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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	sigradi2006_e183a
id	sigradi2006_e183a
authors	Costa Couceiro, Mauro
year	2006
title	La Arquitectura como Extensión Fenotípica Humana - Un Acercamiento Basado en Análisis Computacionales [Architecture as human phenotypic extension – An approach based on computational explorations]
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 56-60
summary	The study describes some of the aspects tackled within a current Ph.D. research where architectural applications of constructive, structural and organization processes existing in biological systems are considered. The present information processing capacity of computers and the specific software development have allowed creating a bridge between two holistic nature disciplines: architecture and biology. The crossover between those disciplines entails a methodological paradigm change towards a new one based on the dynamical aspects of forms and compositions. Recent studies about artificial-natural intelligence (Hawkins, 2004) and developmental-evolutionary biology (Maturana, 2004) have added fundamental knowledge about the role of the analogy in the creative process and the relationship between forms and functions. The dimensions and restrictions of the Evo-Devo concepts are analyzed, developed and tested by software that combines parametric geometries, L-systems (Lindenmayer, 1990), shape-grammars (Stiny and Gips, 1971) and evolutionary algorithms (Holland, 1975) as a way of testing new architectural solutions within computable environments. It is pondered Lamarck´s (1744-1829) and Weismann (1834-1914) theoretical approaches to evolution where can be found significant opposing views. Lamarck´s theory assumes that an individual effort towards a specific evolutionary goal can cause change to descendents. On the other hand, Weismann defended that the germ cells are not affected by anything the body learns or any ability it acquires during its life, and cannot pass this information on to the next generation; this is called the Weismann barrier. Lamarck’s widely rejected theory has recently found a new place in artificial and natural intelligence researches as a valid explanation to some aspects of the human knowledge evolution phenomena, that is, the deliberate change of paradigms in the intentional research of solutions. As well as the analogy between genetics and architecture (Estévez and Shu, 2000) is useful in order to understand and program emergent complexity phenomena (Hopfield, 1982) for architectural solutions, also the consideration of architecture as a product of a human extended phenotype can help us to understand better its cultural dimension.
keywords	evolutionary computation; genetic architectures; artificial/natural intelligence
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:49

_id	68c8
authors	Flemming, U., Coyne, R. and Fenves, S. (et al.)
year	1994
title	SEED: A Software Environment to Support the Early Phases in Building Design
source	Proceeding of IKM '94, Weimar, Germany, pp. 5-10
summary	The SEED project intends to develop a software environment that supports the early phases in building design (Flemming et al., 1993). The goal is to provide support, in principle, for the preliminary design of buildings in all aspects that can gain from computer support. This includes using the computer not only for analysis and evaluation, but also more actively for the generation of designs, or more accurately, for the rapid generation of design representations. A major motivation for the development of SEED is to bring the results of two multi-generational research efforts focusing on `generative' design systems closer to practice: 1. LOOS/ABLOOS, a generative system for the synthesis of layouts of rectangles (Flemming et al., 1988; Flemming, 1989; Coyne and Flemming, 1990; Coyne, 1991); 2. GENESIS, a rule-based system that supports the generation of assemblies of 3-dimensional solids (Heisserman, 1991; Heisserman and Woodbury, 1993). The rapid generation of design representations can take advantage of special opportunities when it deals with a recurring building type, that is, a building type dealt with frequently by the users of the system. Design firms - from housing manufacturers to government agencies - accumulate considerable experience with recurring building types. But current CAD systems capture this experience and support its reuse only marginally. SEED intends to provide systematic support for the storing and retrieval of past solutions and their adaptation to similar problem situations. This motivation aligns aspects of SEED closely with current work in Artificial Intelligence that focuses on case-based design (see, for example, Kolodner, 1991; Domeshek and Kolodner, 1992; Hua et al., 1992).
series	other
email
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	eee2
authors	Gero, John S. and Rosenman, Michael A.
year	1989
title	A Conceptual Framework for Knowledge-Based Design Research at Sydney University's Design Computing Unit
source	Southampton/Berlin: CMP/Springer- verlag, 1989. pp. 363-382. Published also in Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 5(2):363-383, 1990
summary	This paper presents the conceptual framework behind the Design Computing Unit's knowledge-based design research. It commences with a brief overview before introducing the role of experience in design. The conceptual schema 'prototypes' is introduced and described within a framework of design as transforming required or expected functions to structure descriptions. Current projects related to this conceptual framework are briefly described
keywords	CAD, knowledge base, design, prototypes, representation
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ed07
authors	Love, James
year	1990
title	A Case Study in Knowledge-Based System Development : Envelope Design for Reduction of Traffic Noise Transmission
source	February, 1990. 19 p. : some ill. and table. includes a bibliography
summary	Researchers have demonstrated the value of replication of research and explicit testing of concepts in artificial intelligence (Ritchie and Hanna 1989). In this study, a rule- based system was implemented as an exercise in the application of the theory and practice of knowledge-based systems development to architectural design analysis. The test domain was the selection of wall and window assemblies to provide adequate noise reduction given a set of traffic and building site conditions. This domain was chosen for two reasons: (1) considerable detailed heuristic information was available; and (2) it avoided large solutions spaces, 'errorful' and time-dependent data, and unreliable knowledge. Development of the system in conjunction with an extensive literature review revealed that publications on construction and performance of rule-based systems provided insufficient detail on key aspects of system architecture. Topics suffering from neglect or insufficiently rigorous treatment included algorithms used in automated inference, methods for selection of inference procedures, the integration of numerical and symbolic processing, the formulation of explanation mechanisms to deal with integrated numerical and symbolic processing, testing methods, and software standardization. Improving the quality and scope of knowledge in these areas is essential if expert systems are to be applied effectively in architectural design
keywords	CAD, expert systems, acoustics, applications, knowledge base, design, architecture, AI, analysis
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:09

_id	0b62
authors	Maher, Mary Lou
year	1990
title	Process Models for Design Synthesis
source	AI Magazine. 1990. vol. 11: pp. 49-58
summary	Models of design processes provide guidance in the development of knowledge-based systems for design. The basis for such models comes from both research in design theory and methodology as well as problem solving in artificial intelligence. Three models are presented: decomposition, case-based reasoning, and transformation. Each model provides a formalism for representing design knowledge and experience in distinct and complementary forms
keywords	design process, knowledge base, systems, theory, decomposition, representation, reasoning
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/05/17 10:19

_id	f507
authors	Mitchell, W.
year	1990
title	The Logic of Architecture: Design, Computation and Cognition
source	The MIT Press, Cambridge
summary	The Logic of Architecture is the first comprehensive, systematic, and modern treatment of the logical foundations of design thinking. It provides a detailed discussion of languages of architectural form, their specification by means of formal grammars, their interpretation, and their role in structuring design thinking. Supplemented by more than 200 original illustrations, The Logic of Architecture reexamines central issues of design theory in the light of recent advances in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and the theory of computation. The richness of this approach permits sympathetic and constructive analysis of positions developed by a wide range of theorists and philosophers from Socrates to the present. Mitchell first considers how buildings may be described in words and shows how such descriptions may be formalized by the notation of first order predicate calculus. This leads to the idea of a critical language for speaking about the qualities of buildings. Turning to the question of representation by drawings and scale models, Mitchell then develops the notion of design worlds that provide graphic tokens which can be manipulated according to certain grammatical rules. In particular, he shows how domains of graphic compositions possible in a design world may be specified by formal shape grammars. Design worlds and critical languages are connected by showing how such languages may be interpreted in design worlds. Design processes are then viewed as computations in a design world with the objective of satisfying predicates of form and function stated in a critical language.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	22de
authors	Oxman, Rivka E.
year	1990
title	The Role of Knowledge-Based Systems in Design and Design Education
source	Int. J. Appl. Enging, Ed England: Pergamon Press, 1990. vol. 6: pp. 255-264 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	This paper investigates the role of Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Based Design in the emergence of a 'general design science' common to all engineering design. The advantages of the design shell's approach is demonstrated relative to the utilization of expert systems for design. The design shell is proposed as a medium to accommodate the characteristics of design knowledge. The significance of this concept is discussed with respect to formalization of knowledge, implementation, application and operation in knowledge based systems. GRPS - a generative prototype refinement design shell is defined and elaborated. A system applying this concept in a significant structure of generic knowledge in architectural design is demonstrated. It utilizes a method for representing structured knowledge by exploiting the characteristics of both rules and frames, and integrates them in a prototype based design system. Finally, the significance of such an approach in research and design teaching is discussed
keywords	design, education, knowledge base, expert systems, frames, architecture
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	a8d7
authors	Rapaport, William J.
year	1990
title	Predication, Fiction, and Artificial Intelligence
source	27 (21) p. : ill. May, 1990. 90-11. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes the SNePS knowledge-representation and reasoning system. SNePS is an intentional, propositional, semantic-network processing system used for research in AI. The author looks at how predication is represented in such a system when it is used for cognitive modeling and natural- language understanding and generation. In particular, the author discusses issues in the representation of fictional entities and the representation of propositions from fiction, using SNePS. A brief survey is given of four philosophical ontological theories of fiction and sketch an epistemological theory of fiction (implemented in SNePS) using a story operator and rules allowing propositions to 'migrate' into and out of story 'spaces.'
keywords	knowledge, representation, systems, AI, semantic networks, cognition, natural languages, intentionallity
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	architectural_intelligence2022_4
id	architectural_intelligence2022_4
authors	Yihui Li, Wen Gao & Borong Lin
year	2022
title	From type to network: a review of knowledge representation methods in architecture intelligence design
doi	https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s44223-022-00006-9
source	Architectural Intelligence Journal
summary	With the rise of the next generation of artificial intelligence driven by knowledge and data, the research on knowledge representation in architecture is also receiving widespread attention from the academia. This paper sorts out the evolution of architectural knowledge representation methods in the history of architecture, and summarizes three progressive representation frameworks of their development with type, pattern and network. By searching these three keywords in the Web of Science Core Collection among 4867 publications from 1990 to 2021, the number of publications in the past 5 years raised more than 50%, which show significant research interest in architecture industry in recent years. Among them, the first two are static declarative knowledge representation methods, while the network-based knowledge representation method also includes procedural knowledge representation methods and provides a way for knowledge association. This means the network representation has more advantage in terms of the logical completeness of knowledge representation, and accounts for 67% of the current research on knowledge representation in architecture. In the context of the rapid development of artificial intelligence, this method can realize the construction of architectural knowledge system and greatly improve the work efficiency of the building industry. On the other hand, in the face of carbon-neutral sustainable development scenarios, using knowledge representation, building performance knowledge and design knowledge could be expressed in a unified manner, and a personalized and efficient workflow for performance-oriented scheme design and optimization would be achieved.
series	Architectural Intelligence
email
last changed	2025/01/09 15:00

_id	caadria2011_061
id	caadria2011_061
authors	Celani, Gabriela; José P. Duarte and Carlos V. Vaz
year	2011
title	The gardens revisited: The link between technology, meaning and logic?
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2011.643
source	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / The University of Newcastle, Australia 27-29 April 2011, pp. 643-652
summary	The objective of this paper is to compare the computational concepts present in three books published by Mitchell between 1987 and 1990: The art of computer-graphics programming (1987), which has Robin Liggett and Thomas Kvan as co-authors, The logic of architecture (1990), probably his most influential work, and The poetics of gardens (1988), which has Charles Moore and William Turnbull as coauthors. By looking at the concepts that are presented in the three books and establishing a comparison between them, we expect to show that The poetics of Gardens should not be seen as a detour from Mitchell´s line of research, but rather as a key piece for understanding the relationship between technology, meaning and logic in his very coherent body of work.
keywords	Computational design concepts; technology; meaning; logic
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	3207
authors	Emmerik, Maarten J.G.M. van
year	1990
title	Interactive design of parameterized 3D models by direct manipulation
source	Delft University of Technology
summary	The practical applicability of a computer-aided design system is strongly influenced by both the user interface and the internal model representation. A well designed user interface facilitates the communication with the system by offering an intuitive environment for for specification and representation of model information. An internal model representation, capable of storing geometric, topological and hierarchical dependencies between components in a model, increases the efficiency of the system by facilitating modification and elaboration of the model during the different stages of the design process. The subject of this thesis is the integration of a high level parameterized model representation with direct manipulation interface techniques for the design of three-dimensional objects. A direct manipulation interface enables the user to specify a model by interaction on a graphical representation, as an alternative for an abstract and error-prone apha-numerical dialogue style. A high level model representation is obtained by using a procedural modeling language with general purpose control structures, including arithmetic and logical expressions, repetition, conditionals, functions and procedures, and dedicated data types such as coordinate systems, geometric primitives and geometric constraints. The language interpreter is interconnected with a graphical interface, an incremental constraint solver and a geometrical modeler, using visual programming techniques. The developed techniques are implemented in a modeling system called GeoNode. The system incorporates paradigms of object-oriented design, with respect to both the user interface and to the system implementation. The applicability of the presented techniques is illustrated by examples in application domains such as solid modeling, kinematic analysis, feature modeling and top-down design.
keywords	CAD/CAM
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	68c0
authors	Gero, John S. and Rosenman, Michael A.
year	1990
title	Design Decision Making Using Pareto-Optimal Dynamic Programming
source	Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 1990. pp. 376-396
summary	When designing using the systems approach, the given system is decomposed into a number of subsystems, and for each subsystem a set of feasible alternatives is selected by the designer. A building design example is presented in which it is demonstrated that sufficient relevant solutions are generated in one pass of the dynamic programming procedure to give a good approximation to the Pareto set, thus offering designers sufficient choice in making a final selection. The relevant information is displayed in an intelligent manner so that designers can either make a final decision or else perceive what extra information they require
keywords	optimization, decision making, design process, architecture, multicriteria, evaluation, decomposition, dynamic programming
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	e892
authors	Kacmar, Charles John
year	1990
title	PROXHY: a Process -Oriented Extensible Hypertext Architecture
source	Texas A&M University
summary	This research describes a new architecture for hypertext environments. The architecture merges the process, object-oriented, and hypertext models to provide hypertext services to object-based, distributed, application components. Through this architecture, applications are integrated to form a comprehensive hypertext computing environment, allowing links to connect applications or objects in different applications. The architecture separates hypertext and application functionality so that multiple applications can use the facilities of a common hypertext layer. The design of the architecture is such that components can be extended or tailored in order to support future applications, multimedia objects, or the needs of specific applications or users. The process-based, object-oriented framework allows objects of arbitrary complexity to live and interact in a hypertext world. Additionally, the protocol and facilities which support component interaction provide location transparency, arbitrary object granularity, and parallel computation over a network. This dissertation provides a conceptual model of hypertext and a general architecture for hypertext system construction. Related literature from object-oriented programming, operating systems, multimedia applications, and database is discussed in terms of the architecture. A hypertext data model, computational model, and hypertext system taxonomy are used to discuss the capabilities of current hypertext systems. Interaction scenarios are provided in order to illustrate object interaction and the distribution of work among the components of the architecture. A prototype system, implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of the architecture, is discussed. The prototype illustrates all aspects of the architecture including distributed application and hypertext components, cross-application linking, and anchors acting as proxy objects for applications. Application scenarios, problems and limitations, and future research issues provide an understanding of the power of the architecture and its potential for impacting the design of next-generation hypertext systems.
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	6ab7
authors	Korson, Tim and McGregor, John D.
year	1990
title	Understanding Object- Oriented : A Unifying Paradigm
source	Communications of the ACM September, 1990. vol. 33: pp. 40-60. includes bibliography.
summary	The purpose of this paper is to introduce terminology, concepts and basic techniques surrounding the object-oriented paradigm. software / OOPS / programming. 63. Koskela, Lauri, Raija Hynynen and Martti Kallavuo, et al. 'Expert Systems in Construction - Initial Experiences.' CAD and Robotics in Architecture and Construction, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference = CAO et Robotique en Architecture et B.T.P. Actes des Journees Internationales. June, 1986. Paris: Hermes, pp. 167-176. includes bibliography and abstracts in French and English. This paper describes development of expert systems for construction applications in the Laboratory of Building Economics of the Technical Research Centre of Finland. Five small expert systems are described. Experiences gained in the development work are evaluated. The future significance of expert systems for the construction industry is discussed, and an approach towards expert systems to be adopted by organizations in the construction industry is suggested
keywords	construction, applications, economics, expert systems, knowledge, evaluation, analysis
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	84e1
authors	Kovacs, Laszio Bela and Galle, Per
year	1990
title	Logic Programming for Concept Modelling and Support of Urban Housing Design : A Pilot Study
source	1990. 134 p. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	Starting from a case study of manual sketch design of a residential area, the authors develop a prototypical site plan for low to medium density housing. The layout keeps pedestrian and vehicular traffic separated and provides open green area as well as a concentrated urban atmosphere. The constituents of the prototype layout are identified and a system of concepts devised accordingly. This conceptual analysis is formalized, using a Horn clause logic notation. Aspects of the resulting logic model concerning design of walking lines and plazas are refined into a considerable amount of detail. This exercise in knowledge representation seems to indicate that it will be possible, within the logic programming paradigm, to implement computerized support systems able to cooperate with and simulate designers working with architectural design. The main result of the study is that logical analysis of a particular prototype design can result in a collection of quite general concepts which are potentially useful in many other context than that of the prototype, for other kinds of design tasks. The report concludes by recommending several lines or aspects of future research in this area
keywords	architecture, design, logic, programming, knowledge base, systems, CAD, layout, prototypes
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	cf2009_poster_25
id	cf2009_poster_25
authors	Nembrini, Julien; Guillaume Labelle, Nathaniel Zuelzke, Mark Meagher and Jeffrey Huang
year	2009
title	Source Studio: Teaching Programming For Architectural Design
source	T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009 CD-Rom
summary	The architectural studio framework presented here is based on the use of programming as central form generation reflexive medium (Schon, 1983). Its aim is to teach architectural design while introducing a different approach toward computer tools by enabling students to fully explore variations in their designs through the use of coding for form definition. It proposes the students to reflect on their design process through its confrontation to algorithmic formalization (Mitchell 1990). This results in exercising the synthetic re-thinking of their initial sketch intents to comply with the difficult task of fitting the language syntax. With the proliferation and constant replacement of computer tools among the architectural practice, a shift appears in the attitude towards introducing students to different tools: studio teaching is branded by specific software platforms advocated by the teaching team. A lack of generalized view, independent of commercial CAD software, is problematic for the definition of new teaching tools suited for this constantly evolving situation (Terzidis, 2006).
keywords	Programming, studio teaching, scripting, parametric design
series	CAAD Futures
type	poster
last changed	2009/07/08 22:12

_id	46f1
authors	Patterson, J.F.
year	1990
title	Rendezvous: An Architecture for Synchronous Multi-User Applications
source	Proceedings, Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. New York: ACM, pp. 317-328
summary	Rendezvous is an architecture for creating synchronous multi-user applications. It consists of two parts: a run-time architecture for managing the multi-user session and a start-up architecture for managing the network connectivity. The run-time architecture is based on a User Interface Management System called MEL, which is a language extension to Common Lisp providing support for graphics operations, object-oriented programming, and constraints. Constraints are used to manage three dimensions of sharing: sharing of underlying information, sharing of views, and sharing of access. The start-up architecture decouples invoking and joining an application so that not all users need be known when the application is started. At present, the run-time architecture is completed and running test applications. As a first test of the complete Rendezvous architecture, we will implement a multi-user card game by the end of the summer.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	a7f0
authors	Van Emmerick, M.J.G.M.
year	1990
title	Interactive design of parameterized 3D models by direct manipulation
source	Delft University Press
summary	The practical applicability of a computer-aided design system is strongly influenced by both the user interface and the internal model representation. A well designed user interface facilitates the communication with the system by offering an intuitive environment for for specification and representation of model information. An internal model representation, capable of storing geometric, topological and hierarchical dependencies between components in a model, increases the efficiency of the system by facilitating modification and elaboration of the model during the different stages of the design process. The subject of this thesis is the integration of a high level parameterized model representation with direct manipulation interface techniques for the design of three-dimensional objects. A direct manipulation interface enables the user to specify a model by interaction on a graphical representation, as an alternative for an abstract and error-prone apha-numerical dialogue style. A high level model representation is obtained by using a procedural modeling language with general purpose control structures, including arithmetic and logical expressions, repetition, conditionals, functions and procedures, and dedicated data types such as coordinate systems, geometric primitives and geometric constraints. The language interpreter is interconnected with a graphical interface, an incremental constraint solver and a geometrical modeler, using visual programming techniques. The developed techniques are implemented in a modeling system called GeoNode. The system incorporates paradigms of object-oriented design, with respect to both the user interface and to the system implementation. The applicability of the presented techniques is illustrated by examples in application domains such as solid modeling, kinematic analysis, feature modeling and top-down design.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	81d1
authors	Wirfs-Brock, R., Wilkerson, B. and Wiener, L.
year	1990
title	Designing Object-Oriented Software
source	Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
summary	Offers basic design principles, and a specific design process, that can be applied to any software programming effort, even those not using object-oriented programming languages or environments. Provides a model for the design process--responsibility-driven design--and tools, such as the hierarchy graph and the collaboration graph. Includes examples and exercises.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	4b09
authors	Iwata, Hiroo
year	1990
title	Artificial Reality with Force-Feedback : Development of Desktop Virtual Space with Compact Master Manipulator
source	Computer Graphics. August, 1990. vol. 24: pp. 165-170 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A new configuration of human interface for 'artificial reality' is discussed. The paper describes a method of implementing force-feedback in a virtual space manipulation system. The system is composed of two subsystems, a real time graphic display system and a tactile input device with reaction force generator. A specialized graphic computer (Stardent TITAN) provides a real time image of the virtual space. A 9 degree-of-freedom manipulator applies reaction forces to the fingers and palm of the operator. The generated forces are calculated from a solid model of the virtual space. The performance of the system is exemplified in manipulation of virtual solids objects such as a mockup for industrial design and a 3D animated character
keywords	user interface, virtual reality, computer graphics
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

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