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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	5dff
authors	Bricken, M.
year	1994
title	Virtual Worlds: No Interface to Design
source	Cyberspace - First Steps, M.Benedikt ed, MIT Press
summary	In a virtual world, we are inside an environment of pure information that we can see, hear, and touch. The technology itself is invisible, and carefully adapted to human activity so that we can behave naturally in this artificial world. We can create any imaginable environment and we can experience entirely new perspectives and capabilities within it. A virtual world can be informative, useful, and fun; it can also be boring and uncomfortable. The difference is in the design. The platform and the interactive devices we use, the software tools and the purpose of the environment are all elements in the design of virtual worlds. But the most important component in designing comfortable, functional worlds is the person inside them. Cyberspace technology couples the functions of the computer with human capabilities. This requires that we tailor the technology to people, and refine the fit to individuals. We then have customized interaction with personalized forms of information that can amplify our individual intelligence and broaden our experience. Designing virtual worlds is a challenging departure from traditional interface design. In the first section of this chapter I differentiate between paradigms for screen-based interface design and paradigms for creating virtual worlds. The engineer, the designer, and the participant co-create cyberspace. Each role carries its own set of goals and expectations, its own model of the technology's salient features. In the second section of the chapter I address these multiple perspectives, and how they interrelate in the cooperative design process. In conclusion, I consider broader design issues, including control, politics, and emergent phenomena in cyberspace.
series	other
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	diss_brewster
id	diss_brewster
authors	Brewster, S.A.
year	1994
title	Providing a Structured Method for Integrating Non-Speech Audio into Human-Computer Interfaces
source	Heslington, York: University of York
summary	This thesis provides a framework for integrating non-speech sound into human-computer interfaces. Previously there was no structured way of doing this, it was done in an ad hoc manner by individual designers. This led to ineffective uses of sound. In order to add sounds to improve usability two questions must be answered: What sounds should be used and where is it best to use them? With these answers a structured method for adding sound can be created. An investigation of earcons as a means of presenting information in sound was undertaken. A series of detailed experiments showed that earcons were effective, especially if musical timbres were used. Parallel earcons were also investigated (where two earcons are played simultaneously) and an experiment showed that they could increase sound presentation rates. From these results guidelines were drawn up for designers to use when creating usable earcons. These formed the first half of the structured method for integrating sound into interfaces. An informal analysis technique was designed to investigate interactions to identify situations where hidden information existed and where non-speech sound could be used to overcome the associated problems. Interactions were considered in terms of events, status and modes to find hidden information. This information was then categorised in terms of the feedback needed to present it. Several examples of the use of the technique were presented. This technique formed the second half of the structured method. The structured method was evaluated by testing sonically-enhanced scrollbars, buttons and windows. Experimental results showed that sound could improve usability by increasing performance, reducing time to recover from errors and reducing workload. There was also no increased annoyance due to the sound. Thus the structured method for integrating sound into interfaces was shown to be effective when applied to existing interface widgets.
series	thesis:PhD
email
more	http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~stephen/publications.shtml
last changed	2003/11/28 07:34

_id	b9c4
authors	Kim, Inhan
year	1994
title	Data representations in an integrated architectural design environment
source	University of Strathclyde, Dept. of Architecture and Building Science
summary	The architectural design process is very complex and involves cross-disciplinary communication among many related fields. Given the further problems arising from the technological advances in building materials and construction methods, an integrated design environment becomes a central design issue. There have been many attempts to analyse and structure the design process as a uniform hierarchical framework. Most of the attempts resulted in a vague and inappropriate outcome due to the lack of understanding of architectural design complexity and inconsistent design data control sequence. A design problem cannot be comprehensively stated because the design problem has a multi-disciplinary nature and the design problem itself evolves as solutions are attempted by the designer. Therefore, an ideal CAAD system should have the capability to accommodate the multi-disciplinary nature of design and should not prescribe or restrict design concepts and design knowledge. A well designed integrated design environment provides more information and invokes creative imagination for each design stage, and therefore creative decision making by the designer can be achieved. This thesis proposes a prototype architectural design environment, Hybrid Integrated Design Environment [HIDE], which aims to integrate all applications for designing a building. Within the object-oriented design environment, a unified data model and a data management system have been implemented to seamlessly connect all applications. Development of the environment needs to consider the fundamental interaction between each module. Devising a data structure that is appropriate to an effective data communication among the various design stages is essential in a totally integrated CAAD system. The suggested unified data model organizes the structure of the design data to keep the design consistent throughout the design and construction process. By means of the unified data model, integrated CAAD systems could represent and exchange design information at a semantic level, i.e. the user’s way of thinking, such as exchanging components and features of a building rather than graphical primitives. In consequence, the unified data model reduces the misunderstandings and communication problems among the multiple disciplines of architectural design. The suggested data management system supports the consistent and straight forward mechanisms for controlling the data representation through the inter-connected modules. It is responsible for creating, maintaining, and viewing a consistent database of the design description. It also helps to perform effective data communication among the various design stages to ensure quality and time saving in the final construction of the building. To support inter-disciplinary communication of design concepts and decisions, the integrating of relevant CAAD tools is essential. In the environment, the integration of CAAD tools has been performed on the basis of how well computerized design tools can assist designers to develop better solutions, enabling them to manipulate and appraise varying solutions quickly and with a minimum of effort in an environment conducive to creative design. A well designed user interface system can also benefit the seamless working environment. The proposed user friendly interface system allows a user to explore the environment in a highly interactive manner. From the development of the early data model to the final design, a user could benefit from the prototypes and methods of the user interface system. The ultimate goal of the prototype environment is to suggest a future design environment which helps the architect to have minimum discontinuity in his creativity and make the design process similar to the natural design process with the help of a set of design assistance modules. A prototype version of HIDE has been implemented and a demonstration of the environment is part of this thesis.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	95b3
authors	Wernecke, J.
year	1994
title	The Inventor Mentor: programming Object-oriented 3D graphics with Open Inventor
source	Release 2 Addison Wesley
summary	The Inventor Mentor introduces graphics programmers and application developers to Open Inventor, an object-oriented 3D toolkit. Open Inventor is a library of objects and methods used for interactive 3D graphics. Although it is written in C++, Open Inventor also includes C bindings. For the sake of brevity, the examples included in this book are in C++. All C++ examples, as well as equivalent examples written in C, are available on-line. If you are new to the C++ language, see Appendix A, "An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming for C Programmers," to help you understand the references to classes, subclasses, and other object-oriented concepts used throughout this book. If you are using the C application programming interface, also see Appendix B, "An Introduction to the C API." This book describes how to write applications using the Open Inventor toolkit. The Inventor Toolmaker, a companion book for the advanced programmer, describes how to create new Inventor classes and how to customize existing classes. The Inventor Mentor contains the following chapters: * Chapter 1, "Overview," provides a general description of Open Inventor concepts and classes and how Inventor relates to OpenGL and the X Window System. * Chapter 2, "An Inventor Sampler," presents a short program that creates a simple object. This program is then modified to show the use of important Inventor objects: engines, manipulators, and components. * Chapter 3, "Nodes and Groups," introduces the concept of a scene graph and shows how to create nodes and combine them into different kinds of groups. * Chapter 4, "Cameras and Lights," describes the camera nodes used to view a scene and the light nodes that provide illumination. * Chapter 5, "Shapes, Properties, and Binding," describes how to create both simple and complex shapes and how to use property nodes, including material, draw style, and lighting model nodes. Binding materials and surface normals to shape nodes is also explained. * Chapter 6, "Text," shows the use of 2D and 3D text nodes. * Chapter 7, "Textures," describes how to apply textures to the surfaces of objects in a scene. * Chapter 8, "Curves and Surfaces," explains how to use NURBS curves and surfaces. * Chapter 9, "Applying Actions," describes how operations are applied to an Inventor scene graph. Actions include OpenGL rendering, picking, calculating a bounding box, calculating a transformation matrix, writing to a file, and searching the scene graph for certain types of nodes. * Chapter 10, "Handling Events and Selection," explains how Inventor receives events from the window system. It also describes how the selection node manages a selection list and performs highlighting. * Chapter 11, "File Format," describes Inventor's interchange file format, used for reading files into Inventor, writing files out from Inventor, and data exchanges such as copy and paste. * Chapter 12, "Sensors," describes how Inventor sensors watch for certain types of events and invoke user-supplied callback functions when these events occur. * Chapter 13, "Engines," describes how you can use Inventor engines to animate parts of a scene graph, or to create interdependencies among the nodes in the graph. * Chapter 14, "Node Kits," introduces node kits, a convenient mechanism for creating groups of related Inventor nodes. Each node kit contains a catalog of nodes from which you select the desired nodes. * Chapter 15, "Draggers and Manipulators," describes how to use draggers and manipulators, which are special objects in the scene graph that respond to user events. Manipulators are nodes with field values that can be edited directly by the user. * Chapter 16, "Inventor Component Library," shows how to use Inventor's Xt components, which are program modules with a built-in user interface for changing the scene graph interactively. It also Chapter 17, "Using Inventor with OpenGL," discusses how to use Inventor with the OpenGL Library.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	2638
authors	Choi, Jin Won
year	1994
title	ArchiWAIS: A Multimedia-Based Architectural Information System for Teaching and Learning Architectural History and Theory
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.161
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 161-169
summary	Currently, there is a debate among architectural educators regarding the use of computers in the curricula. At present, computers are used for design purposes, and there is limited use in other areas of the curricula. This paper explores an instructional tool developed specifically for the teaching and learning of architectural history and theory, and since these courses are main components of any architectural curricula, using this tool can have a great impact on architectural education in general. The tool, called ArchiWAIS, is a multimedia-based architectural information system that utilizes emerging computer technologies such as multimedia, hypermedia, and telecommunications. As a multimedia system ArchiWAIS provides effective ways of handling various architectural media-text, images, architectural drawings and diagrams, three-dimensional models, animation and sound. ArchiWAIS as a distributed hypermedia system also provides multiple ways to search multimedia databases and browse through multimedia. ArchiWAIS is a WAIS (Wide-Area Information Server) client and has access to architectural databases specially constructed for this experimental project as well as general WAIS databases. ArchiWAIS is one of two subsystems of ArchiTOUR, an educational system currently under development. While ArchiWAIS searches and collects a variety of architectural information, HyperTOUR, the other subsystem of ArchiTOUR, can be used for presenting and learning a specific subject in architectural history and theory. A future extension of ArchiTOUR will be the integration of other curricula into the system, in essence, creating a common ground among architectural courses.
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	b81d
authors	Davies, C. and Harrison, J.
year	1996
title	Osmose: Towards Broadening the Aesthetics of Virtual Reality
source	ACM Computer Graphics: Virtual Reality Volume 30, Number 4
summary	Osmose is an immersive virtual environment, produced by Softimage in 1994/95. One of the primary goals of Osmose was to push the expressive capabilities of existing 3D tools, to demonstrate that an alternative aesthetic and interactive sensibility is possible for real-time, interactive, 3D computer graphics. Osmose was created under the direction of Char Davies, the Director of Visual Research at Softimage. A former painter, as well as a creator of 3D computer graphic stills, Davies has a particular artistic vision which has driven the project. Davies has been striving for years to represent space as a luminous enveloping medium. This has led her from painting to 3D computer graphics, and finally into creating immersive virtual spaces. One of Davies' intentions for Osmose was to create a space that is "psychically innovating," one in which, to quote Bachelard, participants do not change "place," but change their own nature. Osmose was therefore designed to explore the potential of immersive virtual space to allow participants to shed their habitual ways of looking at (and behaving in) the world. By doing this, we hoped they would then emerge from the virtual world to experience the real world in a fresh way, reawakening a fundamental sense of their own "being-in-the-world." We hoped that this could be accomplished through the visual, aural and interactive aesthetic of the work.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	sigradi2006_e028c
id	sigradi2006_e028c
authors	Griffith, Kenfield; Sass, Larry and Michaud, Dennis
year	2006
title	A strategy for complex-curved building design:Design structure with Bi-lateral contouring as integrally connected ribs
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 465-469
summary	Shapes in designs created by architects such as Gehry Partners (Shelden, 2002), Foster and Partners, and Kohn Peterson and Fox rely on computational processes for rationalizing complex geometry for building construction. Rationalization is the reduction of a complete geometric shape into discrete components. Unfortunately, for many architects the rationalization is limited reducing solid models to surfaces or data on spread sheets for contractors to follow. Rationalized models produced by the firms listed above do not offer strategies for construction or digital fabrication. For the physical production of CAD description an alternative to the rationalized description is needed. This paper examines the coupling of digital rationalization and digital fabrication with physical mockups (Rich, 1989). Our aim is to explore complex relationships found in early and mid stage design phases when digital fabrication is used to produce design outcomes. Results of our investigation will aid architects and engineers in addressing the complications found in the translation of design models embedded with precision to constructible geometries. We present an algorithmically based approach to design rationalization that supports physical production as well as surface production of desktop models. Our approach is an alternative to conventional rapid prototyping that builds objects by assembly of laterally sliced contours from a solid model. We explored an improved product description for rapid manufacture as bilateral contouring for structure and panelling for strength (Kolarevic, 2003). Infrastructure typically found within aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, bilateral contouring is an organized matrix of horizontal and vertical interlocking ribs evenly distributed along a surface. These structures are monocoque and semi-monocoque assemblies composed of structural ribs and skinning attached by rivets and adhesives. Alternative, bi-lateral contouring discussed is an interlocking matrix of plywood strips having integral joinery for assembly. Unlike traditional methods of building representations through malleable materials for creating tangible objects (Friedman, 2002), this approach constructs with the implication for building life-size solutions. Three algorithms are presented as examples of rationalized design production with physical results. The first algorithm [Figure 1] deconstructs an initial 2D curved form into ribbed slices to be assembled through integral connections constructed as part of the rib solution. The second algorithm [Figure 2] deconstructs curved forms of greater complexity. The algorithm walks along the surface extracting surface information along horizontal and vertical axes saving surface information resulting in a ribbed structure of slight double curvature. The final algorithm [Figure 3] is expressed as plug-in software for Rhino that deconstructs a design to components for assembly as rib structures. The plug-in also translates geometries to a flatten position for 2D fabrication. The software demonstrates the full scope of the research exploration. Studies published by Dodgson argued that innovation technology (IvT) (Dodgson, Gann, Salter, 2004) helped in solving projects like the Guggenheim in Bilbao, the leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, and the Millennium Bridge in London. Similarly, the method discussed in this paper will aid in solving physical production problems with complex building forms. References Bentley, P.J. (Ed.). Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, 1-73 Celani, G, (2004) “From simple to complex: using AutoCAD to build generative design systems” in: L. Caldas and J. Duarte (org.) Implementations issues in generative design systems. First Intl. Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, July 2004 Dodgson M, Gann D.M., Salter A, (2004), “Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving: Lessons from High Profile Public Projects,” Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, 2004 Dristas, (2004) “Design Operators.” Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2004 Friedman, M, (2002), Gehry Talks: Architecture + Practice, Universe Publishing, New York, NY, 2002 Kolarevic, B, (2003), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, UK, 2003 Opas J, Bochnick H, Tuomi J, (1994), “Manufacturability Analysis as a Part of CAD/CAM Integration”, Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, 261-292 Rudolph S, Alber R, (2002), “An Evolutionary Approach to the Inverse Problem in Rule-Based Design Representations”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 329-350 Rich M, (1989), Digital Mockup, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1989 Schön, D., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professional Think in Action. Basic Books. 1983 Shelden, D, (2003), “Digital Surface Representation and the Constructability of Gehry’s Architecture.” Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003 Smithers T, Conkie A, Doheny J, Logan B, Millington K, (1989), “Design as Intelligent Behaviour: An AI in Design Thesis Programme”, Artificial Intelligence in Design, 293-334 Smithers T, (2002), “Synthesis in Designing”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 3-24 Stiny, G, (1977), “Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs” Environmental and Planning B, volume 4, pp. 89-98
keywords	Digital fabrication; bilateral contouring; integral connection; complex-curve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	ddss9447
id	ddss9447
authors	Jabi, Wassim
year	1994
title	An Outline of the Requirements for a Computer Supported Collaborative Design System
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) systems have adequately satisfied several needs so far. They have dramatically improved the accuracy and consistency of working drawings, enabled designers to visualize their design ideas in three-dimensions, allowed the analysis of designs through data exchange and integrated databases, and even allowed the designers to evaluate (and in some cases generate) designs based on comparisons to previous cases and/or the formalization of specific rules and grammars. Yet, there is a general consensus that CAAD systems have not yet achieved their full potential. First, most systems employ a single-user approach to solving architectural problems which fails to grapple with the fact that most design work is done through teamwork. Second, current systems still cannot support early design stages which involve client briefing, data collection, building program formulation, and schematic design generation. Thus, if CAAD is to ultimately benefit the design process, it must (1) emulate and support the design team approach to architectural problem solving and (2) be deployed in the earliest possible stages of the design process. This paper seeks to study remedies to both of the afore-mentioned limitations through focusing on the interaction between a set of requirements (the building program) and the architectural solution that satisfies them (the schematic design). The core of this interaction forms the fundamental dialectic and collaborative nature of what is called designing: a concerned social activity that proceeds by creating architectural elements to address a set of requirements and their re-thinking as a result of architectural conjecture. To investigate this relationship, it is proposed to build a computer-supported collaborative design environment using the tools of conceptual modelling (based on the NIAM notation), object-oriented algorithms, and distributed agents. Based on a literature survey and earlier findings on the role of artifacts in collaborative design, this paper outlines the requirements for the above system and reports on initial experiments. Thus, it constitutes the first stage of a research project that will lead to a full implementation of a distributed collaborative computer environment addressing the above issues.
series	DDSS
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2008/06/12 16:32

_id	8822
authors	Jakimowicz, Adam
year	1994
title	Abstract Modelling - Forming and Exploring
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.x.o5l
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, p. 214
summary	Architectural design is always concerned with form to things. It is the sphere or action where meanings are to be expressed and further on - received (by a receiver), felt, understood. "Meanings" mean not only rational information. The matter is to reach the essence and to master ways appropriate to expose and interprete it. Quality of the form decides whether architectural or any work is worth attention or not and to what degree. Form is an attribute of a thing. It is form that "speaks". This linguistic metaphore shows one of natural, inborn features of things and states. However, questions appear: 1. Does everything have form? 2. Is the form an objective term? 3. What limitations of the definition of the form to accept- if any? The friendly environment for creating form consists of conscious intentions plus open mind. Rules are certain, but liquid. Every formal communication system may be widened individually. The only limitation is to be received according to intentions. So, incredibly, the infinite number of combinations, even within one system, may be possible.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	a43d
authors	Kim, Inhan
year	1994
title	Unified Data Organization and Management in an Integrated Design Environment
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.x.k7n
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, pp. 254
summary	The architectural design process is very complex and it is not easily confined to a single design environment. As the design process gets more complex due to the technological advances in building materials and construction methods, an integrated design system becomes a central design issue. To have an integrated design system, all applications should be integrated in a unified environment within which there should be a data structure to facilitate an effective data communication among the various design stages and data control facility to seamlessly connect all these applications. A primary purpose of this work is to suggest an object oriented architectural design environment for the essential part of the seamless environment for designing a building. Within the object-oriented design environment, a unified data model and detailed data control module have been implemented to seamlessly connect all these applications. The unified data model organizes the structure of the design data to keep the design consistent throughout the design and construction process. It also helps to do effective data communication among the various design stages to ensure quality and time saving in the final construction of the building. The data management module supports the consistent and easy mechanisms in controlling the data representation through the inter-connected modules. It is also responsible for creating, maintaining, and viewing a consistent database of the design description. In the suggested design environment, each architectural element partially describes the model and individual elements are aggregated hierarchically. Some parts of the projection are defined and other can be inherited from above. Also, creation of an improved or new design element can easily be accommodated in the environment. The integrated database in the suggested environment is the basis by which design data can be shared among the design tools of the design environment. The database organizes the design description within each representation, correlates equivalent descriptions across the representations, and attempts to maintain these correspondences as the design incrementally evolves.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ab3c
authors	Kramer, G.
year	1996
title	Mapping a Single Data Stream to Multiple Auditory Variables: A Subjective Approach to Creating a Compelling Design
source	Proceedings of the Third International Conferenceon Auditory Display, Santa FO Institute
summary	Representing a single data variable changing in time via sonification, or using that data to control a sound in some way appears to be a simple problem but actually involves a significant degree of subjectivity. This paper is a response to my own focus on specific sonification tasks (Kramer 1990, 1993) (Fitch & Kramer, 1994), on broad theoretical concerns in auditory display (Kramer 1994a, 1994b, 1995), and on the representation of high-dimensional data sets (Kramer 1991a & Kramer & Ellison, 1991b). The design focus of this paper is partly a response to the others who, like myself, have primarily employed single fundamental acoustic variables such as pitch or loudness to represent single data streams. These simple representations have framed three challenges: Behavioral and Cognitive Science-Can sonifications created with complex sounds changing simultaneously in several dimensions facilitate the formation of a stronger internal auditory image, or audiation, than would be produced by simpler sonifications? Human Factors and Applications-Would such a stronger internal image of the data prove to be more useful from the standpoint of conveying information? Technology and Design-How might these richer displays be constructed? This final question serves as a starting point for this paper. After years of cautious sonification research I wanted to explore the creation of more interesting and compelling representations.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ddss9463
id	ddss9463
authors	Lucardie, Larry
year	1994
title	A Functional Framework For Conceptual Modelling
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	A conceptual model is not only indispensable for the design and implementation of knowledge based systems, but also for their validation, modification, maintenance and enhancement. Experience indicates, however, that in many cases reality is not well reflected in a full-fledged conceptual model. What is systematically lacking in the prevailing conceptualization methods is a well-developed theory of knowledge that underlies conceptualization methods: a theory that precedes the process of forming meaningful classifications and that precedes the specification of a conceptual model. To date, conceptualization methods are based on the probabilistic assumption that, in essence, all conditions necessary for creating a classification, are provided initially and can easily be revealed by utilizing mathematical measures of similarity. Another frequently occurring prototypical assumption is that for creating a classification, necessary conditions are sufficient. Furthermore, it is assumed that the categories of conditions are a priori fixed and unconditional. That conceptualizing takes place without any explicit background knowledge about goals of classifications and without contextual influences and that categorizations have an unconditional status are not viewed as problems. In contrast to these approaches, the functional view states that relevant descriptive attributes are not necessarily a priori given but should be acquired through knowledge about goals of classifications and about contexts. It is also asserted that an explicit concern for necessary conditions will not suffice for capturing the dynamics of reality. Furthermore, the functional view puts forward that a goal- and context-oriented strategy leads to the reconstruction of new attributes and categorizations with a dynamic status. The aim of this paper is to discuss the theoretic and practical merits of the functional view compared to the probabilistic and prototype approaches. Conceptual models developed in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing-Project will serve as illustrations for the main ideas.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9472
id	ddss9472
authors	Park, Mungo
year	1994
title	Text, Model, Image, the Inconsistent Cycle of Reflective Design in Architectural Speculation
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The paper will examine the sites of imaginal or creative 'events' set within the discourse of architecture and landscape design. It will discuss the cognitive and reflective actions implicit in creating or opening up the spaces of thinking in design. Notions of 'linearity' and 'intuition' in the emergence of discursive design work will be tested with reference to the textual work of Barthes, Foucault and Baudrillard, and to the imaginal work of Lebbeus Woods, Piranesi and Daniel Liebeskind. The potential for relocating terms and collapsing conventional disciplinary boundaries to discover a creative field of discourse within architectural design will be discussed, together with the specific tactics and strategies which may be employed by the designer to achieve such a collision in the problematizing of a design project. Ideas of reality, simulation and materiality will be discussed in the context of the designer's external frames of reference (societal, ecological, political, aesthetic, cultural) and their possible relationship with the cognitive process in order to discover the terms under which an architectural discourse seeks validation.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/12/21 07:38

_id	61a4
authors	Parsons, Peter W.
year	1994
title	Craft and Geometry in Architecture: An Experimental Design Studio Using the Computer
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.171
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 171-176
summary	Craft is one of the main aspects of architecture that accounts for its strong corporeal presence. The Computer used as a geometry machine lacks such tectonics. The predominant means for bringing a sense of materiality to its geometric constructions is through rendering, and in this respect the computer is not significantly different from geometric drawing. One need only recall the beautifully rendered drawings of the Beaux-Arts for a comparison. With the rise of modern architecture such 'paper' architecture was voraciously denounced in the cause of relating architectural production more closely with crafted production. Even now the interest in craft has persisted despite postmodern criticism. Therefore, a means for bringing a greater sense of craft to computer-aided design seems desirable. The architectural studio discussed in this paper was initiated partly for this purpose by intentionally confronting the computer's proclivity to move its users away from craft toward geometry, while at the same time taking advantage of its capabilities as a geometry machine. Craft can best be understood by practicing it. Consider, for example, the use of a chisel in woodwork. As one applies force with it, one can feel the resistance of the material. Carving with the grain feels differently than carving against or across it. Carving a piece of maple feels differently than carving a piece of pine. If one presses too hard on the chisel or does not hold it at the precise angle, there is a great risk of creating an unwanted gouge. Gradually with practice the tool feels as if it is an extension of the hand that holds it. it becomes an extension of the body. One can feel the physical qualities of the wood through it. Like a limb of the body its presence can become transparent and one can learn about what one feels through it. It can imprint a memory in the mind that comes to the brain, not through the eyes alone, but through the tactile senses. On the other hand it is tiring to use a chisel for an extended period of time. One's body begins to ache and, as the body tires, the risks of making an unwanted mistake increase. Furthermore, because a tool becomes wedded to the body, it is almost impossible to use more than one tool at a time unless they are being used in conjunction with one another as one might use two limbs of the body together. On a computer one can never 'feel' an object, the image of which is on the screen, in the same manner that one can feel with a chisel the material upon which one is working. One becomes particularly aware of this when creating a 3D computer model of a hand tool. One wants to hold it, not just look at it. Thus the artifice of the object created by means of the computer becomes very apparent, because the 'tool' has not yet taken on the qualities of a tool, although it has taken on the appearance of one.
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	aca9
authors	Saund, E. and Moran, T.P.
year	1994
title	A Perceptually- Supported Sketch Editor
source	Proc. UIST 94, Marina del Rey, CA 175-184
summary	The human visual system makes a great deal more of images than the elemental marks on a surface. In the course of viewing, creating, or editing a picture, we actively construct a host of visual structures and relationships as components of sensible interpretations. This paper shows how some of these computational processes can be incorporated into peneptuallysupported image editing tools, enabling machines to better engage users at the level of their own percepts. We focus on the domain of freehand sketch editors, such as an electronic whiteboard application for a pen-based computer. By using computer vision techniques to perform covert recognition of visual structure as it emerges during the course of a drawingkditing session, a perceptually supported image editor gives users access to visual objects as they are perceived by the human visual system. We present a flexible image interpretation architecture based on token grouping in a multiscale blackboard data structure. This organization supports multiple perceptual interpretations of line drawing data, domain-specific knowledge bases for interpretable visual structures, and gesture-based selection of visual objects. A system implementing these ideas, called Per-Sketch, begins to explore a new space of WYPIWYG (What Your Perceive Is What You Get) image editing tools.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ddss9478
id	ddss9478
authors	Saw, Seiji and Arima, Takafumi
year	1994
title	A Landscape Simulation System Which Integrates Geographical Feature Data and the Building Data
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Many researchers examine landscapes at the architectural scale. However, landscapes should be examined at different scales and we should include those elements in city development projects. This paper describes the results of a research project which aims at combining such data to create an image the landscape that comes close to reality. Oita City was divided into a grid of 250 meter * 250 meter. Each grid was divided into eight triangular polygons. The geographical features used include: (i) a three-dimensional image constructed by calculating the polygons altitude in relation to the altitude of the adjacent grid; (ii) the ground texture based on different land uses; (iii) coordinate values in the form of buildings in the city centre; (iv) the number of floors of buildings and patterns of elevation collected by field observation and classified into 12 patterns. The computer program was very successful in creating the desired realistic image
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	dc0f
authors	Stefik, M.
year	1994
title	Knowledge Systems
source	Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco. p. 295
summary	Digital systems cannot act reliably and intelligently in ignorance. They need to know how to act intelligently. Computer systems that use knowledge are called knowledge-based systems, or simply, knowledge systems. Knowledge systems first came to the public's attention in the 1980s as a successful application of artificial intelligence. Since then their use has spread widely throughout industry, finance and science. But what are the principles behind knowledge systems? What are they useful for? How are they built? What are their limitations? How can they connect with human activities for creating and using knowledge? Addressing these questions is the purpose of this book. The art of building knowledge systems is inherently multidisciplinary, incorporating computer science theory, programming practice and psychology. The content of this book incorporates these varied fields covering topics ranging from the design of search algorithms and representations to techniques for acquiring the task specific knowledge required for developing successful systems. It discusses common representations for time, space, uncertainty, and vagueness. It also explains the knowledge-level organizations for the three most widespread knowledge-intensive tasks: classification, configuration, and diagnosis. In a university setting, this book is intended for use at the advanced undergraduate levels and beginning graduate levels. For students outside of computer science, this book provides an introduction that prepares them for using and creating knowledge systems in their own areas of specialization. For computer science students, this book provides a deeper treatment of knowledge systems than is possible in a general introduction to artificial intelligence.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	0465
authors	Szövényi-Lux, Miklós
year	1994
title	Virtual Future!?
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.x.o0h
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, p. 215
summary	Architecture was born long, long ago with the help of those people who first realised that they are not only building houses but, what is more important, thrilling and has been the focus of many debates, creating space. In the beginning man created space by adding and combining different volumes of masses. They thought that space can be perceived as determined by different points of orientation placed around us. Later people started to realise that perception of space is a little bit more sophisticated. Perhaps everybody has smiled at a baby who standing up for the first time in his life in his playpen, extending his hands towards objects on the nearby table physically unreachable for him. If he was an adult, people would think perhaps something is wrong with him, when he extends his hands towards things we surely know are impossible to reach from his actual position. So how come we can judge with exactitude the place of different objects in space? Maybe by the time needed for the movement to get there. Let us not forget that the baby's first real movement is when he starts to walk and then he starts to get the feeling of this three dimensional world, around which can be only realised simultaneously in space and time. Anyone can say that this is an interesting theory, but who cares? It is said that most of the architects, who are real designers have a keen sense of creating and perceiving space. They are far more interested in the perfection of the created space with all its details than anything else. And here is where a CAD program can come into the picture. Talking about a real CAD program that means from the point of view of a designer, a silent friend who never cheats or boasts, who takes him in SPACE wherever he wants to go and shows him his CREATION as an extending arm between his imagination and the reality.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ddss9501
id	ddss9501
authors	Wahab, Ibrahim
year	1994
title	Creating a Data Base for Parking System in Cities - Malaysia
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Transport, one of the major urban systems somehow give rise to a varying degree of problems in many different cities. Malaysia being among the developing nations is no exception to such problems. When urban development takes place, infrastructure has to be provided adequately. The needs of an efficient parking system have to be at par with the development itself. Parking for example plays a similar role and it is indeed vital for every motorists. This paper outlines the general problems related to parking in urban areas and a generalised software suitable for micro-computer system is developed. The rationale is to help local authorities improve financial management besides assisting them in physical planning and other aspects ofdecision making.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9507
id	ddss9507
authors	Zimring, C., Do, E., Domeshek, E. and Kolodner, J.
year	1994
title	Using Post-Occupancy Evaluation To AID Reflection in ConceptualDesign: Creating a Case-Based Design Aid For Architecture
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The design of large complex "real-world" objects such as buildings requires that the intentions of many potentially competing stakeholders be understood and reconciled. The process of conceptual design itself can be understood as a set of discourses among design team participants and between the designer and the design that gradually reveal these intentions and their relationships to design moves. Our goal is to aid this discourse by creating a Case-based Design Aid (CBDA) that provides design team participants access to specific evaluated cases of experience with previous buildings. This represents a merger of two sets of theories and methodologies: case-based reasoning (CBR) in artificial intelligence; and, post-occupancy evaluation (POE) in architectural research. In developing our CBDA, we have focused on several problems in architectural design: understanding the interactions between intentions, and making links between various modes of understanding and communication, and particularly between verbal description and visual representation. This has led to a particular way of parsing experience, and to several modes of entering and browsing the system. For instance, each case is accessible as a specific building, such as the Santa Clara County Hall of Justice, that can be explored much as an architect might browse a magazine article about the building, looking at a brief text description of the building, photos, and plans. However, each plan is annotated with "problematic situations" that are actually hypertext links into the discursive part of the program. By clicking on the button, the users reaches a "story" screen that lists the intentions of various stakeholders relevant to the problematic situation, a fuller text description of the general problematic situation with a diagram, text and diagram for a specific problematic situation as it operates in a specific building, several general design responses showing how one might respond to the problematic situations, and specific design responses from specific buildings. In addition, the user can browse the system by listing his or her interests and moving directly to stories about a given space type such as "courtroom" or issue such as "way finding." In addition, the designer can access brief synopses of key issues in a building type, for a space type, or for an issue. We are currently implementing the system on the Macintosh using Common Lisp and are focusing on libraries and courthouses as initial building types. Initial feedback from designers has been encouraging. We believe that this approach provides a useful alternative to design guidelines, that often tend to be too prescriptive, and the entirely inductive approach of many designers that may miss critical intentions.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

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