Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	8c66
authors	Brooks, Frederick P. Jr., Ouh-Young,Ming and Batter, James J. (et al)
year	1990
title	Project GROPE - Haptic Displays for Scientific Visualization
source	SIGGRAPH '90 Conference Proceedings August, 1990. vol. 24 ; no. 4: pp. 177-185 : ill. (some col.). includes bibliography.
summary	A project to develop a haptic and display for 6-D force fields of interacting protein molecules was began in 1967. The authors approached it in four stages: a 2-D system, a 3-D system tested with a simple task, a 6-D system tested with a simple task, and a full 6-D molecular docking system, which was the initial goal. This paper summarize the entire project, the four systems, the evaluation experiments, the results, and the authors observations
keywords	user interface, computer graphics, visualization, virtual reality
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	8c2b
authors	Peleg, Uriel J. and Shaviv, Edna
year	1990
title	A Knowledge Based Computer- Aided Solar Design System
source	ASHRAE Transactions (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers). Atlanta, GA: 1990. v.st.-96-2: [5] p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A knowledge based computer-aided architectural design system (KB-CAAD) for the schematic design and evaluation of passive solar buildings is presented. The presented tool is based on the integration of knowledge based and procedural simulation methods with any available CAAD system for building representation. The knowledge base contains the heuristic rules for the design of passive solar buildings. Whenever possible, the knowledge base guides the designer through the decision making process. However, if 'rules of thumb' are not acceptable for the particular design problem, the KB-CAAD tool guides the architect towards the optimal solution, by using a procedural simulation model. It is demonstrated, through a case study, that the proposed knowledge based design system not only leads to the design of better solar buildings, but that it takes less time and man-power to introduce the geometrical data that would be needed for a regular non-solar building representation
keywords	CAD, knowledge base, energy, design, systems, evaluation, analysis
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	a33f
authors	Cote, Pierre, Hartkopf , Volker and Loftness, Vivian (et al)
year	1990
title	Vector Field Representation for the Evaluation of Multiple Performance Variables
source	1990. 6, [7] p., [3] p. of ill. includes bibliography
summary	A vector field representation is proposed to simulate the spatial distribution of four building system performance variables: light, sound, radiant heat, and air flow. From this simulation, a measure of the impact of adding, deleting, or modifying an object in the field is computed. This measure serves as a passive evaluation of the user/designer's decision to modify the location or dimensions of the object in a space. This process of simulation-evaluation is performed by a performance module (PM), which is viewed as a component of a CAAD System (Computer Architectural Aided Design). This paper describes the motivation, objectives, methodology and preliminary results of the approach
keywords	simulation, CAD, computation, evaluation, building, performance, architecture
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	4317
authors	Rosenman, Michael A.
year	1990
title	Application of Expert Systems to Building Design Analysis and Evaluation
source	Building and Environment. 1990. vol.25: pp. 221-233
summary	This paper demonstrates the applicability of expert systems to design analysis and evaluation. Design is a field in which a large part of the processes involved is knowledge-based rather than computation-based. Much of this knowledge is experiential and as such lends itself to be encapsulated in an expert system. An analogy is made between analysis and interpretation and between evaluation and comparison of interpretations. Three examples of expert systems carrying out design analysis and evaluation in different domains are described. It is argued that a graphical interface and a model of the elements within the domain are essential parts of any design system
keywords	analysis, design, knowledge base, evaluation, expert systems, architecture
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	eb5f
authors	Al-Sallal, Khaled A. and Degelman, Larry 0.
year	1994
title	A Hypermedia Model for Supporting Energy Design in Buildings
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 39-49
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.039
summary	Several studies have discussed the limitations of the available CAAD tools and have proposed solutions [Brown and Novitski 1987, Brown 1990, Degelman and Kim 1988, Schuman et al 1988]. The lack of integration between the different tasks that these programs address and the design process is a major problem. Schuman et al [1988] argued that in architectural design many issues must be considered simultaneously before the synthesis of a final product can take place. Studies by Brown and Novitski [1987] and Brown [1990] discussed the difficulties involved with integrating technical considerations in the creative architectural process. One aspect of the problem is the neglect of technical factors during the initial phase of the design that, as the authors argued, results from changing the work environment and the laborious nature of the design process. Many of the current programs require the user to input a great deal of numerical values that are needed for the energy analysis. Although there are some programs that attempt to assist the user by setting default values, these programs distract the user with their extensive arrays of data. The appropriate design tool is the one that helps the user to easily view the principal components of the building design and specify their behaviors and interactions. Data abstraction and information parsimony are the key concepts in developing a successful design tool. Three different approaches for developing an appropriate CAAD tool were found in the literature. Although there are several similarities among them, each is unique in solving certain aspects of the problem. Brown and Novitski [1987] emphasize the learning factor of the tool as well as its highly graphical user interface. Degelman and Kim [1988] emphasize knowledge acquisition and the provision of simulation modules. The Windows and Daylighting Group of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) emphasizes the dynamic structuring of information, the intelligent linking of data, the integrity of the different issues of design and the design process, and the extensive use of images [Schuman et al 19881, these attributes incidentally define the word hypermedia. The LBL model, which uses hypermedia, seems to be the more promising direction for this type of research. However, there is still a need to establish a new model that integrates all aspects of the problem. The areas in which the present research departs from the LBL model can be listed as follows: it acknowledges the necessity of regarding the user as the center of the CAAD tool design, it develops a model that is based on one of the high level theories of human-computer interaction, and it develops a prototype tool that conforms to the model.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	64b2
authors	Brown, G. Z.
year	1990
title	Desirable Interface Characteristics of Knowledge-Based Energy Software Used by Architects
source	March, 1990. 14 p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes ongoing research projects on the development of user interfaces for energy software to be used by architects. The paper takes the position that the goal of knowledge-based design software should be to help the architect to visualize the unimagined. In order to approach this goal the unique characteristics of the architectural design process must be understood and used in the creation of software. The two characteristics discussed are: the architectural design process emphasizes synthesis rather than analysis, and the symbols used to transmit knowledge are primarily graphic abstractions rather than alpha-numeric abstractions
keywords	user interface, architecture, design process, knowledge base, software, energy
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	235d
authors	Catalano, Fernando
year	1990
title	The Computerized Design Firm
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 317-332
summary	This paper is not just about the future of computerized design practice. It is about what to do today in contemplation of tomorrow-the issues of computercentered practice and the courses of action open to us can be discerned by the careful observer. The realities of computerized design practice are different from the issues on which design education still fixes its attention. To educators, the present paper recommends further clinical research on computerized design firms and suggests that case studies on the matter be developed and utilized as teaching material. Research conducted by the author of this paper indicates that a new form of design firm is emerging-the computerized design firm-totally supported and augmented by the new information technology. The present paper proceeds by introducing an abridged case study of an actual totally electronic, computerized design practice. Then, the paper concentrates on modelling the computerized design firm as an intelligent system, indicating non-trivial changes in its structure and strategy brought about by the introduction of the new information technology into its operations - among other considerations, different strategies and diverse conceptions of management and workgroup roles are highlighted. In particular, this paper points out that these structural and strategic changes reflect back on the technology of information with pressures to redirect present emphasis on the individual designer, working alone in an isolated workstation, to a more realistic conception of the designer as a member of an electronic workgroup. Finally, the paper underlines that this non-trivial conception demands that new hardware and software be developed to meet the needs of the electronic workgroup - which raises issues of human-machine interface. Further, it raises the key issues of how to represent and expose knowledge to users in intelligent information - sharing systems, designed to include not only good user interfaces for supporting problem-solving activities of individuals, but also good organizational interfaces for supporting the problem-solving activities of groups. The paper closes by charting promising directions for further research and with a few remarks about the computerized design firm's (near) future.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/03 17:58

_id	f9e5
authors	Cherneff, Jonathan Martin
year	1990
title	Knowledge Based Interpretation of Architectural Drawings
source	Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Cambridge, MA
summary	Architectural schematic drawings have been used to communicate building designs for centuries. The symbolic language used in these drawings efficiently represents much of the intricacy of the building process (e.g. implied business relationships, common building practice, and properties of construction materials). The drawing language is an accepted standard representation for building design, something that modern data languages have failed to achieve. In fact, the lack of an accepted standard electronic representation has hampered efforts at computer intergration and perhaps worsened industry fragmentation. In general, drawings must be interpreted, by a professional, and then reentered in order to transfer them from one CAD system to another. This work develops a method for machine interpretation of architectural (or other) schematic drawings. The central problem is to build an efficient drawing parser (i.e. a program that identifies the semantic entitites, characteristics, and relationships that are represented in the drawing). The parser is built from specifications of the drawing grammar and an underlying spatial model. The grammar describes what to look for, and the spatial model enables the parser to find it quickly. Coupled with existing optical recognition technology, this technique enables the use of drawings directly as: (1) a database to drive various AEC applications, (2) a communication protocol to integrate CAD systems, (3) a traditional user interface.
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	4616
authors	Christiansson, Per
year	1990
title	Advanced Information Technology in Building Maintenance Support
source	computer Integrated Construction CIB W78 + W74 Seminar (2nd. : 1990 : Tokyo). 6 p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The paper describes how modern information technology may impact the properties of future building maintenance systems. Examples have been picked from ongoing research under the heading KBS-MEDIA LAB, knowledge based systems media lab
keywords	building, maintenance, product modeling, information, user interface, knowledge, representation, hypermedia, AI
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	6ee1
authors	Christiansson, Per
year	1990
title	Background Agents to Enhance Access and Growth of Loosely Coupled Models for Building Design
source	System Research, Informatics and Cybernetics, International Conference -- ICSRIC-90. (5th. : 1990 : Baden-Baden, Germany). 6 p. : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The paper describes and exemplifies how modern information technology may impact the properties of future building information systems. Examples have been picked from ongoing research under the heading KBS-MEDIA LAB, Knowledge based systems media lab
keywords	AI, user interface, knowledge, representation, hypermedia,
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	3207
authors	Emmerik, Maarten J.G.M. van
year	1990
title	Interactive design of parameterized 3D models by direct manipulation
source	Delft University of Technology
summary	The practical applicability of a computer-aided design system is strongly influenced by both the user interface and the internal model representation. A well designed user interface facilitates the communication with the system by offering an intuitive environment for for specification and representation of model information. An internal model representation, capable of storing geometric, topological and hierarchical dependencies between components in a model, increases the efficiency of the system by facilitating modification and elaboration of the model during the different stages of the design process. The subject of this thesis is the integration of a high level parameterized model representation with direct manipulation interface techniques for the design of three-dimensional objects. A direct manipulation interface enables the user to specify a model by interaction on a graphical representation, as an alternative for an abstract and error-prone apha-numerical dialogue style. A high level model representation is obtained by using a procedural modeling language with general purpose control structures, including arithmetic and logical expressions, repetition, conditionals, functions and procedures, and dedicated data types such as coordinate systems, geometric primitives and geometric constraints. The language interpreter is interconnected with a graphical interface, an incremental constraint solver and a geometrical modeler, using visual programming techniques. The developed techniques are implemented in a modeling system called GeoNode. The system incorporates paradigms of object-oriented design, with respect to both the user interface and to the system implementation. The applicability of the presented techniques is illustrated by examples in application domains such as solid modeling, kinematic analysis, feature modeling and top-down design.
keywords	CAD/CAM
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	0544
authors	Foley, et.al.
year	1990
title	Computer Graphics Principles and Practice
source	Addison-Wesley
summary	Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice is the most exhaustive overview of computer graphics techniques available. This textbook's 21 chapters cover graphics hardware, user interface software, rendering, and a host of other subjects. Assuming a solid background in computer science or a related field, Computer Graphicsgives example programs in C and provides exercises at the end of each chapter to test your knowledge of the material. The guide has over 100 beautiful, four-color photographs that illustrate important topics and algorithms, such as ray tracing and bump maps, and also inspire you to acquire the skills necessary to produce them. Encyclopedic in its coverage, the book has a good table of contents so that you can immediately turn to information on the z-Buffer algorithm or the chapter on animation.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	d104
authors	Foley, J.D., Van Dam A., Feiner, S.K. and Hughes, J.F.
year	1990
title	Computer Graphics, principle and practice
source	Addison-Wesley, New York
summary	Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice is the most exhaustive overview of computer graphics techniques available. This textbook's 21 chapters cover graphics hardware, user interface software, rendering, and a host of other subjects. Assuming a solid background in computer science or a related field, Computer Graphicsgives example programs in C and provides exercises at the end of each chapter to test your knowledge of the material. The guide has over 100 beautiful, four-color photographs that illustrate important topics and algorithms, such as ray tracing and bump maps, and also inspire you to acquire the skills necessary to produce them. Encyclopedic in its coverage, the book has a good table of contents so that you can immediately turn to information on the z-Buffer algorithm or the chapter on animation.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	4212
authors	Haeberli, Paul
year	1990
title	Paint by Numbers : Abstract Image Representations
source	Computer Graphics. August, 1990. vol. 24: pp. 207-214 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper is about creating interesting abstract representations of natural and synthetic scenes. It is possible to create abstract images using an ordered collection of brush strokes. By controlling the color, shape, size, and orientation of individual brush strokes, impressionistic painting of computer generated or photographic images can be created. Several techniques are presented
keywords	computer graphics, display, algorithms, user interface, painting, representation, rendering
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	4b09
authors	Iwata, Hiroo
year	1990
title	Artificial Reality with Force-Feedback : Development of Desktop Virtual Space with Compact Master Manipulator
source	Computer Graphics. August, 1990. vol. 24: pp. 165-170 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A new configuration of human interface for 'artificial reality' is discussed. The paper describes a method of implementing force-feedback in a virtual space manipulation system. The system is composed of two subsystems, a real time graphic display system and a tactile input device with reaction force generator. A specialized graphic computer (Stardent TITAN) provides a real time image of the virtual space. A 9 degree-of-freedom manipulator applies reaction forces to the fingers and palm of the operator. The generated forces are calculated from a solid model of the virtual space. The performance of the system is exemplified in manipulation of virtual solids objects such as a mockup for industrial design and a 3D animated character
keywords	user interface, virtual reality, computer graphics
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	4cf3
authors	Kalay, Yehuda E.
year	1989
title	Modeling Objects and Environments
source	xix, 402 p. : ill. New York: Wiley, 1989. includes a short bibliography and index. Part of the Principles of Computer Aided Design series. --- See also review by Patricia G
summary	McIntosh, in ACADIA Newsletter Vol. 9 No. 3 pp 20-23, June 1990. This book introduces the concept of modeling objects in the computer's memory so it can be used to aide the process of their design. Modeling is defined as an hierarchical abstraction of data and operators to manipulate it, subject to semantic integrity constraints that guarantee the realizability of the designed artifact in the real world. Starting with general concepts of modeling, the book moves on to discuss the modeling of shapes (form) in two and in three dimensions. The discussion covers both topology and geometry. Next the book introduces the concept of shape transformations (translation, scaling, rotation, etc.), both in absolute and in relative terms. The book then introduces the concept of assembly modeling, and adds non-graphical attributes to the representation. It concludes with a discussion on user interface and parametrization. The book includes many examples written in Pascal that complement the theory, and can be used as a basis for building a geometric modeling engine. It also includes exercises, so it can be used as a text book for a two-semester advance course in geometric modeling
keywords	CAD, data structures, solid modeling, abstraction, polygons, solids, boolean operations, transforms, computer graphics, user interface, parametrization, B-rep, polyhedra, objects, PASCAL
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	06e1
authors	Keul, Alexander
year	1996
title	LOST IN SPACE? ARCHITECTURAL PSYCHOLOGY - PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
source	Full-Scale Modeling in the Age of Virtual Reality [6th EFA-Conference Proceedings]
summary	A methodological review by Kaminski (1995) summed up five perspectives in environmental psychology - patterns of spatial distribution, everyday “jigsaw puzzles”, functional everyday action systems, sociocultural change and evolution of competence. Architectural psychology (named so at the Strathclyde conference 1969; Canter, 1973) as psychology of built environments is one leg of environmental psychology, the second one being psychology of environmental protection. Architectural psychology has come of age and passed its 25th birthday. Thus, a triangulation of its position, especially in Central Europe, seems interesting and necessary. A recent survey mainly on university projects in German-speaking countries (Kruse & Trimpin, 1995) found a marked decrease of studies in psychology of built environments. 1994, 25% of all projects were reported in this category, which in 1975 had made up 40% (Kruse, 1975). Guenther, in an unpublished survey of BDP (association of professional German psychologists) members, encountered only a handful active in architectural psychology - mostly part-time, not full-time. 1996, Austria has two full-time university specialists. The discrepancy between the general interest displayed by planners and a still low institutionalization is noticeable. How is the research situation? Using several standard research data banks, the author collected articles and book(chapter)s on architectural psychology in German- and English-language countries from 1990 to 1996. Studies on main architecture-psychology interface problems such as user needs, housing quality evaluations, participatory planning and spatial simulation / virtual reality did not outline an “old, settled” discipline, but rather the sketchy, random surface of a field “always starting anew”. E.g., discussions at the 1995 EAEA-Conference showed that several architectural simulation studies since 1973 caused no major impact on planner's opinions (Keul&Martens, 1996). “Re-inventions of the wheel” are caused by a lack of meetings (except this one!) and of interdisciplinary infrastructure in German-language countries (contrary to Sweden or the United States). Social pressures building up on architecture nowadays by inter-European competition, budget cuts and citizen activities for informed consent in most urban projects are a new challenge for planners to cooperate efficiently with social scientists. At Salzburg, the author currently manages the Corporate Design-process for the Chamber of Architecture, Division for Upper Austria and Salzburg. A “working group for architectural psychology” (Keul-Martens-Maderthaner) has been active since 1994.
keywords	Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	EAEA
type	normal paper
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa/
last changed	2005/09/09 10:43

_id	aea2
authors	Laurel, B. (ed.)
year	1990
title	The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design
source	New York: Addison-Wesley.
summary	Human-computer interface design is a new discipline. So new in fact, that Alan Kay of Apple Computer quipped that people "are not sure whether they should order it by the yard or the ton"! Irrespective of the measure, interface design is gradually emerging as a much-needed and timely approach to reducing the awkwardness and inconveniences of human-computer interaction. "Increased cognitive load", "bewildered and tired users" - these are the byproducts of the "plethora of options and the interface conventions" faced by computer users. Originally, computers were "designed by engineers, for engineers". Little or no attention was, or needed to be, paid to the interface. However, the pervasive use of the personal computer and the increasing number and variety of applications and programs has given rise to a need to focus on the "cognitive locus of human-computer interaction" i.e. the interface. What is the interface? Laurel defines the interface as a "contact surface" that "reflects the physical properties of the interactors, the functions to be performed, and the balance of power and control." (p.xiii) Incorporated into her definition are the "cognitive and emotional aspects of the user's experience". In a very basic sense, the interface is "the place where contact between two entities occurs." (p.xii) Doorknobs, steering wheels, spacesuits-these are all interfaces. The greater the difference between the two entities, the greater the need for a well-designed interface. In this case, the two very different entities are computers and humans. Human-conputer interface design looks at how we can lessen the effects of these differences. This means, for Laurel, empowering users by providing them with ease of use. "How can we think about it so that the interfaces we design will empower users?" "What does the user want to do?" These are the questions Laurel believes must be asked by designers. These are the questions addressed directly and indirectly by the approximately 50 contributors to The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design. In spite of the large number of contributors to the book and the wide range of fields with which they are associated, there is a broad consensus on how interfaces can be designed for empowerment and ease of use. User testing, user contexts, user tasks, user needs, user control: these terms appear throughout the book and suggest ways in which design might focus less on the technology and more on the user. With this perspective in mind, contributor D. Norman argues that computer interfaces should be designed so that the user interacts more with the task and less with the machine. Such interfaces "blend with the task", and "make tools invisible" so that "the technology is subervient to that goal". Sellen and Nicol insist on the need for interfaces that are 'simple', 'self-explanatory', 'adaptive' and 'supportive'. Contributors Vertelney and Grudin are interested in interfaces that support the contexts in which many users work. They consider ways in which group-oriented tasks and collaborative efforts can be supported and aided by the particular design of the interface. Mountford equates ease of use with understating the interface: "The art and science of interface design depends largely on making the transaction with the computer as transparent as possible in order to minimize the burden on the user".(p.248) Mountford also believes in "making computers more powerful extensions of our natural capabilities and goals" by offering the user a "richer sensory environment". One way this can be achieved according to Saloman is through creative use of colour. Saloman notes that colour can not only impart information but that it can be a useful mnemonic device to create associations. A richer sensory environment can also be achieved through use of sound, natural speech recognition, graphics, gesture input devices, animation, video, optical media and through what Blake refers to as "hybrid systems". These systems include additional interface features to control components such as optical disks, videotape, speech digitizers and a range of devices that support "whole user tasks". Rich sensory environments are often characteristic of game interfaces which rely heavily on sound and graphics. Crawford believes we have a lot to learn from the design of games and that they incorporate "sound concepts of user interface design". He argues that "games operate in a more demanding user-interface universe than other applications" since they must be both "fun" and "functional".
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	aa49
authors	McCall, R.J., Bennett, P.R. and D'oronzio, P.S. (et al)
year	1990
title	PHIDIAS : Integrating CAD Graphics into Dynamic Hypertext
source	Hypertext : Concepts, System and Applications, Proceedings of the European Conference on Hypertext, ECHT'90. Cambridge University Press., 1990. pp. 152-165 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	PHIDIAS is a hypermedia system for supporting environmental design. It embodies a theory of design as continual alternation between two complementary activities: construction of solution form and argumentation about construction. To support these activities it implements a number of advanced hypermedia concepts. These include an applicative query language providing search by both structure and content, virtual structures, composite graphic notes, query-based graphic clustering, and 'triggered' queries which connect construction acts to relevant sections of the argumentive network. PHIDIAS constitutes a new type of integrated information environment design
keywords	hypermedia, CAD, design, methods, user interface, argumentation, hypertext
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 14:41

_id	4ec7
authors	Papper, Mike
year	1990
title	Using high-level constraints to aid space planning applications in computer-aided design
source	University of Toronto, Department of Computer Science
summary	This thesis describes a system that aids in solving space planning and layout design problems through an innovative use of constraints. Space planning problem solving is aided by constrained manipulation, a trial-and-error approach, and modelling the scaling properties of objects. Constraints are used to model various physical properties of solid objects (including gravity and friction) and to control the way in which objects scale. The system runs on a Silicon Graphics workstation supporting interactive, real-time, 3-dimensional graphics that aid in visualizing designs. The problems handled by our prototype are restricted to objects representable with rectangular solids oriented along the cartesian axes. This system was used by designers and novice computer users to solve a studio layout problem. Constraints were found to aid in the manipulation of objects by providing predictable behaviour for objects. The test results indicate that subjects learn the behaviour of objects easily and use this information in useful ways. In addition, there are indications that constraints can reduce users' cognitive loads at the user interface level. The coupling of constraints with the interactive, 3-dimensional aspect of the system encourages the use of the system at earlier stages of the design process than simple geometric drafting systems. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
series	thesis:MSc
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

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