce the work entailed in object modeling.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	0565
authors	Oxman, Robert and Oxman, Rivka
year	1990
title	The Computability of Architectural Knowledge
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 171-185
summary	In an important contribution to the theoretical foundation of design computing, Mitchell noted "an increasingly urgent need to establish a demonstrably sound, comprehensive, rigorously formalized theoretical foundation upon which to base practical software development efforts" (Mitchell, 1986). In this paper we propose such a theoretical framework. A basic assumption of this work is that the advancement of design computing is dependent upon the emergence of a rigorous formulation of knowledge in design. We present a model of knowledge in architectural design which suggests a promising conceptual basis for dealing with knowledge in computer-aided design systems. We require models which can represent the formal knowledge and manipulative operations of the designer in all of their complexity-that is formal models rather than just geometric models. Shape Grammars (Stiny,1980) represent an example of such models, and constitute a relatively high level of design knowledge as compared to, for example, use of symmetry operations to generate simple formal configurations. Building upon an understanding of the classes of design knowledge as the conceptual basis for formal modeling systems may contribute a new realization of the potential of the medium for design. This will require a comprehensive approach to the definition of architectural and design knowledge. We consider here the implications of a well-defined body of architectural and design knowledge for design education and the potential mutual interaction-in a knowledge-rich environment-of design learning and CAAD learning. The computational factors connected with the representation of design knowledge and its integration in design systems are among the key problems of CAAD. Mitchell's model of knowledge in design incorporates formal knowledge in a comprehensive, multi-level, hierarchical structure in which types of knowledge are correlated with computational concepts. In the main focus of this paper we present a structured, multi-level model of design knowledge which we discuss with respect to current architectural theoretical considerations. Finally, we analyze the computational and educational relevance of such models.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	avocaad_2001_20
id	avocaad_2001_20
authors	Shen-Kai Tang
year	2001
title	Toward a procedure of computer simulation in the restoration of historical architecture
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In the field of architectural design, “visualization¨ generally refers to some media, communicating and representing the idea of designers, such as ordinary drafts, maps, perspectives, photos and physical models, etc. (Rahman, 1992; Susan, 2000). The main reason why we adopt visualization is that it enables us to understand clearly and to control complicated procedures (Gombrich, 1990). Secondly, the way we get design knowledge is more from the published visualized images and less from personal experiences (Evans, 1989). Thus the importance of the representation of visualization is manifested.Due to the developments of computer technology in recent years, various computer aided design system are invented and used in a great amount, such as image processing, computer graphic, computer modeling/rendering, animation, multimedia, virtual reality and collaboration, etc. (Lawson, 1995; Liu, 1996). The conventional media are greatly replaced by computer media, and the visualization is further brought into the computerized stage. The procedure of visual impact analysis and assessment (VIAA), addressed by Rahman (1992), is renewed and amended for the intervention of computer (Liu, 2000). Based on the procedures above, a great amount of applied researches are proceeded. Therefore it is evident that the computer visualization is helpful to the discussion and evaluation during the design process (Hall, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998; Liu, 1997; Sasada, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1997, 1998). In addition to the process of architectural design, the computer visualization is also applied to the subject of construction, which is repeatedly amended and corrected by the images of computer simulation (Liu, 2000). Potier (2000) probes into the contextual research and restoration of historical architecture by the technology of computer simulation before the practical restoration is constructed. In this way he established a communicative mode among archeologists, architects via computer media.In the research of restoration and preservation of historical architecture in Taiwan, many scholars have been devoted into the studies of historical contextual criticism (Shi, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995; Fu, 1995, 1997; Chiu, 2000). Clues that accompany the historical contextual criticism (such as oral information, writings, photographs, pictures, etc.) help to explore the construction and the procedure of restoration (Hung, 1995), and serve as an aid to the studies of the usage and durability of the materials in the restoration of historical architecture (Dasser, 1990; Wang, 1998). Many clues are lost, because historical architecture is often age-old (Hung, 1995). Under the circumstance, restoration of historical architecture can only be proceeded by restricted pictures, written data and oral information (Shi, 1989). Therefore, computer simulation is employed by scholars to simulate the condition of historical architecture with restricted information after restoration (Potier, 2000). Yet this is only the early stage of computer-aid restoration. The focus of the paper aims at exploring that whether visual simulation of computer can help to investigate the practice of restoration and the estimation and evaluation after restoration.By exploring the restoration of historical architecture (taking the Gigi Train Station destroyed by the earthquake in last September as the operating example), this study aims to establish a complete work on computer visualization, including the concept of restoration, the practice of restoration, and the estimation and evaluation of restoration.This research is to simulate the process of restoration by computer simulation based on visualized media (restricted pictures, restricted written data and restricted oral information) and the specialized experience of historical architects (Potier, 2000). During the process of practicing, communicates with craftsmen repeatedly with some simulated alternatives, and makes the result as the foundation of evaluating and adjusting the simulating process and outcome. In this way we address a suitable and complete process of computer visualization for historical architecture.The significance of this paper is that we are able to control every detail more exactly, and then prevent possible problems during the process of restoration of historical architecture.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	2bb6
authors	Van Bakergem, Dave
year	1990
title	Image Collections in the Design Studio
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 261-271
summary	No matter what the medium, architects are constantly using images in all aspects of design thinking. Whether it is the perception of the environment, an image in the mind's eye, an abstract drawing or a photographic record, designers use images to conceive of, and manipulate their design ideas. Managing these image collections occurs at a variety of levels in the creative process and is dependent on the type of image that is called upon for reference. The most basic example would be the image collection residing in the mind's memory which is a result of the designer’s world experiences and the relative impressiveness of each experience. Clearly, personal memory plays a significant role in the use of imagery in design, but it is unreliable and can be abstracted in uncontrollable ways. The sketchbook and later photographic collections of the grand tour were the beginnings of efforts to manage and utilize image collections as an aid to drawing and thinking about design. Now the capacity to use electronic means of creating, altering, storing, and retrieving images will enable designers to effectively use large image collections in ways that have not been possible before. This paper describes current work at the School of Architecture at Washington University in a graduate design studio. The students use a powerful 3D modeling CAD system (HOKDraw) to design and present their studio projects. In addition, we are experimenting with an image storage and retrieval system which is directly linked to the CAD model through a relational database (INGRES). Access to the database and images is instantly available through the command language and graphic display. The CAD model in effect becomes a 3D menu to an extensive image database stored on an optical memory disc recorder. Several collections are available to the studio members: the library's slide collection which relates to the studio project, specific photographs and drawings of the project site, and personal image collections stored by individuals for their own reference. The commonly accessible images are basically background material and images collected by the students to document the site, urban context and building typology. The personal images collections are any images (drawings, photographs, published images, CAD images) created or collected by the students for purposes of informing their design thinking. This work relates to the use of precedents and typology in architecture as a point of departure as well as in development of design ideas.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	3964
authors	Yoshikawa, H. and Gossard, D. (eds.)
year	1989
title	Intelligent CAD
source	North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. vii-ix
summary	In this research, design process knowledge is represented at two different levels, action level and object level, corresponding to the meta-knowledge to model design behaviors and the special knowledge to model the processes in designing particular objects. A design knowledge base and database modeling language - Integrated Data Description Language (IDDL) was developed at the University of Tokyo to model both design processes and design objects. This language combines logic programming functions and object oriented programming functions into an integrated environment. Using this language, an intelligent CAD system - Intelligent Integrated Interactive CAD (IIICAD) was developed at the University of Tokyo. Contradictions of knowledge base and database are resolved using circumscription and Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS) in this system. Many advanced knowledge modeling techniques, including Qualitative Process Theory (QPT), modal logic, default reasoning, etc., have also been introduced in the IIICAD system. The knowledge base and database representation scheme of IDDL serves as the basis in the feature-based integrated concurrent design system. In the integrated concurrent design system, a new feature modeling language was introduced. In addition to the qualitative and quantitative data/relations that were introduced in IDDL, the composing element features, data dependency relations, constraints, 2D and 3D feature geometric descriptions have also been introduced for representing product life-cycle models and their relations. Optimization functions were added to the integrated concurrent design system to identify the optimal design considering relevant life-cycle aspects.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	b4c4
authors	Carrara, G., Fioravanti, A. and Novembri, G.
year	2000
title	A framework for an Architectural Collaborative Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.057
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 57-60
summary	The building industry involves a larger number of disciplines, operators and professionals than other industrial processes. Its peculiarity is that the products (building objects) have a number of parts (building elements) that does not differ much from the number of classes into which building objects can be conceptually subdivided. Another important characteristic is that the building industry produces unique products (de Vries and van Zutphen, 1992). This is not an isolated situation but indeed one that is spreading also in other industrial fields. For example, production niches have proved successful in the automotive and computer industries (Carrara, Fioravanti, & Novembri, 1989). Building design is a complex multi-disciplinary process, which demands a high degree of co-ordination and co-operation among separate teams, each having its own specific knowledge and its own set of specific design tools. Establishing an environment for design tool integration is a prerequisite for network-based distributed work. It was attempted to solve the problem of efficient, user-friendly, and fast information exchange among operators by treating it simply as an exchange of data. But the failure of IGES, CGM, PHIGS confirms that data have different meanings and importance in different contexts. The STandard for Exchange of Product data, ISO 10303 Part 106 BCCM, relating to AEC field (Wix, 1997), seems to be too complex to be applied to professional studios. Moreover its structure is too deep and the conceptual classifications based on it do not allow multi-inheritance (Ekholm, 1996). From now on we shall adopt the BCCM semantic that defines the actor as "a functional participant in building construction"; and we shall define designer as "every member of the class formed by designers" (architects, engineers, town-planners, construction managers, etc.).
keywords	Architectural Design Process, Collaborative Design, Knowledge Engineering, Dynamic Object Oriented Programming
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

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