Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ecaade2015_38
id	ecaade2015_38
authors	Stavrakantonaki, Marina
year	2015
title	A Framework for Input Data Processing During Building Energy Model Calibration. A Case Study
source	Martens, B, Wurzer, G, Grasl T, Lorenz, WE and Schaffranek, R (eds.), Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 16-18 September 2015, pp. 625-634
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2015.1.625
wos	WOS:000372317300068
summary	Key parameter of a reasoning process supporting real time performance is the use of active heuristics that facilitate the achievement of goals in a timely manner (Dodiawala et al. 1989). A real time approach should incorporate speed, timeliness and adaptation during the execution of tasks. Speed and efficient knowledge processing are addressed for the solution of complex building engineering problems, such as the calibration of Building Energy Models (BEM) to the actual performance data. During retrofit projects, calibrated BEM models aid the design process, and provide a solid base for performative assessments. Despite the demand for building performance evaluations, BEM calibration remains a work-intensive task (Lam et al. 2014). This study proposes a time efficient framework for BEM calibration input data management based on the methodology of a blackboard artificial intelligence knowledge processing system. The resulting model was used for sequential data mining for the energy assessment during the renovation of a commercial building.
series	eCAADe
email
more	https://mh-engage.ltcc.tuwien.ac.at/engage/ui/watch.html?id=e440bdd6-7021-11e5-bdb0-00190f04dc4c
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	600f
authors	Cortes, Chaves Camila
year	1989
title	Design Software of the '90s
source	Architectural and Engineering Systems. July, 1989. vol. 5: pp. 30
summary	The design firm of the '90s will have the ability to use the right tool for the right task, permitting tailored resources to be used more effectively. This mean portable, modular and multiuser software running on machines specifically designed for a particular environment with the option to tap other sources. Designers will enter the 21st century using integrated design knowledge-based support systems with knowledge-based inferencing systems, information management systems for text and graphics, a CAD/modeling package, and a flexible user interface with speech recognition, eye tracking and manual input device. Some of these are discussed in this article
keywords	practice, construction, systems, software, integration
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	6743
authors	Retik, A
year	1989
title	Computer-Aided Design of Precast Building System
source	Proceedings of the International Conference on CAD/CAM and AMT. December, 1989. pp. 1-5 : some ill. includes bibliography
summary	The paper describes an expert system for computerized design of precast building components for a given architectural solution. The system receives the layouts and evaluations of the building as input, indicates the location of structural supports, breaks down the floors and walls into the elements to be prefabricated, and finally generates detailed production drawings for each element. Design stages are governed by the specific features of the prefabrications system to be employed. Design alternatives are also evaluated in the course of the process. The paper reviews the principles of the system and the particular features of the computer program employed for this purpose
keywords	building, layout, floor plans, structures, construction, design, details, expert systems, prefabrication
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:09

_id	d703
authors	Tovey, M.
year	1989
title	Drawing and CAD in industrial design
source	Design Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 24-39
summary	Drawing is an essential component in the industrial design process, facilitating visual thinking and creativity. It constitutes one type of design model, along with specifications, 3D representations and CAD techniques. The design process involves movement from one model to another, and by using representations of different types and at different levels of detail a fluid and inventive design approach is facilitated. Examples of schematic drawings, ideas sketches and concept drawings demonstrate this in product design and transport design. CAD has proved to be highly effective in evaluative and analytical design development, and in manufacture. It is inherently unsuitable for innovative design, but has potential for contributing to evolutionary design, as is evidenced by its proven effectiveness in engineering optimization. Automotive design is almost always concerned with design evolution, and procedures for car stylists to work productively with CAD are being developed in Coventry Polytechnic's SERC funded research project Computer Aided Vehicle Styling. Vehicle stylist's design thinking is characterized by holistic, right-hemisphere processes informed by tacit knowledge and dependent on visual representation. They have particular difficulties with CAD systems. Nonetheless, design techniques that capitalize on CAD's potential and may be applicable to industrial design are briefly described. CAD drawings and conventional design drawings are compared by using examples from the car industry, and from the research project. Tentative speculations about future design procedures are made.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	ed07
authors	Love, James
year	1990
title	A Case Study in Knowledge-Based System Development : Envelope Design for Reduction of Traffic Noise Transmission
source	February, 1990. 19 p. : some ill. and table. includes a bibliography
summary	Researchers have demonstrated the value of replication of research and explicit testing of concepts in artificial intelligence (Ritchie and Hanna 1989). In this study, a rule- based system was implemented as an exercise in the application of the theory and practice of knowledge-based systems development to architectural design analysis. The test domain was the selection of wall and window assemblies to provide adequate noise reduction given a set of traffic and building site conditions. This domain was chosen for two reasons: (1) considerable detailed heuristic information was available; and (2) it avoided large solutions spaces, 'errorful' and time-dependent data, and unreliable knowledge. Development of the system in conjunction with an extensive literature review revealed that publications on construction and performance of rule-based systems provided insufficient detail on key aspects of system architecture. Topics suffering from neglect or insufficiently rigorous treatment included algorithms used in automated inference, methods for selection of inference procedures, the integration of numerical and symbolic processing, the formulation of explanation mechanisms to deal with integrated numerical and symbolic processing, testing methods, and software standardization. Improving the quality and scope of knowledge in these areas is essential if expert systems are to be applied effectively in architectural design
keywords	CAD, expert systems, acoustics, applications, knowledge base, design, architecture, AI, analysis
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:09

_id	03f1
authors	Smeltzer, Geert T.A.
year	1989
title	A CAAD Curriculum
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 5.5.1-5.5.12
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.f8c
summary	This paper is about the backgrounds, the present state, the results and the future expectations of the curriculum of Calibre, at the Faculty of Architecture and Building Science of the Eindhoven University of Technology. It will also touch upon the relationships with project work in our field but also in other fields of our Architectural (and Building) education. In the paper it is emphasised that teachers need to create a need for the use of certain features of computer systems. To make students aware of the (possible) CAD needs and answering to those needs at a more or less individual way asks a high level of understanding of the underlying concept and features of the CAD systems. Because of the flexibility (amongst other qualities), we, and so many others, have made a choice to use AutoCAD as 8 kind of thread that runs through our curriculum continuously and that exists out of 6 main parts. These parts vary from an introduction to Integrated Data Processing via CADD, Graphics and Data Structures and Expert Systems to System Development Methods. Half of our curriculum Is compulsory for all the faculty students, the other half is facultative but very well attended.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	2786
authors	Woodwark, J.R.
year	1989
title	Splitting Set-Theoretic Solid Models into Connected Components
source	10 p. : ill. Winchester: IBM UK Scientific Center, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Limited, June, 1989. IBM UKSC 210. includes bibliography In general, there is no way to tell how many pieces (connected components) a set-theoretic (CSG) solid model represents, except via conversion to a boundary model. Recent work on the elimination of redundant primitives has been linked with techniques for identifying connected components in quad-trees and oct-trees into a strategy to attack this problem. Some success has been achieved, and an experimental Prolog program, working in two dimensions, that finds connected components and determines the set-theoretic representation of each component, is reported, and further developments proposed. CSG / quadtree / octree / primitives / algorithms. 43. Woodwark, J. R. and Quinlan K. M. 'Reducing the Effect of Complexity on Volume Model Evaluation.' Computer Aided Design. April, 1982. pp. 89-95 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	A major problem with volume modelling systems is that processing times may increase with model complexity in a worse than linear fashion. The authors have addressed this problem, for picture generation, by repeatedly dividing the space occupied by a model, and evaluating the sub-models created only when they meet a criterion of simplicity. Hidden surface elimination has been integrated with evaluation, in such a way that major portions of the model which are not visible are never evaluated. An example demonstrates a better than linear relationship between model complexity and computation time, and also shows the effect of picture complexity on the performance of the process
keywords	CAD, computational geometry, solid modeling, geometric modeling, algorithms, hidden surfaces, CSG
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e19d
authors	Birmingham, William P. and Siewiorek, Daniel P.
year	1989
title	Capturing Designer Expertise : The CGEN System
source	18 p. : ill Pittsburgh, PA: Engineering Design Research Center, CMU, August, 1989. EDRC 18-08-89. includes bibliography.
summary	Knowledge-based systems are becoming pervasive in the computer-aided design area. For these systems to achieve satisfactory levels of performance large amounts of knowledge are necessary. However, the acquisition of knowledge is a difficult and tedious task. Automated knowledge-acquisition tools (AKAT) provide capabilities for quickly building and maintaining knowledge-bases. This paper describes the CGEN AKAT, which allows hardware designers, unfamiliar with artificial intelligence programming techniques, to deposit their expertise into a synthesis tool's knowledge-base. A set of experiments which tested CGEN's capabilities are presented. The experiments show that with CGEN hardware designers can produce high quality knowledge-bases
keywords	CAD, automation, knowledge acquisition, tools, AI, programming, knowledge base, systems, integrated circuits, hardware
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	avocaad_2001_02
id	avocaad_2001_02
authors	Cheng-Yuan Lin, Yu-Tung Liu
year	2001
title	A digital Procedure of Building Construction: A practical project
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In earlier times in which computers have not yet been developed well, there has been some researches regarding representation using conventional media (Gombrich, 1960; Arnheim, 1970). For ancient architects, the design process was described abstractly by text (Hewitt, 1985; Cable, 1983); the process evolved from unselfconscious to conscious ways (Alexander, 1964). Till the appearance of 2D drawings, these drawings could only express abstract visual thinking and visually conceptualized vocabulary (Goldschmidt, 1999). Then with the massive use of physical models in the Renaissance, the form and space of architecture was given better precision (Millon, 1994). Researches continued their attempts to identify the nature of different design tools (Eastman and Fereshe, 1994). Simon (1981) figured out that human increasingly relies on other specialists, computational agents, and materials referred to augment their cognitive abilities. This discourse was verified by recent research on conception of design and the expression using digital technologies (McCullough, 1996; Perez-Gomez and Pelletier, 1997). While other design tools did not change as much as representation (Panofsky, 1991; Koch, 1997), the involvement of computers in conventional architecture design arouses a new design thinking of digital architecture (Liu, 1996; Krawczyk, 1997; Murray, 1997; Wertheim, 1999). The notion of the link between ideas and media is emphasized throughout various fields, such as architectural education (Radford, 2000), Internet, and restoration of historical architecture (Potier et al., 2000). Information technology is also an important tool for civil engineering projects (Choi and Ibbs, 1989). Compared with conventional design media, computers avoid some errors in the process (Zaera, 1997). However, most of the application of computers to construction is restricted to simulations in building process (Halpin, 1990). It is worth studying how to employ computer technology meaningfully to bring significant changes to concept stage during the process of building construction (Madazo, 2000; Dave, 2000) and communication (Haymaker, 2000).In architectural design, concept design was achieved through drawings and models (Mitchell, 1997), while the working drawings and even shop drawings were brewed and communicated through drawings only. However, the most effective method of shaping building elements is to build models by computer (Madrazo, 1999). With the trend of 3D visualization (Johnson and Clayton, 1998) and the difference of designing between the physical environment and virtual environment (Maher et al. 2000), we intend to study the possibilities of using digital models, in addition to drawings, as a critical media in the conceptual stage of building construction process in the near future (just as the critical role that physical models played in early design process in the Renaissance). This research is combined with two practical building projects, following the progress of construction by using digital models and animations to simulate the structural layouts of the projects. We also tried to solve the complicated and even conflicting problems in the detail and piping design process through an easily accessible and precise interface. An attempt was made to delineate the hierarchy of the elements in a single structural and constructional system, and the corresponding relations among the systems. Since building construction is often complicated and even conflicting, precision needed to complete the projects can not be based merely on 2D drawings with some imagination. The purpose of this paper is to describe all the related elements according to precision and correctness, to discuss every possibility of different thinking in design of electric-mechanical engineering, to receive feedback from the construction projects in the real world, and to compare the digital models with conventional drawings.Through the application of this research, the subtle relations between the conventional drawings and digital models can be used in the area of building construction. Moreover, a theoretical model and standard process is proposed by using conventional drawings, digital models and physical buildings. By introducing the intervention of digital media in design process of working drawings and shop drawings, there is an opportune chance to use the digital media as a prominent design tool. This study extends the use of digital model and animation from design process to construction process. However, the entire construction process involves various details and exceptions, which are not discussed in this paper. These limitations should be explored in future studies.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	a718
authors	Cuomo, Donna L. and Sharit, Joseph
year	1989
title	A Study of Human Performance in Computer-Aided Architectural Design
source	International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 1989. vol. 1: pp. 69-107 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes the development and application of a cognitively-based performance methodology for assessing human performance on computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) tasks. Two CAAD tasks were employed that were hypothesized to be different in terms of the underlying cognitive processes required for these tasks to be performed. Methods of manipulating task complexity within each of these tasks were then developed. Six architectural graduate students were trained on a commercially available CAAD system. Each student performed the two experimental design tasks at one of three levels of complexity. The data collected included protocols, video recordings of the computer screen, and an interactive script (time-stamped record of every command input and the computers textual response). Performance measures and methods of analysis were developed which reflected the cognitive processes used by the human during design (including problem- solving techniques, planning times, heuristics employed, etc.) and the role of the computer as a design aid. The analysis techniques used included graphical techniques, Markov process analysis, protocol analysis, and error classification and analysis. The results of the study indicated that some measures more directly reflected human design activity while others more directly reflected the efficiency of interaction between the computer and the human. The discussion of the results focuses primarily on the usefulness of the various measures comprising the performance methodology, the usefulness of the tasks employed including methods for manipulating task complexity, and the effectiveness of this system as well as CAAD systems in general for aiding human design processes
keywords	protocol analysis, problem solving, planning, CAD, design process, performance, architecture
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	2728
authors	Daniell, J. and Director, S.W.
year	1989
title	An Object Oriented Approach to CAD Tool Control Within a Design Framework
source	Engineering Design Research Center, CMU, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
summary	As VLSI design frameworks evolve, a distributed control mechanism for CAD tools has become a central research issue. In this paper, we present an object oriented tool integration methodology that treats the tools as objects. This approach simplifies CAD tool control within a design framework making the framework more general, easier to use, and more capable of supporting a large population of CAD tools.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	0f73
authors	Ervin, Stephen M.
year	1990
title	Designing with Diagrams: A Role for Computing in Design Education and Exploration
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 107-122
summary	Environmental designers, design educators and design students using computers are a constituency with a set of requirements for database structure and flexibility, for knowledge representation and inference mechanisms, and for both graphical and non-graphical operations, that are now articulatable and to-date largely unmet. This is especially so in the area called 'preliminary' or 'schematic' design, where our requirements are related to, but different from, those of our colleagues in mechanical and electrical engineering, whose needs have dominated the notable developments in this area. One manifestation of these needs is in the peculiar form of graphics called diagrams , and the ways in which environmental designers (architects, landscape architects., urban designers) use them. Our diagrams are both similar to and different from structural, circuit, or logical diagrams in important ways. These similarities and differences yield basic insights into designing and design knowledge, and provide guidance for some necessary steps in the development of the next generation of CAD systems. Diagrams as a form of knowledge representation have received little scrutiny in the literature of graphic representation and computer graphics. In the following sections I present an overview of the theoretical basis for distinguishing and using diagrams; examine some of the computational requirements for a system of computer-aided diagramming; describe a prototype implementation called CBD (Constraint Based Diagrammer) and illustrate one example of its use; and speculate on the implications and potential applications of these ideas in computer-aided design education.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	eee2
authors	Gero, John S. and Rosenman, Michael A.
year	1989
title	A Conceptual Framework for Knowledge-Based Design Research at Sydney University's Design Computing Unit
source	Southampton/Berlin: CMP/Springer- verlag, 1989. pp. 363-382. Published also in Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 5(2):363-383, 1990
summary	This paper presents the conceptual framework behind the Design Computing Unit's knowledge-based design research. It commences with a brief overview before introducing the role of experience in design. The conceptual schema 'prototypes' is introduced and described within a framework of design as transforming required or expected functions to structure descriptions. Current projects related to this conceptual framework are briefly described
keywords	CAD, knowledge base, design, prototypes, representation
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	sigradi2006_e028c
id	sigradi2006_e028c
authors	Griffith, Kenfield; Sass, Larry and Michaud, Dennis
year	2006
title	A strategy for complex-curved building design:Design structure with Bi-lateral contouring as integrally connected ribs
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 465-469
summary	Shapes in designs created by architects such as Gehry Partners (Shelden, 2002), Foster and Partners, and Kohn Peterson and Fox rely on computational processes for rationalizing complex geometry for building construction. Rationalization is the reduction of a complete geometric shape into discrete components. Unfortunately, for many architects the rationalization is limited reducing solid models to surfaces or data on spread sheets for contractors to follow. Rationalized models produced by the firms listed above do not offer strategies for construction or digital fabrication. For the physical production of CAD description an alternative to the rationalized description is needed. This paper examines the coupling of digital rationalization and digital fabrication with physical mockups (Rich, 1989). Our aim is to explore complex relationships found in early and mid stage design phases when digital fabrication is used to produce design outcomes. Results of our investigation will aid architects and engineers in addressing the complications found in the translation of design models embedded with precision to constructible geometries. We present an algorithmically based approach to design rationalization that supports physical production as well as surface production of desktop models. Our approach is an alternative to conventional rapid prototyping that builds objects by assembly of laterally sliced contours from a solid model. We explored an improved product description for rapid manufacture as bilateral contouring for structure and panelling for strength (Kolarevic, 2003). Infrastructure typically found within aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, bilateral contouring is an organized matrix of horizontal and vertical interlocking ribs evenly distributed along a surface. These structures are monocoque and semi-monocoque assemblies composed of structural ribs and skinning attached by rivets and adhesives. Alternative, bi-lateral contouring discussed is an interlocking matrix of plywood strips having integral joinery for assembly. Unlike traditional methods of building representations through malleable materials for creating tangible objects (Friedman, 2002), this approach constructs with the implication for building life-size solutions. Three algorithms are presented as examples of rationalized design production with physical results. The first algorithm [Figure 1] deconstructs an initial 2D curved form into ribbed slices to be assembled through integral connections constructed as part of the rib solution. The second algorithm [Figure 2] deconstructs curved forms of greater complexity. The algorithm walks along the surface extracting surface information along horizontal and vertical axes saving surface information resulting in a ribbed structure of slight double curvature. The final algorithm [Figure 3] is expressed as plug-in software for Rhino that deconstructs a design to components for assembly as rib structures. The plug-in also translates geometries to a flatten position for 2D fabrication. The software demonstrates the full scope of the research exploration. Studies published by Dodgson argued that innovation technology (IvT) (Dodgson, Gann, Salter, 2004) helped in solving projects like the Guggenheim in Bilbao, the leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, and the Millennium Bridge in London. Similarly, the method discussed in this paper will aid in solving physical production problems with complex building forms. References Bentley, P.J. (Ed.). Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, 1-73 Celani, G, (2004) “From simple to complex: using AutoCAD to build generative design systems” in: L. Caldas and J. Duarte (org.) Implementations issues in generative design systems. First Intl. Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, July 2004 Dodgson M, Gann D.M., Salter A, (2004), “Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving: Lessons from High Profile Public Projects,” Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, 2004 Dristas, (2004) “Design Operators.” Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2004 Friedman, M, (2002), Gehry Talks: Architecture + Practice, Universe Publishing, New York, NY, 2002 Kolarevic, B, (2003), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, UK, 2003 Opas J, Bochnick H, Tuomi J, (1994), “Manufacturability Analysis as a Part of CAD/CAM Integration”, Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, 261-292 Rudolph S, Alber R, (2002), “An Evolutionary Approach to the Inverse Problem in Rule-Based Design Representations”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 329-350 Rich M, (1989), Digital Mockup, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1989 Schön, D., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professional Think in Action. Basic Books. 1983 Shelden, D, (2003), “Digital Surface Representation and the Constructability of Gehry’s Architecture.” Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003 Smithers T, Conkie A, Doheny J, Logan B, Millington K, (1989), “Design as Intelligent Behaviour: An AI in Design Thesis Programme”, Artificial Intelligence in Design, 293-334 Smithers T, (2002), “Synthesis in Designing”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 3-24 Stiny, G, (1977), “Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs” Environmental and Planning B, volume 4, pp. 89-98
keywords	Digital fabrication; bilateral contouring; integral connection; complex-curve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	ab63
authors	Gross, Mark D.
year	1990
title	Relational Modeling: A Basis for Computer-Assisted Design
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 123-136
summary	Today's computer assisted design (CAD) systems automate traditional ways of working with tracing paper and pencil, but they cannot represent the rules and relationships of a design. As hardware becomes faster and memory less expensive, more sophisticated fundamental software technologies will be adopted. This shift in the basis of CAD will provide powerful capabilities and offer new ways to think about designing. Recently parametric design, a technique for describing a large class of designs with a small description in code, has become a focus of attention in architectural computing. In parametric CAD systems, design features are identified and keyed to a number of input variables. Changes in the input values result in variations of the basic design. Based on conventional software technologies, parametric design has been successfully applied in many design domains including architecture and is supported by several commercial CAD packages. A weakness of parametric techniques is the need to predetermine which properties are input parameters to be varied and which are to be derived. Relational modeling is a simple and powerful extension of parametric design that overcomes this weakness. By viewing relations as reversible rather than one-way, any set of properties can be chosen as input parameters. For example, a relational model that calculates the shadow length of a given building can also be used to calculate the building height given a desired shadow length. In exercising a relational model the designer is not limited to a pre-selected set of input variables but can explore and experiment freely with changes in all parts of the model. Co is a relational modeling environment under development on the Macintosh-II computer, and Co-Draw, a prototype CAD program based on Co. Co's relationaI engine and object-oriented database provide a powerful basis for modeling design relations. Co-Draw's interactive graphics offer a flexible medium for design exploration. Co provides tools for viewing and editing design models in various representations, including spreadsheet cards, tree and graph structures, as well as plan and elevation graphics. Co's concepts and architecture are described and the implications for design education are discussed.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	0711
authors	Kunnath, S.K., Reinhorn, A.M. and Abel, J.F.
year	1990
title	A Computational Tool for Evaluation of Seismic Performance of RC Buildings
source	February, 1990. [1] 15 p. : ill. graphs, tables. includes bibliography: p. 10-11
summary	Recent events have demonstrated the damaging power of earthquakes on structural assemblages resulting in immense loss of life and property (Mexico City, 1985; Armenia, 1988; San Francisco, 1989). While the present state-of-the-art in inelastic seismic response analysis of structures is capable of estimating response quantities in terms of deformations, stresses, etc., it has not established a physical qualification of these end-results into measures of damage sustained by the structure wherein system vulnerability is ascertained in terms of serviceability, repairability, and/or collapse. An enhanced computational tool is presented in this paper for evaluation of reinforced concrete structures (such as buildings and bridges) subjected to seismic loading. The program performs a series of tasks to enable a complete evaluation of the structural system: (a) elastic collapse- mode analysis to determine the base shear capacity of the system; (b) step-by-step time history analysis using a macromodel approach in which the inelastic behavior of RC structural components is incorporated; (c) reduction of the response quantities to damage indices so that a physical interpretation of the response is possible. The program is built around two graphical interfaces: one for preprocessing of structural and loading data; and the other for visualization of structural damage following the seismic analysis. This program can serve as an invaluable tool in estimating the seismic performance of existing RC buildings and for designing new structures within acceptable levels of damage
keywords	seismic, structures, applications, evaluation, civil engineering, CAD
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 14:41

_id	69b2
authors	McCartney, Allan
year	1989
title	Terrain Modelling Using AutoCad
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 9.4.1-9.4.8
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.w0q
summary	This paper describes the use of a widely-used CAD drafting system, in conjunction with a specialist contouring package, to provide a low-cost facility for terrain modelling, volumetric calculation, and landscape visualisation. One such system is in use at the Department of Architecture & Landscape, Manchester Polytechnic, to enable graduate students on the Landscape Design course to explore the visual and quantitative implications of design proposals, particularly when related to large scale landscape modelling. It is also in commercial use by professional surveyors, waste management contractors, local authorities etc. In addition to AutoCAD, two further packages are employed, one to recover coordinates from existing AutoCAD drawings, and the other to generate contours and volumes from those, or other coordinate data files. The first known as BADGER (Basic AutoCAD Data Grabber & Exchange Routine), and the other is SURVCAD CONTOURS - a contouring program capable of converting large coordinate data files (2500 + points) to a 2.5D terrain model.
keywords	Terrain Modelling, Landscape Visualisation, CAD, Volumetrics
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	e91f
authors	Mitchell, W.J., Liggett, R.S. and Tan, M.
year	1990
title	Top-Down Knowledge-Based Design
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 137-148
summary	Traditional computer drafting systems and three- dimensional geometric modeling systems work in bottom-up fashion. They provide a range of graphic primitives, such as vectors, arcs, and splines, together with operators for inserting, deleting, combining, and transforming instances of these. Thus they are conceptually very similar to word processors, with the difference that they operate on two- dimensional or three-dimensional patterns of graphic primitives rather than one-dimensional strings of characters. This sort of system is effective for input and editing of drawings or models that represent existing designs, but provides little more help than a pencil when you want to construct from scratch a drawing of some complex object such as a human figure, an automobile, or a classical column: you must depend on your own knowledge of what the pieces are and how to shape them and put them together. If you already know how to draw something then a computer drafting system will help you to do so efficiently, but if you do not know how to begin, or how to develop and refine the drawing, then the efficiency that you gain is of little practical consequence. And accelerated performance, flashier color graphics, or futuristic three-dimensional modes of interaction will not help with this problem at all. By contrast, experienced expert graphic artists and designers usually work in top-down fashion-beginning with a very schematic sketch of the whole object, then refining this, in step-by-step fashion, till the requisite level of precision and completeness is reached. For example, a figure drawing might begin as a "stick figure" schema showing lengths and angles of limbs, then be developed to show the general blocking of masses, and finally be resolved down to the finest details of contour and surface. Similarly, an architectural drawing might begin as a parti showing just a skeleton of construction lines, then be developed into a single-line floor plan, then a plan showing accurate wall thicknesses and openings, and finally a fully developed and detailed drawing.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	e8fe
authors	Nagakura, Takehiko
year	1990
title	Shape Recognition and Transformation: A Script-Based Approach
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 149-170
summary	Design evolves. Architects deploy considerable knowledge to develop their designs from one stage to the next. Drawings play a major role in describing the 11 state" of design at each stage; however, they do not explicitly reveal the knowledge used to achieve the design, for the knowledge is concealed in the "process" between these stages rather than in the drawings themselves. This process involves parametric and schematic transformations as well as perception of unanticipated possibilities emerging from the drawings in progress. To make an impact on design, CAD must address these issues of design knowledge, but so far its focus has been instead on drawings as relatively static collections of graphic primitives. This paper introduces the concepts of shapes and shape transformation as fundamental aspects of design knowledge. It is implemented on a computer program in the form of a prototype shape-scripting language. In summary, this language works as a shell to encode a set of shape categories and their transformations, and it enables progressive shape recognition and shape transformation in line drawings. An appropriate set of these encoded transformations may represent a body of syntactic knowledge about an architectural style. This opens up the exciting possibility of a computational implementation of a shape grammar.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	47e8
authors	Pikaar, R.N.
year	1998
title	Situation Analysis of Design Tasks for CAD Systems
source	Behaviour and Information Technology 1989 v.8 n.3 p.191-206
summary	There has been little empirical research on the human aspects of CAD systems. In this paper observations on the analyses of designer activities are presented, by using a systems design approach. The paper concentrates on situation analysis and subsequent allocation of system tasks. A situation analysis was carried out in two design departments. The analysis consisted of a formal system description and a reconstruction interview. During the interview the previous week's activities were reconstructed with the help of photographs of the drawing board and protocols completed by design draughtspersons. This procedure was used for six design projects. In this study the technique of the reconstruction interview proved to be very useful and informative, and enabled three general conclusions to be made. First, designers liked the initial design phase and their responsibility for the final result. Second, they disliked the activities associated with drawing as well as the project documentation phase. Third, they preferred to work with two or more drawings on the drawing board. A number of frequent tasks could be identified, for example, large scale manipulation within and between drawings. In the final section, an example of a global allocation of system tasks for the design of a CAD system is given.
series	other
last changed	2002/07/07 16:01

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