Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	778e
authors	Gann, D.
year	1994
title	Archaeological Site Reconstruction With AutoDesk's 3D Studio
source	CSA Newsletter Vol 7:3 Nov 1994
summary	3D Studio is an IBM-compatible computer modeling program that enables users to create three-dimensional renderings of a variety of objects. In its ability to import a wide variety of maps and other images, 3D Studio allows for the realistic rendering of models created within AutoCAD or other 3D CAD packages. Over the past year, the Homol'ovi research program has been utilizing this software to create near photo-realistic renderings of conjectural site models. My own interests in three-dimensional computer modeling developed out of work at the site of Homol'ovi IV, a 150-room pueblo site located near Winslow, Arizona. The site was situated upon a steep 30-meter bluff with a bedrock cap. Approximately 24 rooms were located on top of the bedrock cap, with another 125 rooms situated on the slope of the butte. During the 1989 field season five structures were excavated, while a separate crew worked clearing and mapping the tops of walls. Mapping was accomplished with a Topcon EDM/theodolite station, and a standard map was created from this process. (See Fig. 3.) While the map was sufficient to show the general layout of the site, I remained unsatisfied; a 2D plan view simply did not convey the vertical dimension of the pueblo. At this point the Homol'ovi Research Program purchased a copy of AutoCAD in order to begin exploring three-dimensional mapping and modeling.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ddss9430
id	ddss9430
authors	Gelder, Johan de and Lucardie, Larry
year	1994
title	What Conceptual Modelling Is and Isn´t
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	It is generally agreed that conceptual modelling is an important activity in the development of knowledge based systems. The availability of an adequate conceptual model is of vital interest notonly for the design and implementation of knowledge based systems, but also for their validation, modification, maintenance and enhancement. In order to be able to develop adequate conceptualmodels a theory about the nature of knowledge is required and, in line with this theory, a methodology to reconstruct the meaning of concepts. Additionally, techniques have to be selected which enable the modelling, representation, validation and simulation of reconstructed concepts. In the development of knowledge based systems often techniques are used which are not very wellsuited to the reconstruction and representation of the concepts of an application area. The selection of a technique is not motivated by an explicitly formulated theory, but by the representation formalisms applied within the software used for the implementation of knowledge based systems. This often leads to inadequate conceptual models and consequently poorly functional and hardly maintainable systems, mainly because the representation of concepts is adapted to the limitations of the applied representation formalism. In this paper we explain how the conceptual modelling activity isusually tackled in thedevelopment of knowledge based systems and what the related problems are.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	fc3c
authors	Hoppe, H., DeRose, T.D., DuChamp, T., Halstead, M., Jin, H., McDonald, J., Schweitzer, J. and Stuetzle, W.
year	1994
title	Piecewise smooth surface reconstruction
source	A. S. Glassner, (ed), Computer Graphics (Siggraph'94 proc.), Annual Conference Series, pp 295-302, July 1994
summary	We present a general method for automatic reconstruction of accurate, concise, piecewise smooth surface models from scattered range data. The method can be used in a variety of applications such as reverse engineering - the automatic generation of CAD models from physical objects. Novel aspects of the method are its ability to model surfaces of arbitrary topological type and to recover sharp features such as creases and corners. The method has proven to be effective, as demonstrated by a number of examples using both simulated and real data. A key ingredient in the method, and a principal contribution of this paper, is the introduction of a new class of piecewise smooth surface representations based on subdivision. These surfaces have a number of properties that make them ideal for use in surface reconstruction: they are simple to implement, they can model sharp features concisely, and they can be fit to scattered range data using an unconstrained optimization procedure.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	4604
authors	Laveau, S. and Faugeras, O.
year	1994
title	3D Scene Representation as a Collection of Images and Fundamental Matrices
source	INRIA Report
summary	The problem we solve in this paper is the following. Suppose we are given N views of a static scene obtained from different viewpoints, perhaps with different cameras. These viewpoints we call reference viewpoints since they are all we know of the scene. We would like to decide if it is possible to predict ano- ther view of the scene taken by a camera from a viewpoint which is arbitrary and a priori di erent from all the reference viewpoints. One method for doing this would be to use these viewpoints to construct a three-dimensional repre- sentation of the scene and reproject this representation on the retinal plane of the virtual camera. In order to achieve this goal, we would have to establish some sort of calibration of our system of cameras, fuse the three-dimensional representations obtained from, say, pairs of cameras thereby obtaining a set of 3-D points, the scene. We would then have to approximate this set of points by surfaces, a segmentation problem which is still mostly unsolved, and then intersect the optical rays from the virtual camera with these sur- faces. This is the most straightforward way of going from a set of images to a new image using the current computer vision paradigm of rst building a three-dimensional representation of the environment from which the rest is derived. We do not claim that there does not exist any simpler way of using the three-dimensional representation than the one we just sketched, but this is just simply not our point. Our point is that it is possible to avoid entirely the explicit three-dimensional reconstruction process: the scene is represented by its images and by some ba- sically linear relations that govern the way points can be put in correspondence between views when they are the images of the same scene-point. These images and their algebraic relations are all we need for predicting a new image. This approach is similar in spirit to the one that has been used in trinocular stereo. Hypotheses of correspondences between two of the images are used to predict features in the third. These predictions can then be checked to validate or inva- lidate the initial correspondence. This approach has proved to be quite e cient and accurate. Related to these ideas are those develo- ped in the photogrammetric community under the name of transfer methods which nd for one or more image points in a given image set, the corresponding points in some new image set.
series	report
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ddss9463
id	ddss9463
authors	Lucardie, Larry
year	1994
title	A Functional Framework For Conceptual Modelling
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	A conceptual model is not only indispensable for the design and implementation of knowledge based systems, but also for their validation, modification, maintenance and enhancement. Experience indicates, however, that in many cases reality is not well reflected in a full-fledged conceptual model. What is systematically lacking in the prevailing conceptualization methods is a well-developed theory of knowledge that underlies conceptualization methods: a theory that precedes the process of forming meaningful classifications and that precedes the specification of a conceptual model. To date, conceptualization methods are based on the probabilistic assumption that, in essence, all conditions necessary for creating a classification, are provided initially and can easily be revealed by utilizing mathematical measures of similarity. Another frequently occurring prototypical assumption is that for creating a classification, necessary conditions are sufficient. Furthermore, it is assumed that the categories of conditions are a priori fixed and unconditional. That conceptualizing takes place without any explicit background knowledge about goals of classifications and without contextual influences and that categorizations have an unconditional status are not viewed as problems. In contrast to these approaches, the functional view states that relevant descriptive attributes are not necessarily a priori given but should be acquired through knowledge about goals of classifications and about contexts. It is also asserted that an explicit concern for necessary conditions will not suffice for capturing the dynamics of reality. Furthermore, the functional view puts forward that a goal- and context-oriented strategy leads to the reconstruction of new attributes and categorizations with a dynamic status. The aim of this paper is to discuss the theoretic and practical merits of the functional view compared to the probabilistic and prototype approaches. Conceptual models developed in the Computer Integrated Manufacturing-Project will serve as illustrations for the main ideas.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	b127
authors	Oliveira, A.L., Santiago, A.G. and Mittmann, R.
year	1999
title	Digital Floripa - CD-ROM of the City
source	III Congreso Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings] Montevideo (Uruguay) September 29th - October 1st 1999, pp. 399-403
summary	The graduation course of Architecture and Urbanism of the Federal University of Santa Catarina makes use of informatic tecnology in several teaching and research activities. This technology supports initial data proccessing, analysis, evaluations, simulations, and project development both in architecture and urban fields. Aiming to stimulate and improve the use of computer techniques in graduation courses, the INFOARQ group, belonging to the 'LABMICRO' developed the project 'Digital Floripa'. This project is an CD image data basis, with digital aerophotographs Florianópolis’ city taken, from the aerophotogrametric data of 1994. This project aims to facilitate image's access to teachers, students and researchers, to allow use of photos and scales, and to make possible the development of new alternatives interventions. A navegator program called 'DIGITAL INDEX'supports the user in the image's search and creates a same graphic interface. This project also acts as basis for research development wich aims to analyse and develop tutorial proceedures to access the utilization of the data images basis.
keywords	Digital Patrimony, Digital Reconstruction, Virtual Worlds
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:56

_id	ddss9479
id	ddss9479
authors	Schaefer, Wim F.
year	1994
title	The Management of Knowledge in Architectural Companies by Reconstruction of Problem Solving Systems
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The purpose of this paper is to present a theory for 'knowledge management' in architectural firms. This theory is based upon the premise that knowledge as well as employees (..the designer as a knowledge worker..) are regarded as means of production and that for both of these resources economic values exist during a limited period of time. Similar to the management efforts to optimize the use of labour and 'material' equipment the use of knowledge should be optimized by adequate management. The presented theory for the management of knowledge introduces a new profession in the organization of an architectural firm: the knowledge manager. And within this context a knowledge base is regarded as a tool to help to perform one of the tasks of this professional. The central part of this theory consists of a cognitive reconstruction of problem solving systems. This reconstruction provides a layout for a knowledge base as well as a 'road map' to guide the discussions on 'what knowledge is used', 'who learned what' and 'to whom must experience be transferred'. Employees as the most 'cognitive actors' in problem-solving in design processes can be traced. The management can decide on wether to emphasise the concentration of knowledge by these persons or to emphasize the transfer of their knowledge to others. The use and meaning of knowledge bases for each of these management approaches are completely different.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9502
id	ddss9502
authors	Wang, Ming-Hung and Chao, Hua-Yu
year	1994
title	Spatial Schemata and Design Competence: A Case of Beginning Designers
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	In the course of learning professional skills in architectural design, students will develop, usually with the help of instructors, certain ways of analyzing spatial relations. Such spatial schemes are considered critical means to the comprehension of the graphical representations of spaces, and therefore schemes of different kind will have different effects on design performance. This study intends to explore this issue. Three sets of experiments are conducted to test our working hypotheses as stated as follows: (i) to reproduce a plane graphic requires knowledge and skills different from those to recognize; (ii) some schemes are more effective than others in reproducing plane graphics; (iii) the kind of schemes that can effectively reproducing given forms (in plane graphics) can also have positive effects on design capabilities. It is interesting to further differenti-ate the kinds of schemes and their power as design tools. All these experiments employ three kinds of spatial schemes: the categorical, the referential, and the hierarchical from the results we can reach the following conclusions: (i) reconstruction is a different mental activity from recognition which is mainly a comparison between the input data and the known characteristics reconstruction relies more on the structured relations among data that should be established in the course of recognition. Therefore, effective cognition is a part of design competence; (ii) categori-cal schema is found most effective in recognition test. The quality of this type has to do with the quality of its contents. Referential schema can effectively relate elements to one another and to the context in which they are located. This schema contributes to the quality of spatial compositions. Hierarchical schemata are more general that can help identify dependent relations among elements, and therefore reduce the complexity. Conceivably this can increase the efficiency of problem-solving in design.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	b110
id	b110
authors	Abadi Abbo, Isaac and Cavallin Calanche, Humerto
year	1994
title	Ecological Validity of Real Scale Models
source	Beyond Tools for Architecture [Proceedings of the 5th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference / ISBN 90-6754-375-6] Wageningen (The Netherlands) 6-9 September 1994, pp. 31-40
summary	Space simulation is a technique employed by architects, urban designers, environmental psychologists and other related specialists. It is used for academic and research purposes, as an aid to evaluate the impact that the built environment or that to be built would yield in potential or real users. Real Scale Model is organized as one of the models which represents more reliable spatial characteristics in space simulations. However, it is necessary to know the ecological validity of the simulations carried out, that is the degree in which laboratory results could be taken as reliable and representative of real situations. In order to discover which variables of the model used are relevant so that their perception results ecologically valid in respect to reality, a research has been designed in which simulations of specific spaces are appraised both in real space and in the real scale model. The results of both evaluations were statistically analyzed and it shows no significative differences in psychological impressions between the evaluation of real spaces and real scale model. These ecological validation of the real scale model could be of great use to estimate the validity of the results obtained in spaces simulated in the laboratory.
keywords	Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed	2006/06/24 09:29

_id	ddss9401
id	ddss9401
authors	Akin, Omer
year	1994
title	Psychology of Early Design in Architecture
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Lately there has been a good deal of emphasis on the early stages of the design process, particularly by developers of computer aids and quantitative design models for both evaluation and generation of designs in a variety of domains. Yet, there is little understanding of the early design-process. While the early design process as manifested by human designers need not be the sole basis of the description of this phase, it certainly represents and important kernel of knowledge, especially for those who are interested in developing models, systems or merely interfaces for such systems. This paper focuses on the characterization of the psychology of the early design phase in architecture. It is described in terms of the general design strategies and problem solving tactics used; and is contrasted against some of the process characteristics that
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	eb5f
authors	Al-Sallal, Khaled A. and Degelman, Larry 0.
year	1994
title	A Hypermedia Model for Supporting Energy Design in Buildings
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 39-49
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.039
summary	Several studies have discussed the limitations of the available CAAD tools and have proposed solutions [Brown and Novitski 1987, Brown 1990, Degelman and Kim 1988, Schuman et al 1988]. The lack of integration between the different tasks that these programs address and the design process is a major problem. Schuman et al [1988] argued that in architectural design many issues must be considered simultaneously before the synthesis of a final product can take place. Studies by Brown and Novitski [1987] and Brown [1990] discussed the difficulties involved with integrating technical considerations in the creative architectural process. One aspect of the problem is the neglect of technical factors during the initial phase of the design that, as the authors argued, results from changing the work environment and the laborious nature of the design process. Many of the current programs require the user to input a great deal of numerical values that are needed for the energy analysis. Although there are some programs that attempt to assist the user by setting default values, these programs distract the user with their extensive arrays of data. The appropriate design tool is the one that helps the user to easily view the principal components of the building design and specify their behaviors and interactions. Data abstraction and information parsimony are the key concepts in developing a successful design tool. Three different approaches for developing an appropriate CAAD tool were found in the literature. Although there are several similarities among them, each is unique in solving certain aspects of the problem. Brown and Novitski [1987] emphasize the learning factor of the tool as well as its highly graphical user interface. Degelman and Kim [1988] emphasize knowledge acquisition and the provision of simulation modules. The Windows and Daylighting Group of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) emphasizes the dynamic structuring of information, the intelligent linking of data, the integrity of the different issues of design and the design process, and the extensive use of images [Schuman et al 19881, these attributes incidentally define the word hypermedia. The LBL model, which uses hypermedia, seems to be the more promising direction for this type of research. However, there is still a need to establish a new model that integrates all aspects of the problem. The areas in which the present research departs from the LBL model can be listed as follows: it acknowledges the necessity of regarding the user as the center of the CAAD tool design, it develops a model that is based on one of the high level theories of human-computer interaction, and it develops a prototype tool that conforms to the model.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	0574
authors	Alison Murison and James Gray
year	1994
title	Spatial Analysis for Museum Design
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, pp. 201-206
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.201
summary	The paper describes how a specially written customisation of AutoCAD enables students of Architecture to use the method of spatial analysis called Space Syntax developed by Professor Bill Hillier of the Bartlett School of Architecture, London, to examine a number of existing museums, to compare the findings against other criteria, and to draw conclusions about the strategy adopted in museum design. Simple interactive graphics enable plans to be entered and compared, so that they may be evaluated during the design process, with decisions supported by objective tests. This improves both design decisions and the learning process.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	1262
authors	Alshawi, M.
year	1994
title	A run time exchange of component information between CAD and object models: A standard interface
source	The Int. Journal of Construction IT 2(2), pp. 37-52
summary	Integrated computer aided design could only occur in engineering once CAD systems could represent physical features and components rather than graphical primitives. In most dedicated CAD systems, the knowledge of a complete component exists only for the duration of each drawing command and the data stored in the database is simply a set of graphic primitives. This paper proposes an approach for real time information transfer from and to CAD systems based on a high level object representation of the design drawing. Drawing components are automatically identified and represented in an object hierarchy that reflects the 'part-of' relation between the various components including building spaces. Such hierarchies transfer an industry standard CAD system i.e. AutoCAD, into a high level object oriented system that can communicate with external applications with relative ease.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/05/15 21:45

_id	e807
authors	Anadol, Z., and Akin, O.
year	1994
title	Determining the impact of cad drafting tools on the building delivery process
source	The Int. Journal of Construction IT 2(1), pp.1-8
summary	Computer aided design is intended to change the way design and construction are carried out. at a minimum, this implies savings realized in terms of time spent and improvement of the quality of designs produced. to test this idea, we hypothesized that computer aided drafting and design operations may be instrumental in reducing the number of change orders issued and help control cost overruns by improving the accuracy of construction documents. we compared change orders in projects designed in the conventional media against ones developed with computers. we found that there is evidence supporting our hypothesis. furthermore, in the process of investigating this question, we found that computer applications to improve the management of existing building information (as-built drawings, building system related information, and the like) represent even more critical needs than those that can reduce change orders through more accurate design drawings.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/05/15 21:45

_id	241b
authors	Anderson, Lee
year	1994
title	Film Theory and Architectural Design
source	Reconnecting [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-03-9] Washington University (Saint Louis / USA) 1994, pp. 219-227
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1994.219
summary	This paper describes a 10 week, 3rd year architectural design studio, taught by the author, that explored the use of film and video techniques in the design process. The exploration was of (1) the potential of recently available personal computer software and hardware for image and video capture, manipulation and recording, and (2) the potential for application of video, informed by film theory, in the early stages of architectural design.
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	0ecc
authors	Anh, Tran Hoai
year	1994
title	APPLICATION OF FULL-SCALE MODELLING IN VIETNAM: AN OUTLINE FOR DISCUSSION
source	Beyond Tools for Architecture [Proceedings of the 5th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference / ISBN 90-6754-375-6] Wageningen (The Netherlands) 6-9 September 1994, pp. 59-70
summary	This paper discusses the possibility of applying full-scale modelling in Vietnam, a non-western so called developing country. It deals with two main questions: 1) Is the application of full-scale modelling to be restricted to the West only? 2) what are the possibilities, constraints and fields of application - with attention to the methodological validity and technical solution for full-scale modelling in Vietnam? It is argued that since full-scale modelling is based on people-environment interaction, it should, in principle, apply to studies about people–environment relation anywhere on earth. On the methodological validity, it is discussed that application of full-scale modelling in Vietnam faces similar methodological problems as encountered in European applications (such as people's behaviour in experiment, ability to understand the abstraction of models, etc.) although at another level as this paper will make clear. However, it would be needed to design a modelling kit that is of low costs and adapted to the availability of local materials and suitable for the climatic condition of Vietnam. Two fields of application are projected as most applicable in Vietnam: modelling in architectural education and research investigation. Application for user's participation in the design process will depend on the development of building policy in the country.
keywords	Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
last changed	2004/05/04 11:00

_id	592b
authors	Apollonio, F., Carini, A., Farina, R., Nuti, F. and Tolomelli, F.
year	1994
title	THE ITALIAN FULL-SCALE MODEL LABORATORY: CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT SOME TOOLS FOR ARCHITECTURAL EXPERIMENTATION
source	Beyond Tools for Architecture [Proceedings of the 5th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference / ISBN 90-6754-375-6] Wageningen (The Netherlands) 6-9 September 1994, pp. 71-82
summary	The Italian simulation laboratory carries out most of its activity within the experimental programmes promoted by the Ministry of Works. Within this context, we conducted studies based on the topics of EUROPAN competitions for young architects, built models based on EUROREX programme's projects and analyzed experimental projects directly financed by the Ministry (mainly restoration projects).
keywords	Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed	2004/05/04 11:01

_id	ddss9402
id	ddss9402
authors	Arentze, T., Borgers, A. and Timmermans, H.
year	1994
title	Design of a View-Based DSS For Location Planning
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	This paper describes the design of a DSS for locating facility networks. The proposed DSS is based on the principle of dynamic data definitions. The declarative and procedural forms of knowledge involved are identified by a logical analysis of planning tasks. The DSS supports an iterating process of adjusting and evaluating plan options. A flexible and interactive problem solving environment is achieved by means of a user defined set of views that captures both forms of knowledge. Each view describes the system to be planned in terms of a set of variables and attached evaluation procedures. The views are dynamic and linked data structures, so that changes in one view automatically lead to updating all linked views. The DSS supports both the specification of the set of views and its application to solve a specific location problem.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9403
id	ddss9403
authors	Arentze, T., Borgers, A., Dellaert, B. and Timmermans, H.
year	1994
title	A Multi-Purpose Multi-Stop Model Describing Consumers' Choices of Shopping Centres
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Recently, a number of interesting extensions to traditional decompositional and discrete choice models has been introduced that allow one to combine parameters estimated in different phases ofcomplex choice processes. These extensions offer new possibilities to model combinations of choices consumers make if they select shopping centres to visit. This paper will introduce a modelling approach that describes consumer choices of shopping centres involving multiple shopping functions (multi purpose) as well as locations (multi stop). The approach extends traditional decompositional models of single choices to a model of combinations of choices. It uses a recursive scaling procedure that combines attributes related to different shopping functions and to shopping centres at different locations. The model will be tested on data collected on shopping behaviour in Maastricht, the Netherlands.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9404
id	ddss9404
authors	Arima, Takafumi and Sato, Seiji
year	1994
title	Form Characteristics of Landscape Images: A Landscape Research by Computer Image Processing
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Landscape evaluation research examines how individuals perceive the landscape. Because the amount of the data to describe landscapes is huge, landscape research needs the technology of the computer. This paper describes a method to catch the amount of physical characteristics which were extracted from landscape images by using the technology of the computer image processing and verifies its effectiveness. To do this analysis, we took photographic slides of a landscape sample. Pictures were taken for three regions (the city centre area, the outskirts area, and the farm village area). The number of slides was 6 for each place hence 18 in total were used for theanalysis. Next, we stored these slides on a computer disk. Form characteristics of the landscape elements were extracted by using computer image processing. Borderlines were extracted usingthe algorithm of Robert and were converted into coordinates data by minute line processing and the vector processing. Other elements were extracted by label processing and were converted into the coordinates data by vector processing. These data thus are the vector data for two-dimensions of the image and not the data for a three-dimension space. The processing of these images enables the analysis of the form characteristics in the landscape images. We calculated the data such as appearing length, angle numbers of appearance of the vector data, and analyzed the characteristic of shape and the complexities of landscape applying fractal theory. We compared three districts and were able to find landscape characteristics of various places as a result.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

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