Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	avocaad_2001_19
id	avocaad_2001_19
authors	Shen-Kai Tang, Yu-Tung Liu, Yu-Sheng Chung, Chi-Seng Chung
year	2001
title	The visual harmony between new and old materials in the restoration of historical architecture: A study of computer simulation
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In the research of historical architecture restoration, scholars respectively focus on the field of architectural context and architectural archeology (Shi, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995; Fu, 1995, 1997; Chiu, 2000) or on architecture construction and the procedure of restoration (Shi, 1988, 1989; Chiu, 1990). How to choose materials and cope with their durability becomes an important issue in the restoration of historical architecture (Dasser, 1990; Wang, 1998).In the related research of the usage and durability of materials, some scholars deem that, instead of continuing the traditional ways that last for hundreds of years (that is to replace new materials with old ones), it might be better to keep the original materials (Dasser, 1990). However, unavoidably, some of the originals are much worn. Thus we have to first establish the standard of eliminating components, and secondly to replace identical or similar materials with the old components (Lee, 1990). After accomplishing the restoration, we often unexpectedly find out that the renewed historical building is too new that the sense of history is eliminated (Dasser, 1990; Fu, 1997). Actually this is the important factor that determines the accomplishment of restoration. In the past, some scholars find out that the contrast and conflict between new and old materials are contributed to the different time of manufacture and different coating, such as antiseptic, pattern, etc., which result in the discrepancy of the sense of visual perception (Lee, 1990; Fu, 1997; Dasser, 1990).In recent years, a number of researches and practice of computer technology have been done in the field of architectural design. We are able to proceed design communication more exactly by the application of some systematic softwares, such as image processing, computer graphic, computer modeling/rendering, animation, multimedia, virtual reality and so on (Lawson, 1995; Liu, 1996). The application of computer technology to the research of the preservation of historical architecture is comparatively late. Continually some researchers explore the procedure of restoration by computer simulation technology (Potier, 2000), or establish digital database of the investigation of historical architecture (Sasada, 2000; Wang, 1998). How to choose materials by the technology of computer simulation influences the sense of visual perception. Liu (2000) has a more complete result on visual impact analysis and assessment (VIAA) about the research of urban design projection. The main subjects of this research paper focuses on whether the technology of computer simulation can extenuate the conflict between new and old materials that imposed on visual perception.The objective of this paper is to propose a standard method of visual harmony effects for materials in historical architecture (taking the Gigi Train Station destroyed by the earthquake in last September as the operating example).There are five steps in this research: 1.Categorize the materials of historical architecture and establish the information in digital database. 2.Get new materials of historical architecture and establish the information in digital database. 3.According to the mixing amount of new and old materials, determinate their proportion of the building; mixing new and old materials in a certain way. 4.Assign the mixed materials to the computer model and proceed the simulation of lighting. 5.Make experts and the citizens to evaluate the accomplished computer model in order to propose the expected standard method.According to the experiment mentioned above, we first address a procedure of material simulation of the historical architecture restoration and then offer some suggestions of how to mix new and old materials.By this procedure of simulation, we offer a better view to control the restoration of historical architecture. And, the discrepancy and discordance by new and old materials can be released. Moreover, we thus avoid to reconstructing ¡§too new¡¨ historical architecture.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	avocaad_2001_20
id	avocaad_2001_20
authors	Shen-Kai Tang
year	2001
title	Toward a procedure of computer simulation in the restoration of historical architecture
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In the field of architectural design, “visualization¨ generally refers to some media, communicating and representing the idea of designers, such as ordinary drafts, maps, perspectives, photos and physical models, etc. (Rahman, 1992; Susan, 2000). The main reason why we adopt visualization is that it enables us to understand clearly and to control complicated procedures (Gombrich, 1990). Secondly, the way we get design knowledge is more from the published visualized images and less from personal experiences (Evans, 1989). Thus the importance of the representation of visualization is manifested.Due to the developments of computer technology in recent years, various computer aided design system are invented and used in a great amount, such as image processing, computer graphic, computer modeling/rendering, animation, multimedia, virtual reality and collaboration, etc. (Lawson, 1995; Liu, 1996). The conventional media are greatly replaced by computer media, and the visualization is further brought into the computerized stage. The procedure of visual impact analysis and assessment (VIAA), addressed by Rahman (1992), is renewed and amended for the intervention of computer (Liu, 2000). Based on the procedures above, a great amount of applied researches are proceeded. Therefore it is evident that the computer visualization is helpful to the discussion and evaluation during the design process (Hall, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998; Liu, 1997; Sasada, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1997, 1998). In addition to the process of architectural design, the computer visualization is also applied to the subject of construction, which is repeatedly amended and corrected by the images of computer simulation (Liu, 2000). Potier (2000) probes into the contextual research and restoration of historical architecture by the technology of computer simulation before the practical restoration is constructed. In this way he established a communicative mode among archeologists, architects via computer media.In the research of restoration and preservation of historical architecture in Taiwan, many scholars have been devoted into the studies of historical contextual criticism (Shi, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995; Fu, 1995, 1997; Chiu, 2000). Clues that accompany the historical contextual criticism (such as oral information, writings, photographs, pictures, etc.) help to explore the construction and the procedure of restoration (Hung, 1995), and serve as an aid to the studies of the usage and durability of the materials in the restoration of historical architecture (Dasser, 1990; Wang, 1998). Many clues are lost, because historical architecture is often age-old (Hung, 1995). Under the circumstance, restoration of historical architecture can only be proceeded by restricted pictures, written data and oral information (Shi, 1989). Therefore, computer simulation is employed by scholars to simulate the condition of historical architecture with restricted information after restoration (Potier, 2000). Yet this is only the early stage of computer-aid restoration. The focus of the paper aims at exploring that whether visual simulation of computer can help to investigate the practice of restoration and the estimation and evaluation after restoration.By exploring the restoration of historical architecture (taking the Gigi Train Station destroyed by the earthquake in last September as the operating example), this study aims to establish a complete work on computer visualization, including the concept of restoration, the practice of restoration, and the estimation and evaluation of restoration.This research is to simulate the process of restoration by computer simulation based on visualized media (restricted pictures, restricted written data and restricted oral information) and the specialized experience of historical architects (Potier, 2000). During the process of practicing, communicates with craftsmen repeatedly with some simulated alternatives, and makes the result as the foundation of evaluating and adjusting the simulating process and outcome. In this way we address a suitable and complete process of computer visualization for historical architecture.The significance of this paper is that we are able to control every detail more exactly, and then prevent possible problems during the process of restoration of historical architecture.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	0ef3
authors	Sheppard, S. R. J.
year	1989
title	Visual Simulation: A User's Guide for Architect, Engineers, and Planners.
source	New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold
summary	Contributed by Susan Pietsch (spietsch@arch.adelaide.edu.au)
keywords	3D City Modeling, Development Control, Design Control
series	other
last changed	2001/06/04 20:41

_id	9203
authors	Winston, P. and Horn
year	1989
title	LISP
source	Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (3rd. edition)
summary	The new edition retains the broad coverage of previous editions that has made this book popular both with beginners and with more advanced readers---coverage ranging from the basics of the language to detailed examples showing Lisp in practice. Based on the CommonLisp standard, this book also introduces CommonLisp's object system, CLOS, and the productivity-promoting techniques enabled by object-oriented programming. Application examples drawn from expert systems, natural language interfaces, and symbolic mathematics are featured, and new applications dealing with probability bounds, project simulation, and visual object recognition are introduced.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	avocaad_2001_02
id	avocaad_2001_02
authors	Cheng-Yuan Lin, Yu-Tung Liu
year	2001
title	A digital Procedure of Building Construction: A practical project
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In earlier times in which computers have not yet been developed well, there has been some researches regarding representation using conventional media (Gombrich, 1960; Arnheim, 1970). For ancient architects, the design process was described abstractly by text (Hewitt, 1985; Cable, 1983); the process evolved from unselfconscious to conscious ways (Alexander, 1964). Till the appearance of 2D drawings, these drawings could only express abstract visual thinking and visually conceptualized vocabulary (Goldschmidt, 1999). Then with the massive use of physical models in the Renaissance, the form and space of architecture was given better precision (Millon, 1994). Researches continued their attempts to identify the nature of different design tools (Eastman and Fereshe, 1994). Simon (1981) figured out that human increasingly relies on other specialists, computational agents, and materials referred to augment their cognitive abilities. This discourse was verified by recent research on conception of design and the expression using digital technologies (McCullough, 1996; Perez-Gomez and Pelletier, 1997). While other design tools did not change as much as representation (Panofsky, 1991; Koch, 1997), the involvement of computers in conventional architecture design arouses a new design thinking of digital architecture (Liu, 1996; Krawczyk, 1997; Murray, 1997; Wertheim, 1999). The notion of the link between ideas and media is emphasized throughout various fields, such as architectural education (Radford, 2000), Internet, and restoration of historical architecture (Potier et al., 2000). Information technology is also an important tool for civil engineering projects (Choi and Ibbs, 1989). Compared with conventional design media, computers avoid some errors in the process (Zaera, 1997). However, most of the application of computers to construction is restricted to simulations in building process (Halpin, 1990). It is worth studying how to employ computer technology meaningfully to bring significant changes to concept stage during the process of building construction (Madazo, 2000; Dave, 2000) and communication (Haymaker, 2000).In architectural design, concept design was achieved through drawings and models (Mitchell, 1997), while the working drawings and even shop drawings were brewed and communicated through drawings only. However, the most effective method of shaping building elements is to build models by computer (Madrazo, 1999). With the trend of 3D visualization (Johnson and Clayton, 1998) and the difference of designing between the physical environment and virtual environment (Maher et al. 2000), we intend to study the possibilities of using digital models, in addition to drawings, as a critical media in the conceptual stage of building construction process in the near future (just as the critical role that physical models played in early design process in the Renaissance). This research is combined with two practical building projects, following the progress of construction by using digital models and animations to simulate the structural layouts of the projects. We also tried to solve the complicated and even conflicting problems in the detail and piping design process through an easily accessible and precise interface. An attempt was made to delineate the hierarchy of the elements in a single structural and constructional system, and the corresponding relations among the systems. Since building construction is often complicated and even conflicting, precision needed to complete the projects can not be based merely on 2D drawings with some imagination. The purpose of this paper is to describe all the related elements according to precision and correctness, to discuss every possibility of different thinking in design of electric-mechanical engineering, to receive feedback from the construction projects in the real world, and to compare the digital models with conventional drawings.Through the application of this research, the subtle relations between the conventional drawings and digital models can be used in the area of building construction. Moreover, a theoretical model and standard process is proposed by using conventional drawings, digital models and physical buildings. By introducing the intervention of digital media in design process of working drawings and shop drawings, there is an opportune chance to use the digital media as a prominent design tool. This study extends the use of digital model and animation from design process to construction process. However, the entire construction process involves various details and exceptions, which are not discussed in this paper. These limitations should be explored in future studies.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	22ed
authors	Glaser, Migges M.
year	1989
title	ART + COM Lab Report - BERKOM Project "New Media in Urban Planning"
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 6.1.1-6.1.6
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.l1t
summary	The highly developed glasfiber technology of the Berlin ISDN-B prototype network will make it possible to test a future benefit of the possibilities of real time visual communication for architects and planers in their home office. In the project an external user will be able to share high end visual outputs of a Service Center for Visualisation with his own low end CAAD workstation via ISDN-B. The capabilities of these services will range from a still picture archive, real time access to video film archive, a variety of conventional database services to special postproduction for his own 3D data models. The transferred 3D model can be rendered an animated on the Center's systems, if requested also integrated into a video background film. The production will than be available on his workstation screen. These new means will be evaluated in the view of the architects new possibilities for the design process.
keywords	Multimedia, CAAD Services, Computer Animation
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	maver_062
id	maver_062
authors	Maver, T.W.
year	1989
title	Visual Modelling in Architectural Design
source	Chapter in Computer Graphics in Art, Animation and Design, Springer-Verlag
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2015/02/20 11:29

_id	69b2
authors	McCartney, Allan
year	1989
title	Terrain Modelling Using AutoCad
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 9.4.1-9.4.8
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.w0q
summary	This paper describes the use of a widely-used CAD drafting system, in conjunction with a specialist contouring package, to provide a low-cost facility for terrain modelling, volumetric calculation, and landscape visualisation. One such system is in use at the Department of Architecture & Landscape, Manchester Polytechnic, to enable graduate students on the Landscape Design course to explore the visual and quantitative implications of design proposals, particularly when related to large scale landscape modelling. It is also in commercial use by professional surveyors, waste management contractors, local authorities etc. In addition to AutoCAD, two further packages are employed, one to recover coordinates from existing AutoCAD drawings, and the other to generate contours and volumes from those, or other coordinate data files. The first known as BADGER (Basic AutoCAD Data Grabber & Exchange Routine), and the other is SURVCAD CONTOURS - a contouring program capable of converting large coordinate data files (2500 + points) to a 2.5D terrain model.
keywords	Terrain Modelling, Landscape Visualisation, CAD, Volumetrics
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	c1e2
authors	Norman, Richard B.
year	1990
title	Color Contrast and CAAD: The Seven Color Contrasts of Johannes Itten
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 469-478
summary	Computer-aided architectural design is design with color - the monitor of a CAAD system is a display of color, a place where images are produced by color manipulation. The success of these images can be judged by the ability of the colors selected to communicate graphic ideas and to convey graphic information. Color as a visual phenomena intrigued the impressionist painters at the end of the nineteenth century; it was the focus of much attention at the Bauhaus in Weimar Germany. When Johannes Itten was appointed as a Master of Form at the Bauhaus in 1919, he developed "an aesthetic color theory originating in the experience and intuition of a painter". In his definitive work, Itten postulates seven ways to communicate visual information with color. "Each is unique in character and artistic value, in visual, expressive and symbolic effect, and together they constitute the fundamental resource of color design". These seven contrasts provide a lexicon of the methods by which computer images convey graphic information. The colors which form a computer image can be simply manipulated to illustrate these contrasts; today's computers make color manipulation a very simple matter. This paper is composed of short essays about each of these contrasts and how they can guide the selection of appropriate colors to convey visual intent on a picture tube. Considered together the contrasts of Itten provide a fundamental resource for electronic graphic communication.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	2ea6
authors	Novak, Marcos
year	1989
title	An Experiment in Computational Composition
source	New Ideas and Directions for the 1990’s [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Gainsville (Florida - USA) 27-29 October 1989, pp. 61-83
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1989.061
summary	A compositional study based on a visual interpretation of information theory is introduced. An algorithm is presented that relates variety in spatial parameters to visual information, along with a genetically inspired mechanism for refining a design through cycles of incremental cumulative changes. Two- and three-dimensional examples are shown.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	2a8b
authors	Purcell, Patrick and Applebaum Dan
year	1990
title	Light Table: An Interface To Visual Information Systems
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 229-238
summary	A primary aim of the Light Table project was to see if a combination of the optical laser disc, local area networks, and interactive videographic workstation technology could bring a major visual collection, (such as the Rotch Visual Collections of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), to a campuswide population of undergraduate users. VIS (Visual Information System) is the name being given to the new genre of information technology. Much research and development effort is currently being applied to areas where the image has a special significance, for example in architecture and planning, in graphic and fine arts, in biology, in medicine, and in photography. One particular advance in the technology of VIS has been the facility to access visual information across a distributed computer system via LAN (Local Area Networks) and video delivery systems, (such as campus TV cable). This advance allows users to retrieve images from both local and remote sources, dispatching the image search through the LAN, and receiving the images back at their workstation via dedicated channels on the campus TV cable. Light Table is the title of a system that acts as a computer-based interactive videographic interface to a variety of visual information systems described in the body of this paper. It takes its name from the traditional, back- lit, translucent light table that lecturers use to assemble and view collections of slides for talks and seminars. The component of Light Table which is being reported in greatest detail here, a software outcome called Galatea, is a versatile and robust system capable of controlling video devices in a networked environment.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	c9f3
authors	Shaviv, Edna
year	1989
title	Implementation of Solid Modeling in High Hierarchy Architectural Language (HHAL)
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 8.2.1.8.2.21
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.a0j
summary	This work illustrates the use of solid modeling for the representation and analysis of complex architectural structures and details. While the approach is a general one it is demonstrated and implemented on the visual representation and evaluation of Mediaeval Age basilican structures. Basilican structures have the advantage that rules of composition for defining their form are well formulated. These rules are imposed on the solid modeler as high hierarchy architectural language (HHALL). It is within this language that the basilican structures are described and analyzed.
keywords	High Hierarchy Architectural Language (HHAL), Solid Modeling, Shape Grammar, Formal Language, Design Systems, Basilican Structures
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	d703
authors	Tovey, M.
year	1989
title	Drawing and CAD in industrial design
source	Design Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 24-39
summary	Drawing is an essential component in the industrial design process, facilitating visual thinking and creativity. It constitutes one type of design model, along with specifications, 3D representations and CAD techniques. The design process involves movement from one model to another, and by using representations of different types and at different levels of detail a fluid and inventive design approach is facilitated. Examples of schematic drawings, ideas sketches and concept drawings demonstrate this in product design and transport design. CAD has proved to be highly effective in evaluative and analytical design development, and in manufacture. It is inherently unsuitable for innovative design, but has potential for contributing to evolutionary design, as is evidenced by its proven effectiveness in engineering optimization. Automotive design is almost always concerned with design evolution, and procedures for car stylists to work productively with CAD are being developed in Coventry Polytechnic's SERC funded research project Computer Aided Vehicle Styling. Vehicle stylist's design thinking is characterized by holistic, right-hemisphere processes informed by tacit knowledge and dependent on visual representation. They have particular difficulties with CAD systems. Nonetheless, design techniques that capitalize on CAD's potential and may be applicable to industrial design are briefly described. CAD drawings and conventional design drawings are compared by using examples from the car industry, and from the research project. Tentative speculations about future design procedures are made.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	020e
authors	Wade, John W. and Baur, J. Scott
year	1989
title	Evaluation According to a Metric for Visual Order
source	December 1989. 18 p. includes bibliography
summary	Varying degrees of stimulus in the environment are appropriate to different tasks, so a uniform level of order in design cannot account for the many activities that will take place in a building. An ability to measure the visual order in a scene would facilitate the evaluation of design proposals. The designer could apply such a measure to establish a preferred level of order for a particular activity. A measure of order would also make possible the evaluation of the finished building product in terms of its use and in terms of any explicit goals of the designer. This paper describes a group of hypotheses proposed by Wade in a 1976 paper intended to develop a metric for visual order. It then examines the available literature to include other research that relates to this topic. It brings the earlier hypotheses up to date, outlines a strategy for testing those hypotheses, and proposes to develop the metric using computer image processing techniques. It also describes the methods that will be applied to validate the metric against the order that people perceive in the environment. To establish an objective standard for order, the metric that assesses the order will address only the features and attributes specific to scene. Thus, the measure will depend on neither the semantic content nor the figural properties of the field. The hypotheses under investigation are: (1) That visual order is related to the number of potential figure-ground shifts present in a visual field; (2) that the number of figure- ground shifts is dependent on the degree of articulation of the field; (3) that the number of figure-ground shifts is dependent on the distribution of color in the visual field; and (4) that the number of figure-ground shifts is dependent on the structure of the visual field. The various components of these elements are also detailed. From this, the designer will be able to determine which components of a design possess the appropriate level of order for a given task and which do not. The direct application of these principles will be explored in the design studio
keywords	evaluation, analysis, aesthetics, form
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	maver_065
id	maver_065
authors	Clarke, J. and Maver, T.W.
year	1989
title	Advanced Design Tools for Energy Conscious Design
source	Paper to Royal Society
summary	This paper is concerned with building energy simulation and the prospects for the delivery of a new generation of simulation based, valid and easy to use design tools to the building construction industry. The issues relating to design tools development and use are discussed and the present state-of-the-art is described. Some medium to long term developments are then identified, including an intelligent front end and the notion of an advanced machine environment for the construction and maintenance of future models concerned with building energy and environment. The mechanisms for technology transfer are identified and experiences recounted of the first two years operation of an innovatory energy design advisory service. The paper finishes with a look to the future of the information technologies in building design.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/09/03 15:01

_id	4f00
authors	Gero, John S. and Sudweeks, F. (editors)
year	1989
title	Expert Systems in Engineering, Architecture and Construction
source	360 p University of Sydney: 1989. CADLINE has abstract only.
summary	Engineering involves both cognitive and calculational processes. It involves judgement as well as numeracy. Cognitive processes and judgement are better served by expert systems than other existing technologies. Expert systems are not designed to replace technologies currently used in engineering, rather they are and will continue to augment them. Clearly, better tools are needed and further education of engineers is needed. This conference aims to provide a forum for the presentation of developments and applications of expert systems in engineering, primarily in Australasia. The 20 papers accepted for presentation span the spectrum of engineering applications of expert systems from analysis and diagnosis, through simulation and modeling, learning, to design and synthesis
keywords	expert systems, knowledge base, design process, architecture, structures, engineering, construction, analysis, simulation, modeling, learning, synthesis
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	acadia06_079
id	acadia06_079
authors	Kumar, Shilpi
year	2006
title	Architecture and Industrial Design A Convergent Process for Design
source	Synthetic Landscapes [Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture] pp. 79-94
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2006.079
summary	The use of technology has grown with the way design professions have evolved over time. Changing needs, desires of comfort, and perceptions of the consumers have led to a distinct improvement in the design of both product and architecture. The use of the digital media and emerging technologies has brought a dramatic change to the design process allowing us to view, feel, and mould a virtual object at every stage of design, development, and engineering. Change is often quick and easy since a virtual product does not inherently carry the biases of its physical counterpart. In order to communicate ideas across the team, digital processes are also used to bring together opinions, experiences, and perspectives. These methods encourage decision making based on information rather than prejudice or instinct. Thus, digital exchanges (technology) impact firm strategies at three levels: product, process, and administrative or support activities (Adler 1989).Digital tools for design exchange in Industrial Design (ID) began much earlier than many other professions. The profession of Architecture is also slowly moving to a similar model with digital exchange finding increasing prevalence in drawing, modeling, performance simulation, design collaboration, construction management, and building fabrication. The biggest problem is the disintegrated use of technology in the architectural profession without a strategy toward streamlining the design process from conception to fabrication. In this paper we investigate how the use of technology has evolved in the professions of Industrial Design and Architecture comparatively in their product, process, and support activities. Further, we will present a set of guidelines that will help architects in the convergence of design process, helping in a more efficient work flow with a strategic use of digital technology.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	c903
authors	Mark, Earl
year	1990
title	Case Studies in Moviemaking and Computer-Aided Design
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 393-412
summary	A movie which is developed from site location video, sync sound, and computer graphics animation can provide a highly convincing simulation of reality. A movie that conveys a sense of the space, materials and juxtaposition of objects of a proposed architectural design provides a special kind of realism, where the representation may be of a proposed building that exists only within the mind of an architect. For an experienced architect, however, the movie may not provide a good surrogate experience for what it feels like to actually be within the architectural space. In these case studies, a few projects that combine moviemaking and computer-aided design technologies are examined. These projects were completed using a combination of resources at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning and the Harvard Graduate School of Design. The integrated use of these media is presented as conceptualized with the Electronic Design Studio, a research project that has been supported over the past five years by Project Athena at MIT. The impact of movies and computer-aided design on the perception of architectural space is also reported- based on a pilot study of twenty architectural students.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	cf15
authors	Penttilä, Hannu
year	1989
title	Computer Aided Building Modeling
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 3.2.1-3.2.11
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.d2h
summary	The subject of computer-aided building modeling is often discussed in various contexts, sometimes without clear explanation of what is modelled. Usually modeling refers to 3-dimensional geometric modeling, but nowadays also conceptual modeling and mathematical simulation aspects are more and more evident. Building modeling should though be considered more widely than just plain geometric visualization. This paper establishes one common framework for discussion about different building modeling viewpoints arranging discipline viewpoints, approach methods, existing standards and application tools within one context. Although several viewpoints are declared conceptual building modeling is regarded the main emphasis of this paper, since it definitely will be one of the key issues in developing methods and tools for computer integrated construction (CIC) in the future.
keywords	Building Modeling, Building Information and Data, Product Modeling, Conceptual Modeling, Geometric Modeling, Standards, Application Programs
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.tut.fi/~penttila/index.html
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	1920
authors	Riesbeck, C. and Schank, R.C.
year	1989
title	Inside Case-based Reasoning
source	Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ
summary	Case-based reasoning, broadly construed, is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. An auto mechanic who fixes an engine by recalling another car that exhibited similar symptoms is using case-based reasoning. A lawyer who advocates a particular outcome in a trial based on legal precedents is using case-based reasoning. It has been argued that case-based reasoning is not only a powerful method for computer reasoning, but also a pervasive behavior in everyday human problem solving. Case-based reasoning (CBR) has been formalized as a four-step process:N 1. Retrieve: Given a target problem, retrieve cases from memory that are relevant to solving it. A case consists of a problem, its solution, and, typically, annotations about how the solution was derived. For example, suppose Fred wants to prepare blueberry pancakes. Being a novice cook, the most relevant experience he can recall is one in which he successfully made plain pancakes. The procedure he followed for making the plain pancakes, together with justifications for decisions made along the way, constitutes Fred's retrieved case. 2. Reuse: Map the solution from the previous case to the target problem. This may involve adapting the solution as needed to fit the new situation. In the pancake example, Fred must adapt his retrieved solution to include the addition of blueberries. 3. Revise: Having mapped the previous solution to the target situation, test the new solution in the real world (or a simulation) and, if necessary, revise. Suppose Fred adapted his pancake solution by adding blueberries to the batter. After mixing, he discovers that the batter has turned blue -- an undesired effect. This suggests the following revision: delay the addition of blueberries until after the batter has been ladled into the pan. 4. Retain: After the solution has been successfully adapted to the target problem, store the resulting experience as a new case in memory. Fred, accordingly, records his newfound procedure for making blueberry pancakes, thereby enriching his set of stored experiences, and better preparing him for future pancake-making demands. At first glance, CBR may seem similar to the rule-induction algorithmsP of machine learning.N Like a rule-induction algorithm, CBR starts with a set of cases or training examples; it forms generalizations of these examples, albeit implicit ones, by identifying commonalities between a retrieved case and the target problem. For instance, when Fred mapped his procedure for plain pancakes to blueberry pancakes, he decided to use the same basic batter and frying method, thus implicitly generalizing the set of situations under which the batter and frying method can be used. The key difference, however, between the implicit generalization in CBR and the generalization in rule induction lies in when the generalization is made. A rule-induction algorithm draws its generalizations from a set of training examples before the target problem is even known; that is, it performs eager generalization. For instance, if a rule-induction algorithm were given recipes for plain pancakes, Dutch apple pancakes, and banana pancakes as its training examples, it would have to derive, at training time, a set of general rules for making all types of pancakes. It would not be until testing time that it would be given, say, the task of cooking blueberry pancakes. The difficulty for the rule-induction algorithm is in anticipating the different directions in which it should attempt to generalize its training examples. This is in contrast to CBR, which delays (implicit) generalization of its cases until testing time -- a strategy of lazy generalization. In the pancake example, CBR has already been given the target problem of cooking blueberry pancakes; thus it can generalize its cases exactly as needed to cover this situation. CBR therefore tends to be a good approach for rich, complex domains in which there are myriad ways to generalize a case.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

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