Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ddss9402
id	ddss9402
authors	Arentze, T., Borgers, A. and Timmermans, H.
year	1994
title	Design of a View-Based DSS For Location Planning
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	This paper describes the design of a DSS for locating facility networks. The proposed DSS is based on the principle of dynamic data definitions. The declarative and procedural forms of knowledge involved are identified by a logical analysis of planning tasks. The DSS supports an iterating process of adjusting and evaluating plan options. A flexible and interactive problem solving environment is achieved by means of a user defined set of views that captures both forms of knowledge. Each view describes the system to be planned in terms of a set of variables and attached evaluation procedures. The views are dynamic and linked data structures, so that changes in one view automatically lead to updating all linked views. The DSS supports both the specification of the set of views and its application to solve a specific location problem.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9408
id	ddss9408
authors	Bax, Thijs and Trum, Henk
year	1994
title	A Taxonomy of Architecture: Core of a Theory of Design
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The authors developed a taxonomy of concepts in architectural design. It was accepted by the Advisory Committee for education in the field of architecture, a committee advising the European Commission and Member States, as a reference for their task to harmonize architectural education in Europe. The taxonomy is based on Domain theory, a theory developed by the authors, based on General Systems Theory and the notion of structure according to French Structuralism, takes a participatory viewpoint for the integration of knowledge and interests by parties in the architectural design process. The paper discusses recent developments of the taxonomy, firstly as a result of a confrontation with similar endeavours to structure the field of architectural design, secondly as a result of applications of education and architectural design practice, and thirdly as a result of theapplication of some views derived from the philosophical work from Charles Benjamin Peirce. Developments concern the structural form of the taxonomy comprising basic concepts and levelbound scale concepts, and the specification of the content of the fields which these concepts represent. The confrontation with similar endeavours concerns mainly the work of an ARCUK workingparty, chaired by Tom Marcus, based on the European Directive from 1985. The application concerns experiences with a taxonomy-based enquiry in order to represent the profile of educational programmes of schools and faculties of architecture in Europe in qualitative and quantitative terms. This enquiry was carried out in order to achieve a basis for comparison and judgement, and a basis for future guidelines including quantitative aspects. Views of Peirce, more specifically his views on triarchy as a way of ordering and structuring processes of thinking,provide keys for a re-definition of concepts as building stones of the taxonomy in terms of the form-function-process-triad, which strengthens the coherence of the taxonomy, allowing for a more regular representation in the form of a hierarchical ordered matrix.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddssup9604
id	ddssup9604
authors	Boelen, A.J.
year	1996
title	Impact-Analysis of Urban Design Realtime impact-analysis models for urban designers
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary	The past five years Prof Dr Jr T.M. de Jong, professor in environmental planning and sustainability at the Technical University of Delft, has developed a theoretical foundation for the analysis of urban design on the ecological, technical, economical, cultural and political impacts of morphologic interventions on different levels of scale. From september 1994 Jr AJ. Boelen (Urban Design Scientist and Knowledge Engineer) started a research project at the same university to further explore the possibilities of these theories and to develop impact evaluation models for urban design and development with the theoretical work of De Jong as a starting point. The paper discusses the development of a design and decision support system based on these theories. For the development of this system, techniques like object-orientation, genetic algorithms and knowledge engineering are used. The user interface, the relation between the real world, paper maps and virtual maps and the presentation of design-interventions and impacts caused by the interventions are important issues. The development-process is an interactive step by step process. It consists of the making of a prototype of the system, testing the theory and hypothe-sisses the system is based on, by applying tests end adjusting the theory and hypothesisses where needed. Eventually the system must be able to act as an integrator of many different models already developed or still to be developed. The structure of the system will allow easy future expansion and adjustment to changing insights. The logic used to develop the basic theory on which this system is founded makes it possible to even introduce and maintain rather subjective aspects like quality or appraisal as impacts that can be evaluated. In a previously developed system "Momentum" this was proved to work effectively for the national level. In this project we will - amongst other things - try to prove the effectiveness of impact-evaluation for other levels of scale.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ddss9411
id	ddss9411
authors	Bouillé, Francois
year	1994
title	Mastering Urban Network Intersection And Superimposition, in an Object-oriented Knowledge System Integrating Rules, Neurons and Processes
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Many networks cover the urban texture, either superimposed at a variable distance, or really intersecting, or even in interconnection. We briefly recall the HBDS model, working on persistent abstract data types associated to graphical representations and carrying algorithms expressing conditions to be verified and/or actions to be performed. HBDS is an integrated system too, including database, expert system dealing with fuzzy rules and facts, discrete simulation engine, and neural engine; it has a general purpose programming language. Any urban network is associated to a given prototype, according to the same scheme named prototype with more specific components. These prototypes allow to build the different thematic structures instantiations of the prototypes. All possible cases of arc intersection or "pseudo-intersection" (simple superimposition)or interconnection are obtained by, owing to new prototypes. Moreover, such (pseudo)-intersections are automatically recognized and processed without a human intervention, owing to classes ofconstraints and classes of rules. They deal with particular constraints concerning the location of some urban furniture, and rules concerning the way a cable or a pipe must follow according to thepre-existing other networks in a given area, the minimal distances, minimal or maximal depths, and some required equipments. Urban classes of (pseudo-)intersections inserted in the hyperciass"neuron", inheriting of neural features, may be used for automated learning of urban knowledge; owing to their "behavior", these neurons can communicate and perform actions on other components. Urban classes inserted in the hyperciass "process" may be used for building very large models simulating complex urban phenomenons, thus allowing a better understanding of the real phenomenons. As a conclusion, we emphasize the methodological aspects of object-oriented integration for an efficient processing of the urban context, based on prototyping and mixing rules, neurons and processes.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9413
id	ddss9413
authors	Branki, Cherif
year	1994
title	Communicative Acts in Cooperative Architectural Design Environments
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The purpose of this paper is to present a scheme, that can be used to support the communication process in cooperative design. Computational aids for design have largely been for a designerworking by himself/herself. These aids have also been supplemented by the widespread use of artificial intelligence approaches. However, design is so complex, and very rarely acted upon by a single designer but many more working towards the same aim. This involves a new paradigm in which designers need to cooperate with each other using a computational medium. A protocol analysis in cooperative design has been carried out and technological support has been proposed.Cooperative design becomes an important paradigm for the next generation of intelligent computer aided design systems. It will be conducted in many forms among several designers and willrequire the support of advanced communication facilities beyond the "passive" transmission of data and messages. Technological advances in communication networks have opened up new ways for cooperative design interaction across several processes of cooperation among designers, designers and computer aided design systems, computer aided design systems and knowledge based systems, and knowledge based systems themselves. In cooperative design environments, aunit of communication among designers is the transfer of a message from one designer (a sender) to another (a receiver). The aim of such communication is to provide the receiver with some information or to have the receiver take certain actions. Inspired by the speech act theory, a branch of the philosophy of language and linguistics, such a unit is called a communicative act. By analogy to architectural design, a communicative act is a performing act in designers communication.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9415
id	ddss9415
authors	Cajati, Claudio
year	1994
title	Innovative Expert Systems With Hypertextual User Interfaces: A Special Support for the Building Recovering Project
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	In this paper, first of all a short account on the peculiarity of knowledge in the domain of Architectural and Building Project, particularly in the Building Recovering Project is given. Thatmeans to focus the concept of "degree of authority" of different types of knowledge with regard to project: regulations; specialist literature having in practice the value of self-regulation; technical updating; exemplary design cases; warnings; analysis methods; heuristics; orientating references. Consequently, the different roles of two basic design & decision support systems, that is expert systems and hypertexts, are considered. The former seem to be quite fit for representing information and knowledge linked to a clear "authority", the one of experts in a certain domain; the latter seem to be quite fit for illustrating the interdisciplinary complexity, different historicinterpretations, various analogous references, and so on. Afterwards, the limits of expert systems based on the logic "true-false" are underlined, and the perspective of expert systems based on more sophisticated and appropriate rules and metarules is proposed. At last, the possible structure of such an innovative expert system, with a hypertextual interface, in the domain of Building Recovering Project is exemplified.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	28f1
authors	Carrara, Gianfranco, Kalay, Yehuda E. and Novembri, Gabriele
year	1994
title	Knowledge-Based Computational Support for Architectural Design
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 5-12
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.005
summary	The process of architectural design aims to define a physical form that will achieve certain functional and behavioral objectives in a particular context. It comprises three distinct, but highly interrelated, operations: (1) Definition of the desired objectives; (2) production of alternative design solutions; (3) evaluation of the expected performances of the solutions and their comparison to the predefined objectives. Design can be viewed as a process of search for a solution that satisfies stated needs, while at the same time adapting the needs to the opportunities and limitations inherent in the emerging solution. // Computational techniques were developed to assist each one of the three operations, with varying degrees of success. We propose to integrate all three operations into one whole, by developing a computational model that will facilitate smooth transition from one operation to another. The role of computers in supporting this model will include providing a knowledge base of prototypical design objectives and solutions, storing project-specific design goals and solutions, and predicting their expected performances. This paper discusses the rationale and background for developing such a knowledge-based design system, and presents the parameters for implementing it as a computational tool to support architectural design. Examples from a prototype implementation serve to illustrate the discussion.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ddss9417
id	ddss9417
authors	Chan, Chiu-Shui
year	1994
title	A Hypermedia Tutoring for Multimedia Tasks
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Using a computer or a software package involves procedural knowledge, or knowledge of a series of instructions. When a user recognizes the appropriate computer commands (the method) in acertain application, it is assumed that the user is capable of doing a computer-related or computeraided task. Based on this assumption, the current project explores methods of developing a computer tutoring system to convey know-how efficiently. The purpose of the project is to make novices familiar with machines and with techniques of handling multimedia for presenting design concepts. A teaching tool is designed that combines images, sounds, and movements to create an effective learning environment. The tool is a hypermedia system consisting of different software and hardware components implemented in the HyperCard. How to manipulate different media will be taught by means of cross-references, graphic display, text explanations, and background music. Hopefully, this project will suggest some useful methods for teaching CAD to novice computer users.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9419
id	ddss9419
authors	Choukry, Maha
year	1994
title	Knowledge Acquisition by Measurement: The Domain of Building Change
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	This paper presents a study that is aimed at finding a basis for systematic knowledge acquisition. More specifically, it attempts to introduce, knowledge acquisition by measurement: a method thatallows objective evaluation of empirical observations. Measurement has proven to be a significant tool to acquire, evaluate, and upgrade knowledge in some knowledge domains. In other domains,such as the domain of building change, measurement is barely subject of study. Building change knowledge acquisition by measurement seems to become a significant subject of study for several reasons: (i) increase our objective knowledge of previous building changes, (ii) allow systematic monitoring of present changes, and (iii) assist decisions planning for change in new buildings. In current studies, questions such as what were required changes, what were the building elements that fulfilled a change, how often did a building change, and what were the costs related to a change, often get no systematic or objective answers. Hence, to overcome that, I am concerned with finding a method that is to answer the following questions: 1) What is the domain of building change; 2) Is a method of knowledge acquisition by measurement adequate to represent buildingchanges; 3) Can empirical observations of building change be systematically represented and objectively evaluated using this method; and 4) How can this method be applied to assist theunderstanding of previous changes, the control of present changes, and assist planning for building change. The method introduced is based on three modules: (i) domain of building change; (ii) modelling this domain; and (iii) measurement. These three modules enable the formulation of the measurement of building change, namely the change indicator. Multiple change indicators, such as cost change indicator, or occurrence change indicator can measure empirical observations ofbuilding change. Sequential steps that lead to the development of this method start by section 1, where the domain of building change is specified. In section 2 this domain is modelled, and in section 3, knowledge acquisition by measurement method is introduced. A case study, shows how empirical building changes can be measured is explained in section 4. In section 5, three possible applications are introduced, and in section 6, I explain how a computerized prototype would enhance the efficiency of using such applications. Findings and conclusions resulting from this study are summarized in section 7.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9430
id	ddss9430
authors	Gelder, Johan de and Lucardie, Larry
year	1994
title	What Conceptual Modelling Is and Isn´t
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	It is generally agreed that conceptual modelling is an important activity in the development of knowledge based systems. The availability of an adequate conceptual model is of vital interest notonly for the design and implementation of knowledge based systems, but also for their validation, modification, maintenance and enhancement. In order to be able to develop adequate conceptualmodels a theory about the nature of knowledge is required and, in line with this theory, a methodology to reconstruct the meaning of concepts. Additionally, techniques have to be selected which enable the modelling, representation, validation and simulation of reconstructed concepts. In the development of knowledge based systems often techniques are used which are not very wellsuited to the reconstruction and representation of the concepts of an application area. The selection of a technique is not motivated by an explicitly formulated theory, but by the representation formalisms applied within the software used for the implementation of knowledge based systems. This often leads to inadequate conceptual models and consequently poorly functional and hardly maintainable systems, mainly because the representation of concepts is adapted to the limitations of the applied representation formalism. In this paper we explain how the conceptual modelling activity isusually tackled in thedevelopment of knowledge based systems and what the related problems are.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9444
id	ddss9444
authors	Hill, Shauna and Streilein, André
year	1994
title	Architectural Photogrammetry & Knowledge-Base Systems Record & Redevelopment
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	In redevelopment projects, the purpose of heritage recording is part of an investigative process to achieve understanding about structures so that designers can make the appropriate design decisions. It is desirable to integrate the knowledge of the recording and documentation specialist, who has first-hand knowledge of the building, with the interpretative process of evaluating the building information and making design decisions. New developments in the fields of photogram-metric recording and computer science has led to improved "image understanding". This paper describes research that is the result of exploring the concept of integrating new digital photogram-metric recording processes with an automated expert evaluation tool. The goal of this research is to expedite the acquisition of heritage building information for use by a knowledge-based system capable of providing the designer with building performance evaluations. Photogrammetry records all data as a series of three-dimensional coordinates which make it a natural partner for today's three-dimensional CAD systems. Generating a three-dimensional model of architecturally significant physical forms and details can provide a basis for evaluation, understanding, education, and design. The purpose of knowledge-based systems in construction is to enhance the decision-making process with specialized knowledge and experience. The linkage of CAD databases with knowledge-based systems provides a source of input data, such as a three-dimensional model, significant to a particular problem. This research is a collaborative effort between two groups, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich Switzerland, and the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9457
id	ddss9457
authors	Kubota, Y., Yoshikawa, M. and Masaki, E.
year	1994
title	Development of an Expert Cad System for Visual Design of a Bridge in a Landscape
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Architects, landscape architects and urban designers are often required to be involved in the process of bridge design from an aesthetic point of view. The authors have been developing a comprehensive CAD system to support such visual design works, especially at an early stage of design. Conventional complicated technical standards and guidelines tend to discourage creative design. In order to support free conception and creation of bridge forms, this system includes a visual design core system as a workshop, even enabling freehand sketch drawing on existing landscape images of the site. This is supported by a landscape simulation subsystem. The system can also provide initial design ideas with several different types of bridge form, derived from knowledge based subsystems on design guidelines and precedent examples which can be quoted also to examine the physical possibility of sketch drawn alternatives in terms of structural dimensions and construction costs. Created design alternatives will be analyzed by a visual impact analysis subsystem to assess their influences on surrounding environments from a visual geometri-cal standpoint. This system is intended to enable architects, landscape architects or urban designers to create and examine design alternatives on a real-time basis.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9461
id	ddss9461
authors	Leusen, Marc van
year	1994
title	System of Types in the Domain of Residential Buildings
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	At the early stages of the architectural design process, general decisions are made with respect to a building's spatial organization. These concern its overall shape and size, as well as its internal organization. Characteristics of a building's spatial organization, however vaguely and incomplete-ly described at those stages, may have serious consequences for various aspects of its performan-ce. Those consequences are often difficult to determine in advance and emerge only during time-consuming elaboration of the design or even not before the actual building is in operation. A designer's ability of foreseeing them is much dependent on his knowledge of existing buildings. More particularly, it depends on his understanding of the performances of types rather than specific precedents. In general terms, the present study aims at supporting design decisions at the early stages by improving the awareness and understanding of types. Many architectural handbooks particularly those in the domain of housing attempt to support access to and acquisition of such knowledge through so-called typologies, in which types are described by means of graphical descriptions, and illustrated with one or more precedents. The effectiveness of such books as design supporting tools is limited by the fact, among others, that type descriptions are not based upon a well-defined representation of spatial organization. This leads to uncertainty as to the handbook's completeness and to unreliability of performances associated with types. The present study explores the possibilities of dealing with these shortcomings. It is limited to the domain of the complex residential building. After a review of existing work in the area of housing typology, the study presents and discusses the following products: (i) a type-representation of basic arrangements of dwellings, that is, a representation which retains only the most general characteristics of spatial organization, (ii) a demonstration of the potential of this representation; this demonstration involves the enumeration and limited exploration of certain ranges of type descriptions.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9463
id	ddss9463
authors	Lucardie, Larry
year	1994
title	A Functional Framework For Conceptual Modelling
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	A conceptual model is not only indispensable for the design and implementation of knowledge based systems, but also for their validation, modification, maintenance and enhancement. Experience indicates, however, that in many cases reality is not well reflected in a full-fledged conceptual model. What is systematically lacking in the prevailing conceptualization methods is a well-developed theory of knowledge that underlies conceptualization methods: a theory that precedes the process of forming meaningful classifications and that precedes the specification of a conceptual model. To date, conceptualization methods are based on the probabilistic assumption that, in essence, all conditions necessary for creating a classification, are provided initially and can easily be revealed by utilizing mathematical measures of similarity. Another frequently occurring prototypical assumption is that for creating a classification, necessary conditions are sufficient. Furthermore, it is assumed that the categories of conditions are a priori fixed and unconditional. That conceptualizing takes place without any explicit background knowledge about goals of classifications and without contextual influences and that categorizations have an unconditional status are not viewed as problems. In contrast to these approaches, the functional view states that relevant descriptive attributes are not necessarily a priori given but should be acquired through knowledge about goals of classifications and about contexts. It is also asserted that an explicit concern for necessary conditions will not suffice for capturing the dynamics of reality. Furthermore, the functional view puts forward that a goal- and context-oriented strategy leads to the reconstruction of new attributes and categorizations with a dynamic status. The aim of this paper is to discuss the theoretic and practical merits of the functional view compared to the probabilistic and prototype approaches. Conceptual models developed in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing-Project will serve as illustrations for the main ideas.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	8fb2
id	8fb2
authors	McCall, Raymond, Bennett, Patrick and Johnson, Erik
year	1994
title	An Overview of the PHIDIAS II HyperCAD System
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 63-74
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.063
summary	The PHIDIAS II HyperCAD system combines the functionality of CAD graphics, hypermedia, database management and knowledge-based computation in a single, highly integrated design environment. The CAD functionality includes both 3-D and 2-D vector graphics. The hypermedia includes support for text, raster images, video and sound. The database management enables persistent storage and interlinking of large collections of text, images, video, sound and vector graphics, i.e., thousands of vector graphic objects and drawings in a single database. Retrieval is provided both through use of "associative indexing" based on hyperlinks and through use of an advanced query language. The knowledge- based computation includes both inference and knowledgebased critiquing. A highly unusual feature of PHIDIAS II is that it implements all of its functions using only hypermedia mechanisms. Complex vector graphic drawings and objects are represented as composite hypermedia nodes. Inference and critiquing are implemented through use of what are known as virtual structures [Halasz 1988], including virtual links and virtual nodes. These nodes and links are dynamic (computed) rather than static (constant). They are defined as expressions in the same language used for queries and are computed at display time. The implementation of different kinds of functions using a common set of mechanisms makes it easy to use them in combination, thus further augmenting the system's functionality. PHIDIAS supports design by informing architects as they develop a solution's form. The idea is thus not to make the design process faster or cheaper but rather to improve the quality of the things designed. We believe that architects can create better buildings for their users if they have better information. This includes information about buildings of given types, user populations, historical and modern precedents, local site and climate conditions, the urban and natural context and its historical development, as well as local, state and federal regulations.
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	58a0
authors	Persson, J.A.
year	1994
title	Resource Based Approach to Generalization in the Context of GIS
source	Linkoping, Suécia: Department of Computer and Information Science, Linkoping University
summary	A reactive planning system for decision support in the context of GIS will be a complex system. The information flow is often great but of varying quality. Resources should be used as knowledge structures to organize the data involved in such systems and generalizations to reduce the data volume and create overviews. This paper discusses what is meant by resources in the context of GIS and planning and how generalizations can be used in a wider perspective than only for cartographic simplification. The project, which is in an early state, has the goal to design the data structures for a decision support system for crisis and emergency management.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ddss9477
id	ddss9477
authors	Reuter, Wolf
year	1994
title	Design As Argumentation and Power-Acting - Theory and Methods
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The process of design is seen as the generation, transformation and communication of knowledge in the brains of the professional designers and other persons and groups, who are interested in or concerned by the design output and who would or should participate in the design process. Only if it is known how these kinds of information and communication processes work, computer support is possible. Design thinking follows a microstructural scheme. A steady change of the understan-ding of the problem also changes the sight of the solution and also changes the need for knowled-ge contributing to the solution. In all stages of the design process alternatives or alternative ways of action are generated. The participants communicate about questions feasibility, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages, expected consequences, and other possibilities. They exchange positions and arguments, upon which finally they base their weighting of aspects and their personal judgement. The process of argumentation and evaluation is considered, it can be formalized and supported by formal methods. The decision about a design alternative by different people is not only based on explicit argumentation and/or formal evaluation procedures, but also on the use of power. Different means of power are stated. Some decision making procedures which control the misuse of power, are discussed.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	maver_073
id	maver_073
authors	Rutherford, J. and Maver, T.W.
year	1994
title	Knowledge Based Design Support
source	Knowledge Based Computer-Aided Architectural Design (Ed. G Carrara and Y Kalay), Elsevier, 243-268
summary	In 1971 the Architects' Journal featured a paper entitled PACE 1: Computer Aided Building Appraisal. The softwareknown as PACE (Package for Architectural Computer Evaluation), initially developed on the Systemshare time-sharing system accessed on- line from a teletype terminal over the ordinary voice grade telephone network, has, in concept at least, survived the subsequent 22 years and remains to this day a crucial aid in the teaching of architectural design in the University of Strathclyde's Department of Architecture and Building Science.
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2015/02/20 11:39

_id	maver_074
id	maver_074
authors	Rutherford, J. and Maver, T.W.
year	1994
title	Knowledge Based Design Support
source	Automation in Design, Vol 3, Nos 2-3, 187-202
summary	In 1971 the Architects' Journal featured a paper entitled PACE 1: Computer Aided Building Appraisal. The software known as PACE (Package for Architectural Computer Evaluation), initially developed on the Systemshare time-sharing system accessed on-line from a teletype terminal over the ordinary voice grade telephone network, has, in concept at least, survived the subsequent 22 years and remains to this day a crucial aid in the teaching of architectural design in the University of Strathclyde's Department of Architecture and Building Science.
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/09/03 15:03

_id	ddss9479
id	ddss9479
authors	Schaefer, Wim F.
year	1994
title	The Management of Knowledge in Architectural Companies by Reconstruction of Problem Solving Systems
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The purpose of this paper is to present a theory for 'knowledge management' in architectural firms. This theory is based upon the premise that knowledge as well as employees (..the designer as a knowledge worker..) are regarded as means of production and that for both of these resources economic values exist during a limited period of time. Similar to the management efforts to optimize the use of labour and 'material' equipment the use of knowledge should be optimized by adequate management. The presented theory for the management of knowledge introduces a new profession in the organization of an architectural firm: the knowledge manager. And within this context a knowledge base is regarded as a tool to help to perform one of the tasks of this professional. The central part of this theory consists of a cognitive reconstruction of problem solving systems. This reconstruction provides a layout for a knowledge base as well as a 'road map' to guide the discussions on 'what knowledge is used', 'who learned what' and 'to whom must experience be transferred'. Employees as the most 'cognitive actors' in problem-solving in design processes can be traced. The management can decide on wether to emphasise the concentration of knowledge by these persons or to emphasize the transfer of their knowledge to others. The use and meaning of knowledge bases for each of these management approaches are completely different.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

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