Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	2f1a
authors	Dabney, M.K., Wright, J.C. and Sanders, D.H.
year	1999
title	Virtual Reality and the Future of Publishing Archaeological Excavations: the multimedia publication of the prehistoric settlement on Tsoungiza at Ancient Nemea
source	New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
summary	The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project is a study of settlement and land use in a regional valley system in Greece extending from the Upper Paleolithic until the present. Active field research was conducted by four teams between 1981 and 1990. The first component was a regional archaeological survey. Second, and closely related to the first, was a social anthropological study of modern settlement and land use. Next was a team assigned to excavate the succession of prehistoric settlements of Ancient Nemea on Tsoungiza. Last, historical ecologists, a palynologist, and a geologist formed the environmental component of the research. As a result of advances in electronic publishing, plans for the final publication of the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project have evolved. Complete publication of the excavation of the prehistoric settlements of Ancient Nemea on Tsoungiza will appear in an interactive multimedia format on CD/DVD in Fall 2000. This project is planned to be the first electronic publication of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. We have chosen to publish in electronic format because it will meet the needs and interests of a wider audience, including avocational archaeologists, advanced high school and college students, graduate students, and professional archaeologists. The multimedia format on CD/DVD will permit the inclusion of text, databases, color and black-and-white images, two and three-dimensional graphics, and videos. This publication is being developed in cooperation with Learning Sites, Inc., which specializes in interactive three-dimensional reconstructions of ancient worlds http://www.learningsites.com. The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project is particularly well prepared for the shift towards electronic publishing because the project's field records were designed for and entered in computer databases from the inception of the project. Attention to recording precise locational information for all excavated objects enables us to place reconstructions of objects in their reconstructed architectural settings. Three-dimensional images of architectural remains and associated features will appear both as excavated and as reconstructed. Viewers will be able to navigate these images through the use of virtual reality. Viewers will also be able to reference all original drawings, photographs, and descriptions of the reconstructed architecture and objects. In this way a large audience will be able to view architectural remains, artifacts, and information that are otherwise inaccessible.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	7ee7
authors	Norman, Richard B.
year	1990
title	Electronic Color: The Art of Color Applied to Graphic Computing
source	New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
summary	A beautifully illustrated volume for architects and designers that reviews the theoretical foundations of color and design. The book explores the ideas of Albers, Itten, Kandinsky, Munsell, and other theorists, and provides a technical base for their application to architecture and design by means of color graphic computing. 181 color illustrations.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	0faa
authors	Duelund Mortensen, Peder
year	1991
title	THE FULL-SCALE MODEL WORKSHOP
source	Proceedings of the 3rd European Full-Scale Modelling Conference / ISBN 91-7740044-5 / Lund (Sweden) 13-16 September 1990, pp. 10-11
summary	The workshop is an institution, available for use by the public and established at the Laboratory of Housing in the Art Academy's school of Architecture for a 3 year trial period beginning April 1985. This resumé contains brief descriptions of a variety of representative model projects and an overview of all projects carried out so far, including the pilot projects from 1983 and planned projects to and including January 1987. The Full Scale Model Workshop builds full size models of buildings, rooms and parts of buildings. The purpose of the Full Scale Model Workshop is to promote communication among building's users. The workshop is a tool in an attempt to build bridges between theory and practice in research, experimentation and communication of research results. New ideas and experiments of various sorts can be tried out cheaply, quickly and efficiently through the building of full scale models. Changes can be done on the spot as a planned part of the project and on the basis of ideas and experiments achieved through the model work itself. Buildings and their space can thus be communicated directly to all involved persons, regardless of technical background or training in evaluation of building projects.
keywords	Full-scale Modeling, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed	2004/05/04 15:23

_id	aea2
authors	Laurel, B. (ed.)
year	1990
title	The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design
source	New York: Addison-Wesley.
summary	Human-computer interface design is a new discipline. So new in fact, that Alan Kay of Apple Computer quipped that people "are not sure whether they should order it by the yard or the ton"! Irrespective of the measure, interface design is gradually emerging as a much-needed and timely approach to reducing the awkwardness and inconveniences of human-computer interaction. "Increased cognitive load", "bewildered and tired users" - these are the byproducts of the "plethora of options and the interface conventions" faced by computer users. Originally, computers were "designed by engineers, for engineers". Little or no attention was, or needed to be, paid to the interface. However, the pervasive use of the personal computer and the increasing number and variety of applications and programs has given rise to a need to focus on the "cognitive locus of human-computer interaction" i.e. the interface. What is the interface? Laurel defines the interface as a "contact surface" that "reflects the physical properties of the interactors, the functions to be performed, and the balance of power and control." (p.xiii) Incorporated into her definition are the "cognitive and emotional aspects of the user's experience". In a very basic sense, the interface is "the place where contact between two entities occurs." (p.xii) Doorknobs, steering wheels, spacesuits-these are all interfaces. The greater the difference between the two entities, the greater the need for a well-designed interface. In this case, the two very different entities are computers and humans. Human-conputer interface design looks at how we can lessen the effects of these differences. This means, for Laurel, empowering users by providing them with ease of use. "How can we think about it so that the interfaces we design will empower users?" "What does the user want to do?" These are the questions Laurel believes must be asked by designers. These are the questions addressed directly and indirectly by the approximately 50 contributors to The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design. In spite of the large number of contributors to the book and the wide range of fields with which they are associated, there is a broad consensus on how interfaces can be designed for empowerment and ease of use. User testing, user contexts, user tasks, user needs, user control: these terms appear throughout the book and suggest ways in which design might focus less on the technology and more on the user. With this perspective in mind, contributor D. Norman argues that computer interfaces should be designed so that the user interacts more with the task and less with the machine. Such interfaces "blend with the task", and "make tools invisible" so that "the technology is subervient to that goal". Sellen and Nicol insist on the need for interfaces that are 'simple', 'self-explanatory', 'adaptive' and 'supportive'. Contributors Vertelney and Grudin are interested in interfaces that support the contexts in which many users work. They consider ways in which group-oriented tasks and collaborative efforts can be supported and aided by the particular design of the interface. Mountford equates ease of use with understating the interface: "The art and science of interface design depends largely on making the transaction with the computer as transparent as possible in order to minimize the burden on the user".(p.248) Mountford also believes in "making computers more powerful extensions of our natural capabilities and goals" by offering the user a "richer sensory environment". One way this can be achieved according to Saloman is through creative use of colour. Saloman notes that colour can not only impart information but that it can be a useful mnemonic device to create associations. A richer sensory environment can also be achieved through use of sound, natural speech recognition, graphics, gesture input devices, animation, video, optical media and through what Blake refers to as "hybrid systems". These systems include additional interface features to control components such as optical disks, videotape, speech digitizers and a range of devices that support "whole user tasks". Rich sensory environments are often characteristic of game interfaces which rely heavily on sound and graphics. Crawford believes we have a lot to learn from the design of games and that they incorporate "sound concepts of user interface design". He argues that "games operate in a more demanding user-interface universe than other applications" since they must be both "fun" and "functional".
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	4e31
authors	Norman, Richard B.
year	1990
title	Electronic Color : The Art of Color Applied to Graphic Computing
source	xiv, 186 p. : ill. (some col.) New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. includes bibliography
summary	This book offers artists an introduction to a new technology for the communication of visual ideas, and it offers scientists an introduction to principles of art that have existed forever, but made simpler to communicate because of the new technology. The 9 chapters of the book cover such topics as: The language of color (tools and teaching, the elements of design, how color speaks, electronic color as teacher); A theory of contrasts (the Bauhaus, the seven contrasts of Johannes Itten, design applications); Color models (the need for order, traditional concepts of color organization, computer color selection, inventing a color space); Electronics as a source of color (color images, the color monitor, additive and subtractive color, the automation of graphics, reproduction of the computer image); The dynamics of color (dynamics in painting, impressionism, the Albers color descriptions, color dynamics today, dynamic architectural images); Illusions of space and form (transparency, perception of space, definition of form); Color psychology (the meaning of color, the colors, color transposition, applied psychology); Color in the design process (the discovery of site, the design of buildings, the color of cities); The representation of form (automation of the construction process, intuition in drawing, intuition in design, form and color)
keywords	computer graphics, color, education
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	86c7
authors	Schallhammer, J. and Wenz, F.
year	1991
title	Workshop Report: From CAD Graphics to an Art Exhibition
source	Experiences with CAAD in Education and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Munich (Germany) 17-19 October 1991
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1991.x.f4k
summary	The results that will be outlined have been reached at the University of Munich, Faculty of Architecture, Institute for Structural Analysis of Buildings. It started in September 1990 when a group of students decided to focus on questions raised by CAD generated renderings and plots. At that point it seemed to be obvious that CAD systems were about to fundamentally change architectural representation as we know it, which relies heavily on formal, visual and aesthetic qualities, and was developed over hundreds of years. At the same time computers are creating new realities as in high-resolution realistic renderings, animation or virtual reality systems. It was necessary to explore the resulting new techniques and possibilities while applying them to architectural projects.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	c3f1
authors	Jackson, Daniel M.
year	1990
title	Electronic Telecommunications and the Emergence ofGlobal Architecture
source	School of Architecture and Planning, State University of New York at Buffalo
summary	The act of communicating is an organizational behavior which can be learned and modified to create the most efficient environment for the exchange of information. A state of effective communication relies not only upon its methods but also upon its underlying state of organization. In utilizing the computer to decrease the obstruction of time and distance, the profession can accelerate and become more efficient in communicating on the three most basic levels of information and thought transfer: (1) between the architect and the client; (2) between the architect and the design team (whether they are within the same office or are distant consultants); and (3) between the constantly growing and universally accessible sources of both specific and general knowledge and data bases. The use of the computer as a tool for instantaneous access to knowledge pools, clients and other professionals poses several questions which should be of great concern within the architectural community which has become compartmentalized. This paper explores how the computer can aid the architect in communication amongst peers, with the client, and eventually, with the builder and user. Furthermore, this paper proposes a 'global network' or 'global office' as an extension of current practice wherein the architect's entire scope of design knowledge is broadened. [Citation from CADLine]
keywords	Architecture; Communication; Information; Practice
series	thesis:MSc
last changed	2002/12/14 19:17

_id	4c3d
authors	Johnson, Robert
year	1990
title	The Economics of Building : A Practical Guide for the Design Professional
source	xvii, 209 p. : ill. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1990. includes bibliography
summary	This book is both an introduction to economic principles and theories as they relate to building design decisions, and a practical reference guide on how to use economic principles when making decisions. It unites a variety of specialized topics relating to building economics, such as cost estimating, life-cycle costing, cost indexes, capital budgeting, decision analysis, and real estate feasibility analysis, developing them within the framework of an integrated approach to making building design and management decisions. This integrated approach is developed by adapting basic approaches of decision theory to economic evaluation. This book attempts to achieve a sensible balance between the need to simplify relatively complex economic and decision theory principles and practices without sacrificing the intellectual content of the material
keywords	economics, practice, education, construction, architecture, theory, building process, evaluation, prediction, management, decision making
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	46f1
authors	Patterson, J.F.
year	1990
title	Rendezvous: An Architecture for Synchronous Multi-User Applications
source	Proceedings, Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. New York: ACM, pp. 317-328
summary	Rendezvous is an architecture for creating synchronous multi-user applications. It consists of two parts: a run-time architecture for managing the multi-user session and a start-up architecture for managing the network connectivity. The run-time architecture is based on a User Interface Management System called MEL, which is a language extension to Common Lisp providing support for graphics operations, object-oriented programming, and constraints. Constraints are used to manage three dimensions of sharing: sharing of underlying information, sharing of views, and sharing of access. The start-up architecture decouples invoking and joining an application so that not all users need be known when the application is started. At present, the run-time architecture is completed and running test applications. As a first test of the complete Rendezvous architecture, we will implement a multi-user card game by the end of the summer.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	8927
authors	Brown, G.Z., McDonald, M. and Meacham, M.
year	1990
title	A Review of Computer Use in Industrialized Housing
source	October, 1990. 72 p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The U.S. housing industry is becoming increasingly industrialized. In the process, housing production is becoming more standardized and rationalized, which have the potential to make computerization of the production process easier. This report reviews, assess and documents the extent of computer use in marketing, design, engineering and manufacturing of industrialized housing. Compares and contrasts the state of the art in U.S. vs. Japan and Western Europe. It assess and documents the needs of the domestic industry in this field, and establishes design criteria for new computerized energy tools unique to industrialized housing
keywords	prefabrication, housing, CAD, practice, building, energy, management
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	caadria2011_061
id	caadria2011_061
authors	Celani, Gabriela; José P. Duarte and Carlos V. Vaz
year	2011
title	The gardens revisited: The link between technology, meaning and logic?
source	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / The University of Newcastle, Australia 27-29 April 2011, pp. 643-652
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2011.643
summary	The objective of this paper is to compare the computational concepts present in three books published by Mitchell between 1987 and 1990: The art of computer-graphics programming (1987), which has Robin Liggett and Thomas Kvan as co-authors, The logic of architecture (1990), probably his most influential work, and The poetics of gardens (1988), which has Charles Moore and William Turnbull as coauthors. By looking at the concepts that are presented in the three books and establishing a comparison between them, we expect to show that The poetics of Gardens should not be seen as a detour from Mitchell´s line of research, but rather as a key piece for understanding the relationship between technology, meaning and logic in his very coherent body of work.
keywords	Computational design concepts; technology; meaning; logic
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	e73e
authors	Christiansson, Per
year	1990
title	State of the Art of Computer Use in Practical Architectural Design in Sweden
source	A/E/C Systems Japan. September, 1990. [4] p. English and Japanese
summary	A status report on Computer Aided Design in Sweden, since 1986
keywords	CAD, architecture, practice
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	ga0202
id	ga0202
authors	Frazer, Jh., Frazer, J., Liu X., Tang M. and Janssen, P.
year	2002
title	Generative and Evolutionary Techniques for Building Envelope Design
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	The authors have been involved in the use of generative techniques for building envelope design since 1968 and the use of genetic algorithms since 1990. Recent work has focused on incorporating optimisation functions into form generating processes in order for new forms responding to varied design environments to be created and determined. This paper will summarise the authors’ previous work in this field and explain the theory behind this approach, and illustrate recent developments. While the initial implementation of a new building envelope design system is reported in more details in a related paper at this conference, this paper outlines its main features and points out the direction at which it is to be fully developed and further improved.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	2ccd
authors	Kalisperis, Loukas N.
year	1994
title	3D Visualization in Design Education
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 177-184
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.177
summary	It has been said that "The beginning of architecture is empty space." (Mitchell 1990) This statement typifies a design education philosophy in which the concepts of space and form are separated and defined respectively as the negative and positive of the physical world, a world where solid objects exist and void-the mere absence of substance-is a surrounding atmospheric emptiness. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, however, there has been an alternative concept of space as a continuum: that there is a continuously modified surface between the pressures of form and space in which the shape of the space in our lungs is directly connected to the shape of the space within which we exist. (Porter 1979). The nature of the task of representing architecture alters to reflect the state of architectural understanding at each period of time. The construction of architectural space and form represents a fundamental achievement of humans in their environment and has always involved effort and materials requiring careful planning, preparation, and forethought. In architecture there is a necessary conversion to that which is habitable, experiential, and functional from an abstraction in an entirely different medium. It is often an imperfect procedure that centers on the translation rather than the actual design. Design of the built environment is an art of distinctions within the continuum of space, for example: between solid and void, interior and exterior, light and dark, or warm and cold. It is concerned with the physical organization and articulation of space. The amount and shape of the void contained and generated by the building create the fabric and substance of the built environment. Architecture as a design discipline, therefore, can be considered as a creative expression of the coexistence of form and space on a human scale. As Frank Ching writes in Architecture: Form, Space, and Order, "These elements of form and space are the critical means of architecture. While the utilitarian concerns of function and use can be relatively short lived, and symbolic interpretations can vary from age to age, these primary elements of form and space comprise timeless and fundamental vocabulary of the architectural designer." (1979)
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	0711
authors	Kunnath, S.K., Reinhorn, A.M. and Abel, J.F.
year	1990
title	A Computational Tool for Evaluation of Seismic Performance of RC Buildings
source	February, 1990. [1] 15 p. : ill. graphs, tables. includes bibliography: p. 10-11
summary	Recent events have demonstrated the damaging power of earthquakes on structural assemblages resulting in immense loss of life and property (Mexico City, 1985; Armenia, 1988; San Francisco, 1989). While the present state-of-the-art in inelastic seismic response analysis of structures is capable of estimating response quantities in terms of deformations, stresses, etc., it has not established a physical qualification of these end-results into measures of damage sustained by the structure wherein system vulnerability is ascertained in terms of serviceability, repairability, and/or collapse. An enhanced computational tool is presented in this paper for evaluation of reinforced concrete structures (such as buildings and bridges) subjected to seismic loading. The program performs a series of tasks to enable a complete evaluation of the structural system: (a) elastic collapse- mode analysis to determine the base shear capacity of the system; (b) step-by-step time history analysis using a macromodel approach in which the inelastic behavior of RC structural components is incorporated; (c) reduction of the response quantities to damage indices so that a physical interpretation of the response is possible. The program is built around two graphical interfaces: one for preprocessing of structural and loading data; and the other for visualization of structural damage following the seismic analysis. This program can serve as an invaluable tool in estimating the seismic performance of existing RC buildings and for designing new structures within acceptable levels of damage
keywords	seismic, structures, applications, evaluation, civil engineering, CAD
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 14:41

_id	7449
authors	Medero Rocha, Isabel A. and Danckwardt, Voltaire
year	2000
title	Projeto Missões, Computação Gráfica - Multimídia da Reconstituição Computadorizada da Redução de São Miguel Arcanjo no Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil ("Missões" Project, Computer Graphics and Multimedia of the "Redução de São Miguel Arcanjo" Digital Reconstruction (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil))
source	SIGraDi’2000 - Construindo (n)o espacio digital (constructing the digital Space) [4th SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 85-88027-02-X] Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 25-28 september 2000, pp. 191-193
summary	The Project Missions - Graphical Computation, recoups in a graphical and digital the pictures of the Church and the Reduction of São Miguel Arcanjo/RS/Brasil, allowing to the public a virtual stroll through the set at the time of its foundation in 1687. Initiate in 1990, the design refers the appropriation and implementation of the new computational technologies. The 3D model allows the dynamic visualization of the set, through aerial sights and walkthrough animations into the main streets and the inward of the central ship of the church. For the generation of the model, it was followed the principles of the architectural composition to decompose the parts, to be shaped, defining the architectural and composition elements. This COMPACT DISC, is one of the some midias of the Design Missions - Graphical Computation. In this proposal, the music was developed especially for the COMPACT DISC, looks for to reflect the poetical aspect of the interaction between light, shadow, of the inwards and exteriors, attenuating the technology of a virtual environment. In the integration between the art and the technology its recovered virtually, the poetical way, the memory of one of the icons of the identity of the Rio Grande do Sul, with the objective to keep alive, for the new generations, a patrimony that practically in ruins would have the souvenir of its lost real picture in the time.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	ga0222
id	ga0222
authors	Rocha, A. Medero and Danckwardt, Voltaire
year	2002
title	Projeto Missões, Computação Gráfica Multimídia da Reconstituição Computadorizada da Redução de São Miguel Arcanjo no Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	The Design Missions - Graphical Computation, recoups in a graphical and digital the pictures of the Church and the Reduction of São Miguel Arcanjo, RS, Brasil, allowing to the public a virtual stroll through the set at the time of its foundation in 1687. Initiate in 1990, the design refers the appropriation and implementation of the new computational technologies. The 3D model allows the dynamic visualization of the set, through aerial sights and walkthrough animations into the main streets and the inward of the central ship of the church. For the generation of the model, it was followed the principles of the architectural composition to decompose the parts, to be shaped, defining the architectural and composition elements. This COMPACT DISC, is one of the some medias of the Design Missions - Graphical Computation. In this proposal, the music was developed especially for the COMPACT DISC, looks for to reflect the poetical aspect of the interaction between light, shadow, of the inwards and exteriors, attenuating the technology of a virtual environment. In the integration between the art and the technology its recovered virtually, the poetical way, the memory of one of the icons of the identity of the Rio Grande do Sul, with the objective to keep alive, for the new generations, a patrimony that practically in ruins would have the souvenir of its lost real picture in the time.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	fbeb
authors	Witkin, A., Kass, M., Terzopoulos, D. and Barr, A.
year	1990
title	Linking perception and graphics: modeling with dynamic constraints
source	Barlow, H., Blackemore, C. and Weston-Smith, M. (eds), Images and understanding, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 213-226
summary	Images and Understanding Thoughts about Images: Ideas about Understanding How do you paint a picture of infinity? How do you dance about death? How do you draw a diagram explaining entropy? Images and Understanding explores the human problem of moving facts and ideas from one mind to another - the problems of how we see and communicate using images expressed in pictures, diagrams, words, music and dance. For artists as well as scientists discussion of this topic is timely; electronic and computing technology is expanding the means of generating and communicating images, while physiology and psychology are revealing the neural mechanisms of coding, perceiving and understanding them. The book is divided into six sections, each with an explanatory introduction followed by comprehensively illustrated contributions from internationally distinguished figures from fields as diverse as art history, choreography, psychology, computer science, and philosophy. Images and Understanding is unique in viewing the problems of imagery through the eyes of both science and art; it gives new insight into images and new ideas about understanding. Contributors
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	avocaad_2001_02
id	avocaad_2001_02
authors	Cheng-Yuan Lin, Yu-Tung Liu
year	2001
title	A digital Procedure of Building Construction: A practical project
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In earlier times in which computers have not yet been developed well, there has been some researches regarding representation using conventional media (Gombrich, 1960; Arnheim, 1970). For ancient architects, the design process was described abstractly by text (Hewitt, 1985; Cable, 1983); the process evolved from unselfconscious to conscious ways (Alexander, 1964). Till the appearance of 2D drawings, these drawings could only express abstract visual thinking and visually conceptualized vocabulary (Goldschmidt, 1999). Then with the massive use of physical models in the Renaissance, the form and space of architecture was given better precision (Millon, 1994). Researches continued their attempts to identify the nature of different design tools (Eastman and Fereshe, 1994). Simon (1981) figured out that human increasingly relies on other specialists, computational agents, and materials referred to augment their cognitive abilities. This discourse was verified by recent research on conception of design and the expression using digital technologies (McCullough, 1996; Perez-Gomez and Pelletier, 1997). While other design tools did not change as much as representation (Panofsky, 1991; Koch, 1997), the involvement of computers in conventional architecture design arouses a new design thinking of digital architecture (Liu, 1996; Krawczyk, 1997; Murray, 1997; Wertheim, 1999). The notion of the link between ideas and media is emphasized throughout various fields, such as architectural education (Radford, 2000), Internet, and restoration of historical architecture (Potier et al., 2000). Information technology is also an important tool for civil engineering projects (Choi and Ibbs, 1989). Compared with conventional design media, computers avoid some errors in the process (Zaera, 1997). However, most of the application of computers to construction is restricted to simulations in building process (Halpin, 1990). It is worth studying how to employ computer technology meaningfully to bring significant changes to concept stage during the process of building construction (Madazo, 2000; Dave, 2000) and communication (Haymaker, 2000).In architectural design, concept design was achieved through drawings and models (Mitchell, 1997), while the working drawings and even shop drawings were brewed and communicated through drawings only. However, the most effective method of shaping building elements is to build models by computer (Madrazo, 1999). With the trend of 3D visualization (Johnson and Clayton, 1998) and the difference of designing between the physical environment and virtual environment (Maher et al. 2000), we intend to study the possibilities of using digital models, in addition to drawings, as a critical media in the conceptual stage of building construction process in the near future (just as the critical role that physical models played in early design process in the Renaissance). This research is combined with two practical building projects, following the progress of construction by using digital models and animations to simulate the structural layouts of the projects. We also tried to solve the complicated and even conflicting problems in the detail and piping design process through an easily accessible and precise interface. An attempt was made to delineate the hierarchy of the elements in a single structural and constructional system, and the corresponding relations among the systems. Since building construction is often complicated and even conflicting, precision needed to complete the projects can not be based merely on 2D drawings with some imagination. The purpose of this paper is to describe all the related elements according to precision and correctness, to discuss every possibility of different thinking in design of electric-mechanical engineering, to receive feedback from the construction projects in the real world, and to compare the digital models with conventional drawings.Through the application of this research, the subtle relations between the conventional drawings and digital models can be used in the area of building construction. Moreover, a theoretical model and standard process is proposed by using conventional drawings, digital models and physical buildings. By introducing the intervention of digital media in design process of working drawings and shop drawings, there is an opportune chance to use the digital media as a prominent design tool. This study extends the use of digital model and animation from design process to construction process. However, the entire construction process involves various details and exceptions, which are not discussed in this paper. These limitations should be explored in future studies.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	caadria2006_597
id	caadria2006_597
authors	CHOR-KHENG LIM, CHING-SHUN TANG, WEI-YEN HSAO, JUNE-HAO HOU, YU-TUNG LIU
year	2006
title	NEW MEDIA IN DIGITAL DESIGN PROCESS: Towards a standardize procedure of CAD/CAM fabrication
source	CAADRIA 2006 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Kumamoto (Japan) March 30th - April 2nd 2006, 597-599
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2006.x.r4i
summary	In 1990, due to the traditional architecture design and construction method difficult to build the complicated and non-geometry free-form Fish Structure in Barcelona, architect Frank Gehry started learn from the field of aerospace to utilize CAD/CAM technology in design and manufacture process. He created the free-form fish model in CAD system and exported the digital CAD model data to CAM machine (RP and CNC) to fabricate the design components, and finally assembled on the site. Gehry pioneered in the new digital design process in using CAD/CAM technology or so-called digital fabrication. It becomes an important issue recently as the CAD/CAM technology progressively act as the new digital design media in architectural design and construction process (Ryder et al., 2002; Kolarevic, 2003). Furthermore, in the field of architecture professional, some commercial computer systems had been developed on purpose of standardizes the digital design process in using CAD/CAM fabrication such as Gehry Technologies formed by Gehry Partners; SmartGeometry Group in Europe and Objectile proposed by Bernard Cache. Researchers in the research field like Mark Burry, Larry Sass, Branko Kolarevic, Schodek and others are enthusiastic about the exploration of the role of CAD/CAM fabrication as new design media in design process (Burry, 2002; Schodek et al., 2005; Lee, 2005).
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

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