Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	218a
authors	Ervin, Stephen M.
year	1991
title	Intra-Medium and Inter-Media Constraints
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures: Education, Research, Applications [CAAD Futures ‘91 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 3-528-08821-4] Zürich (Switzerland), July 1991, pp. 365-380
summary	Designers work with multiple representations in a variety of media to express and explore different kinds of knowledge. The advantages of multi-media in design are well- known, and exemplified by the current interest in 'hyper-media' approaches to knowledge exploration. A principal activity in working between views in one medium (e.g. plan, section and perspective drawings), or between different representations (diagrams, maps, graphs, pictures, e.g.) is extrapolating decisions made in one view or medium over to others, so that some consistency is maintained, and implications can be explored. The former kind of consistency maintenance (intra-medium) is beginning to be well understood techniques for constraint expression., satisfaction and propagation are starting to appear in 'smart CAD' systems. The latter kind of consistency maintenance inter-media.) is different, less well understood, and will require new mechanisms for constraint management and exploration. Experiments, hypotheses, and solutions in this direction will be central to any effort that seeks to explain, emulate or assist the integrative, synthetic reasoning that characterizes environmental design and planning. This paper examines some of the characteristics and advantages of intra and inter-media constraint exploration, describes a prototype "designers workstation" and some experiments in the context of landscape planning and design, and lays out some directions for development of these ideas in future computer aided design systems.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/07 12:03

_id	fd70
authors	Goldman, Glenn and Zdepski, Michael Stephen (Eds.)
year	1991
title	Reality and Virtual Reality [Conference Proceedings]
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1991
source	ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-00-4 / Los Angeles (California - USA) October 1991, 236 p.
summary	During the past ten years computers in architecture have evolved from machines used for analytic and numeric calculation, to machines used for generating dynamic images, permitting the creation of photorealistic renderings, and now, in a preliminary way, permitting the simulation of virtual environments. Digital systems have evolved from increasing the speed of human operations, to providing entirely new means for creating, viewing and analyzing data. The following essays illustrate the growing spectrum of computer applications in architecture. They discuss developments in the simulation of future environments on the luminous screen and in virtual space. They investigate new methods and theories for the generation of architectural color, texture, and form. Authors address the complex technical issues of "intelligent" models and their associated analytic contents. There are attempts to categorize and make accessible architects' perceptions of various models of "reality". Much of what is presented foreshadows changes that are taking place in the areas of design theory, building sciences, architectural graphics, and computer research. The work presented is both developmental, evolving from the work done before or in other fields, and unique, exploring new themes and concepts. The application of computer technology to the practice of architecture has had a cross disciplinary effect, as computer algorithms used to generate the "unreal" environments and actors of the motion picture industry are applied to the prediction of buildings and urban landscapes not yet in existence. Buildings and places from history are archeologically "re-constructed" providing digital simulations that enable designers to study that which has previously (or never) existed. Applications of concepts from scientific visualization suggest new methods for understanding the highly interrelated aspects of the architectural sciences: structural systems, environmental control systems, building economics, etc. Simulation systems from the aerospace industry and computer media fields propose new non-physical three-dimensional worlds. Video compositing technology from the television industry and the practice of medicine are now applied to the compositing of existing environments with proposed buildings. Whether based in architectural research or practice, many authors continue to question the development of contemporary computer systems. They seek new interfaces between human and machine, new methods for simulating architectural information digitally, and new ways of conceptualizing the process of architectural design. While the practice of architecture has, of necessity, been primarily concerned with increasing productivity - and automation for improved efficiency, it is clear that university based studies and research continue to go beyond the electronic replication of manual tasks and study issues that can change the processes of architectural design - and ultimately perhaps, the products.
series	ACADIA
email
more	http://www.acadia.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	61e0
authors	Streich, Bernd
year	1992
title	Should We Integrate Programming Knowledge into the Architect's CAAD-Education? Basic Considerations and Experiences from Kaiserslautern
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1992.399
source	CAAD Instruction: The New Teaching of an Architect? [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Barcelona (Spain) 12-14 November 1992, pp. 399-409
summary	At the ECAADE-congress 1991 in Munich, the teaching concept of computer-aided architectural design of the faculty of architecture and environmental/urban planning at the University of Kaiserslautern has been presented. On that occasion, this brought about the question whether the curriculum should include programming knowledge. In this paper, the discussion shall be taken up again with several arguments in favour of the computer programming instruction. At first, a survey of the current discussion of the subject shall be given, then there will follow some reflections on the theoretical relationship between designing and programming, and finally, examples from the teaching experience in Kaiserslautern will be presented.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	e336
authors	Achten, H., Roelen, W., Boekholt, J.-Th., Turksma, A. and Jessurun, J.
year	1999
title	Virtual Reality in the Design Studio: The Eindhoven Perspective
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.169
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 169-177
summary	Since 1991 Virtual Reality has been used in student projects in the Building Information Technology group. It started as an experimental tool to assess the impact of VR technology in design, using the environment of the associated Calibre Institute. The technology was further developed in Calibre to become an important presentation tool for assessing design variants and final design solutions. However, it was only sporadically used in student projects. A major shift occurred in 1997 with a number of student projects in which various computer technologies including VR were used in the whole of the design process. In 1998, the new Design Systems group started a design studio with the explicit aim to integrate VR in the whole design process. The teaching effort was combined with the research program that investigates VR as a design support environment. This has lead to increasing number of innovative student projects. The paper describes the context and history of VR in Eindhoven and presents the current set-UP of the studio. It discusses the impact of the technology on the design process and outlines pedagogical issues in the studio work.
keywords	Virtual Reality, Design Studio, Student Projects
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	a620
authors	Asanowicz, Alexander
year	1991
title	Unde et Quo
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1991.x.t1s
source	Experiences with CAAD in Education and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Munich (Germany) 17-19 October 1991
summary	To begin with, I would like to say a few words about the problem of alienation of modern technologies which we also inevitably faced while starting teaching CAD at our department. Quite often nowadays a technology becomes a fetish as a result of lack of clear goals in human mind. There are multiple technologies without sense of purpose which turned into pure experiments. There is always the danger of losing purposeness and drifting toward alienation. The cause of the danger lies in forgetting about original goals while mastering and developing the technology. Eventually the original idea is ignored and a great gap appears between technical factors and creativity. We had the danger of alienation in mind when preparing the CAAD curriculum. Trying to avoid the tension between technical and creative elements we agreed not to introduce CAD too soon then the fourth year of studies and continue it for two semesters. One thing was clear - we should not teach the technique of CAD but how to design using a computer as a medium. Then we specified projects. The first was called "The bathroom I dream of" and meant to be a 2D drawing. The four introductory meetings were in fact teaching foundations of DOS, then a specific design followed with the help of AutoCAD program. In the IX semester, for example, it was "A family house" (plans, facades, perspective). "I have to follow them - I am their leader" said L.J. Peter in "The Peter's Prescription". This quotation reflects exactly the situation we find ourselves in teaching CAAD at our department. It means that ever growing students interest in CAAD made us introduce changes in the curriculum. According to the popular saying, "The more one gets the more one wants", so did we and the students feel after the first semester of teaching CAD. From autumn 1991 CAAD classes will be carried from the third year of studying for two consecutive years. But before further planning one major steep had to be done - we decided to reverse the typical of the seventies approach to the problem when teaching programming languages preceded practical goals hence discouraging many learners.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	3105
authors	Novak, T.P., Hoffman, D.L., and Yung, Y.-F.
year	1996
title	Modeling the structure of the flow experience
source	INFORMS Marketing Science and the Internet Mini-Conference, MIT
summary	The flow construct (Csikszentmihalyi 1977) has recently been proposed by Hoffman and Novak (1996) as essential to understanding consumer navigation behavior in online environments such as the World Wide Web. Previous researchers (e.g. Csikszentmihalyi 1990; Ghani, Supnick and Rooney 1991; Trevino and Webster 1992; Webster, Trevino and Ryan 1993) have noted that flow is a useful construct for describing more general human-computer interactions. Hoffman and Novak define flow as the state occurring during network navigation which is: 1) characterized by a seamless sequence of responses facilitated by machine interactivity, 2) intrinsically enjoyable, 3) accompanied by a loss of self-consciousness, and 4) selfreinforcing." To experience flow while engaged in an activity, consumers must perceive a balance between their skills and the challenges of the activity, and both their skills and challenges must be above a critical threshold. Hoffman and Novak (1996) propose that flow has a number of positive consequences from a marketing perspective, including increased consumer learning, exploratory behavior, and positive affect."
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	6be2
authors	Schmitt, Gerhard N. and Oechslin, Werner
year	1991
title	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures: Education, Research, Applications [CAAD Futures ‘91 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 3-528-08821-4] Zürich (Switzerland), July 1991, pp. 9-16
summary	Computing has become a recognized art in the discipline of architecture, moving from the periphery towards the core of the design process. Research, education, and application are the critical areas that provide the development platforms for the future of design and computing. Seen in perspective, the term lineamenta describes related activities in historical architectural research. Research also shaped the origins and early directions of CAAD. The first applications emerged after computers and software were powerful enough to implement high level ideas. Meaningful education of a wider audience of designers only became possible after the results of research proved promising.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	86c1
authors	Shih, Shen-Guan
year	1991
title	Case-based Representation and Adaptation in Design
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures: Education, Research, Applications [CAAD Futures ‘91 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 3-528-08821-4] Zürich (Switzerland), July 1991, pp. 301-312
summary	By attempting to model the raw memory of experts, case-based reasoning is distinguished from traditional expert systems, which compile experts' knowledge into rules before new problems are given. A case-based reasoning system processes new problems with the most similar prior experiences available, and adapts the prior solutions to solve new problems. Case-based representation, of design knowledge utilizes the desirable features of the selected case as syntax rules to adapt the case to a new context. As a central issue of the paper, three types of adaptation aimed at topological modifications are described. The first type - casebased search - can be viewed as a localized search process. It follows the syntactical structure of the case to search for variations which provide the required functionality. Regarding the complexity of computation, it is recognized that when a context sensitive grammar is used to describe the desirable features, the search process become intractable. The second type of adaptation can be viewed as a process of self-organization, in which context-sensitive grammars play an essential role. Evaluations have to be simulated by local interaction among design primitives. The third type is called direct transduction. A case is translated directly to another structure according to its syntax by some translation functions. A direct transduction is not necessarily a composition of design operators and thus, a crosscontextual mapping is possible. As a perspective use of these adaptation methods, a CAD system which provides designers with the ability to modify the syntactical structure of a group of design elements, according to some concerned semantics, would support designers better than current CAD systems.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/04/07 12:03

_id	ddss9426
id	ddss9426
authors	Duijvestein, Kees
year	1994
title	Integrated Design and Sustainable Building
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	In the international student-project "European Environmental Campus 91 TU Delft Dordrecht" 20 students from 13 European countries worked in september 1991, during three weeks on "EcologicalSketches for the Island of Dordrecht". They worked on four different scales: the region isle of Dordt / the district Stadspolders / the neighbourhood I the house and the block. The environmentaltheme's Energy, Water, Traffic & Noise, Landscape & Soil were together with spatial analyses combined with the different scales. This combination was organised following the scheme mentioned below. The characters stand for the students. During the first period they worked in research groups, during the last period more in design groups. For instance: student L works in the beginning with the students B, G and Q in the research group water. In the last period sheworks with K, M, N and 0 in the design group Neighbourhood. Those students worked earlier in the other research-groups and contribute now in the design-group their thematic environmental knowledge. The results were presented to the Dordrecht council, officials and press. In the next project in september and october 1993 we started earlier with the design groups. Ten Dutch and ten "Erasmus" students worked for six weeks on proposals for the Vinex location Wateringenthe Hague. Each morning they worked in the research groups each afternoon in the design groups. The research groups used the EcoDesign Tools, small applications in Excel on Apple Macintoshto quantify the environmental pressure.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	82a2
authors	Streich, Bernd
year	1991
title	The Conception of Education in CAD
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1991.x.p4b
source	Experiences with CAAD in Education and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Munich (Germany) 17-19 October 1991
summary	In February 1990 the University of Kaiserslautern founded the new teaching and research department "Computer-Aided Design and Construction in Environmental Planning and Architecture". Unlike other German universities, the speciality of the new teaching department is in the common education of architects and environmental planners (including urban planning), so that a wide range of computer systems is at their disposal: computer-aided architectural design systems just as geographic information systems, picture processing or information systems to support urban planning etc. No other German university disposes of this kind of common education in a single teaching department. The following aspects will be discussed: (-) The general concept of education in three dimensions, viz. a dimension of application concerning architecture and urban planning, a dimension of technical features concerning computer applications and a dimension of critical judgement. (-) Contents of education and teaching concept including examples and students' resonance. (-) Research fields in urban planning and architecture which are necessary for a practical-oriented education concept. (-) Experience with the educational background furnished by the students of architecture and environmental planning and general consequences for the teaching concept.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	2005_391
id	2005_391
authors	Suneson, Kaj, Wernemyr, Claes, Westerdahl, Börje and Allwood, Carl Martin
year	2005
title	The Effect of Stereovision on the Experience of VR Models of the External Surroundings and the Interior of a Building
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.391
source	Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 391-398
summary	Virtual reality offers considerable promise with regard to facilitating the building process. A good example is the facilitation of communication between architects and building companies, sellers and buyers or between community planners and the general public. It is often thought that in order to utilise the potential of VR in, for example, the above-mentioned contexts, it is necessary to use fully fledged versions of VR, including stereovision and the possibility of controlling the VR show. However, if a model can also be presented on less advanced equipment and still interpreted in a way that is useful to the viewer it will be possible to distribute the model simply and effectively. This would make it easier to create a more democratic urban planning process compared with if specialised equipment needed to be used and special shows needed to be arranged. In this study we compared the experience of two VR models (a large indoor exhibition hall and an outdoor street in Gothenburg, Sweden) when presented with and without stereovision. When the experience was measured using the Semantic Environmental Scale (the SMB scale, developed by Küller, 1975, 1991), questions on the experience of presence and six other questions on the experience of the models, the results only revealed one indication that stereovision made a difference. This indication was the result for the SMB factor Enclosedness. Suggestions are presented for future research in this area.
keywords	Design Process; Virtual Environments; Human-Computer Interaction; 3D City Modelling; Environmental Simulation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	2560
authors	Alkhoven, Patricia
year	1991
title	The Reconstruction of the Past: The Application of New Techniques for Visualization and Research in Architectural History
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures: Education, Research, Applications [CAAD Futures ‘91 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 3-528-08821-4] Zürich (Switzerland), July 1991, pp. 549-566
summary	This paper focuses on the visualization of historical architecture. The application of new Computer-Aided- Architectural-Design techniques for visualization on micro computers provides a technique for reconstructing and analyzing architectural objects from the past. The pilot project describes a case study in which the historical transformation of a town will be analyzed by using three- dimensional CAD models in combination with bitmap textures. The transformation of the historic town will be visualized in a space-time computer model in which bitmap textures enable us to display complex and relatively large architectural objects in detail. This three-dimensional descriptive model allows us to survey and analyze the history of architecture in its reconstructed context. It also provides a medium for researching the dynamics of urban management, since new combinations and arrangements with the individual architectural objects can be created. In this way, a new synthesis of the graphic material can reveal typologies and the architectural ordering system of a town.
keywords	3D City modeling
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	849b
authors	Amiel, Maurice
year	1991
title	NOTES ON IN-SITU – FULL-SCALE EXPERIMENTATION AND THE DESIGN PROFESSIONS
source	Proceedings of the 3rd European Full-Scale Modelling Conference / ISBN 91-7740044-5 / Lund (Sweden) 13-16 September 1990, pp. 40-43
summary	In the north american academic context a workshop is different from a paper session in that it is simply an opportunity to exchange ideas and to raise questions among colleagues who can bring to bear in their discussion various points of view and experiences otherwise unavailable.
keywords	Full-scale Modeling, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed	2004/05/04 15:18

_id	0ab2
authors	Amor, R., Hosking, J., Groves, L. and Donn, M.
year	1993
title	Design Tool Integration: Model Flexibility for the Building Profession
source	Proceedings of Building Systems Automation - Integration, University of Wisconsin-Madison
summary	The development of ICAtect, as discussed in the Building Systems Automation and Integration Symposium of 1991, provides a way of integrating simulation tools through a common building model. However, ICAtect is only a small step towards the ultimate goal of total integration and automation of the building design process. In this paper we investigate the next steps on the path toward integration. We examine how models structured to capture the physical attributes of the building, as required by simulation tools, can be used to converse with knowledge-based systems. We consider the types of mappings that occur in the often different views of a building held by these two classes of design tools. This leads us to examine the need for multiple views of a common building model. We then extend our analysis from the views required by simulation and knowledge-based systems, to those required by different segments of the building profession (e.g. architects, engineers, developers, etc.) to converse with such an integrated system. This indicates a need to provide a flexible method of accessing data in the common building model to facilitate use by different building professionals with varying specialities and levels of expertise.
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	f9bd
authors	Amor, R.W.
year	1991
title	ICAtect: Integrating Design Tools for Preliminary Architectural Design
source	Wellington, New Zealand: Computer Science Department, Victoria University
summary	ICAtect is a knowledge based system that provides an interface between expert systems, simulation packages and CAD systems used for preliminary architectural design. This thesis describes its structure and development.The principal work discussed in this thesis involves the formulation of a method for representing a building. This is developed through an examination of a number of design tools used in architectural design, and the ways in which each of these describe a building.Methods of enabling data to be transferred between design tools are explored. A Common Building Model (CBM), forming the core of the ICAtect system, is developed to represent the design tools knowledge of a building. This model covers the range of knowledge required by a large set of disparate design tools used by architects at the initial design stage.Standard methods of integrating information from the tools were examined, but required augmentation to encompass the unusual constraints found in some of the design tools. The integration of the design tools and the CBM is discussed in detail, with example methods developed for each type of design tool. These example methods provide a successful way of moving information between the different representations. Some problems with mapping data between very different representations were encountered in this process, and the solutions or ideas for remedies are detailed. A model for control and use of ICAtect is developed in the thesis, and the extensions to enable a graphical user interface are discussed.The methods developed in this thesis demonstrate the feasibility of an integrated system of this nature, while the discussion of future work indicates the scope and potential power of ICAtect.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	ca50
authors	Ayrle, Hartmut
year	1991
title	XNET2 - Methodical Design of Local Area Networks in Buildings - An Application of the A4 Intelligent Design Tool
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures: Education, Research, Applications [CAAD Futures ‘91 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 3-528-08821-4] Zürich (Switzerland), July 1991, pp. 443-450
summary	XNET2 is a prototype program, that helps network planners to design Ethernet-conform data-networks for sites and buildings. It is implemented as an example application of the ARMILLA4 Intelligent Design Tool under Knowledge Craft. It is based on a knowledge acquisition phase with experts from DECsite, the network-branch of DEC. The ARMILLA Design Tool is developed on the basis of Fritz Haller's ARMILLA ' a set of geometrical and operational rules for the integration of technical ductwork into a building's construction.
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	0b1c
authors	Bridges, Alan
year	1991
title	Computer Exercises in Architectural Design Theory
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1991.x.f9w
source	Experiences with CAAD in Education and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Munich (Germany) 17-19 October 1991
summary	This paper discusses how architectural theory may be taught using computer based exercises to explore the practical application of those theories. The particular view of architecture developed is, necessarily, a restricted one but the objectives behind the exercises are slightly different to those that a pure architectural theorist or historian might have The formal teaching of architectural theory and composition has not been very fashionable in Schools of Architecture for several years now: indeed there is a considerable inbuilt resistance in students to the application of any form of rules or procedures. There is however a general interest in computing and this can be utilised to advantage. In concentrating on computer applications in design eclectic use has been made of a number of architectural examples ranging from Greek temples to the work of modern deconstructionists. Architectural theory since Vitruvius is littered with attempts to define universal theories of design and this paper certainly does not presume to anything so grand: I have merely looked at buildings, compared them and noted what they have in common and how that might relate to computer-aided design. I have ignored completely any sociological, philosophical or phenomenological questions but would readily agree with the criticism that Cartesian rationality is not, on its own, a sufficient base upon which to build a theory of design. However I believe there is merit in articulating design by separating it from other concerns and making it a subject of study in its own right. Work in design research will provide the models and intellectual structures to facilitate discourse about design and might be expected to benefit the development of design skills by providing material that could be formally taught and debated in a way that is removed from the ephemeral "fashionable designer" debate. Of course, some of the ideas discussed here may prove to be equally ephemeral but that does not entirely negate their value.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ac81
authors	Brown, A.G.P.
year	1991
title	Review of Building IT 2000
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1991.x.q2c
source	Experiences with CAAD in Education and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Munich (Germany) 17-19 October 1991
summary	Building IT2000 is a Building and Information Technology database which is presented in Hypertextformat. Its production has been co-ordinated by the CICA (the Construction Industry Computer Association), an independent association serving the needs of computer users, specifiers and suppliers in the Construction Industry. The stack is a collection of structured information prepared by a group of experts in computing and the construction industry. As such it represents an interesting advance from two points of view: (1.) It is a valuable source of information in its own right. It could provide a resource for students of architecture which could be used as a self-teaching package. (2.) It points a possible way forward for the development of similar hypertext based teaching packages which could be developed by academics within the European teaching community.
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.mediatecture.at/ecaade/91/brown.pdf
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	b6b3
authors	Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P.
year	1991
title	Organizational Learning and Communities-of-Practice: Toward a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation
source	Organization Science, 2(1), 40-57
summary	Recent ethnographic studies of workplace practices indicate that the ways people actually work usually differ fundamentally from the ways organizations describe that work in manuals, training programs, organizational charts, and job descriptions. Organizations tend to rely on the latter in their attempts to understand and improve work practice. We relate the conclusions of one study of work practices to compatible investigations of learning and innovation to argue that conventional descriptions of jobs mask not only the ways people work, but also the learning and innovation generated in the informal communities-of-practice in which they work. By reassessing the apparently conflicting triad of work, learning, and innovation in the context of actual communities and actual practices, we suggest that the synergistic connections between these three become apparent. With a unified view of working, learning, and innovating, it should be possible to reconceive of and redesign organizations to improve all three.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	a1dc
authors	Budd, T.
year	1991
title	An introduction to Object Oriented programming
source	Addison-Wesley
summary	In An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, Timothy Budd provides a language-independent presentation of object-oriented principles, such as objects, methods, inheritance (including multiple inheritance) and polymorphism. Examples are drawn from several different languages, including (among others) C++, C#, Java, CLOS, Delphi, Eiffel, Objective-C and Smalltalk. By examining many languages, the reader is better able to appreciate the general principles that lie beyond the syntax of the individual languages.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

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