Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ddss9413
id	ddss9413
authors	Branki, Cherif
year	1994
title	Communicative Acts in Cooperative Architectural Design Environments
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The purpose of this paper is to present a scheme, that can be used to support the communication process in cooperative design. Computational aids for design have largely been for a designerworking by himself/herself. These aids have also been supplemented by the widespread use of artificial intelligence approaches. However, design is so complex, and very rarely acted upon by a single designer but many more working towards the same aim. This involves a new paradigm in which designers need to cooperate with each other using a computational medium. A protocol analysis in cooperative design has been carried out and technological support has been proposed.Cooperative design becomes an important paradigm for the next generation of intelligent computer aided design systems. It will be conducted in many forms among several designers and willrequire the support of advanced communication facilities beyond the "passive" transmission of data and messages. Technological advances in communication networks have opened up new ways for cooperative design interaction across several processes of cooperation among designers, designers and computer aided design systems, computer aided design systems and knowledge based systems, and knowledge based systems themselves. In cooperative design environments, aunit of communication among designers is the transfer of a message from one designer (a sender) to another (a receiver). The aim of such communication is to provide the receiver with some information or to have the receiver take certain actions. Inspired by the speech act theory, a branch of the philosophy of language and linguistics, such a unit is called a communicative act. By analogy to architectural design, a communicative act is a performing act in designers communication.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9488
id	ddss9488
authors	Solans, Joan Antoni and Fargas, Josep
year	1994
title	Towards Hybrid Technologies for Urban Design: Balancing Reliability, Power and Speed in Decision Support
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	This paper constructs a theory of decision support system design, based on the three independent concepts of reliability, power and speed borrowed from epistemology. We say that a system is reliable if a large part of its performance is useful or correct, that it is powerful if it performs in a useful way in a variety of situations of interest, and that it is fast if its behaviour is consistently dynamic. An arithmetic calculator, for example, is more reliable than a mathematician, but the latter is more powerful. A programming language is as reliable as a calculator, but the calculator is faster. We use this framework to argue that a successful deployment of decision support technology must take into account the balance between reliability power and speed. We illustrate this approach with the case of a hybrid system for studying urban transportation issues in the Greater Barcelona Region based on land use, contrasting it with more conventional tools such as traditional geographic information systems or traffic analysis software. The hybrid system is shown to sacrifice the reliability and speed characteristic of commercially available software for a powerful set of computational tools developed specifically for the problem at hand. This tradeoff process is formalized using an analysis based on second-order reliability, power and speed concepts. We show that micro-level sacrifices of one of these properties are often inversely correlated with the same characteristics at the macro level. For example, the relatively slow performance of in-house software components on a given project can result in a high level of dynamism in addressing several related projects. We extend the design theory outlined above to a methodology for characterizing decision support systems in general, and argue that the hybrid technologies approach is more likely to result in systems reflecting the user's domain knowledge and skills.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9410
id	ddss9410
authors	Bodum, Lars
year	1994
title	Hypermedia-aided GIS in Urban Planning
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Town planning in Denmark is undergoing major changes from a planning approach focusing on regulation and individual frameworks for town districts, to a planning approach emphasizing the urban characteristics and drawing overall guidelines for planning. At the same time, attention has shifted to urban renewal and urban remodelling. This means that more qualitative data are needed.These new data types such as digital film, are to form part of a future GIS for the town. The digital film will change the impression of what data can profitably be used in a GIS. Even animations and 3D models, which were previously processed with considerable data power can beplayed as digital films. In the course of the next few years, the most ordinary applications will be able to play digital films and together with the progress made in other media, a development towards hypermedia will be a possibility. The paper will give some examples of how this integration may be carried out. In continuation of the preparation of a municipality atlas and in connection with an EC-subsidized urban renewal project, the municipality of Aalborg has chosen to work outa digital catalog which will in time replace the present local planning regulations.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9422
id	ddss9422
authors	Daru, Roel and Snijder, Philip
year	1994
title	Sketch-Trigger: A Specification for a Form Generator and Design Analysis Toolbox for Architectural Sketching
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	In order to develop design and decision support techniques in the early sketch design phases, weshould (1) experience and (2) observe real behaviour in practice, (3) transform observations intoideas for improvement, (4) develop behaviour models to explain the sketch design activities and(5) to evaluate between the proposals, (6) decide between the alternatives, (7) implement theselected option in a supporting tool. Our paper reports about the results of step 3 in particular inthe first phase of a Ph D project, started this year. Our main objective is to amplify the effects ofthe sketch as a very effective instrument to generate original forms and to stimulate the mind to discover new shapes and meanings in the roughly sketched patterns. Instead of considering the sketch only as a representation of what the designer has in mind as is usually assumed in CAD systems, we see sketching as form activation. Thus, we want also to offer triggering images to spark off the imagination of the designer while generating images which are practically impossibleto create by hand and certainly not at short notice. The main improvement proposed is the use of an evolutionary form breeding system: one or more sketched parent images (either ready-made'partis' or basic schemes drafted by the designer) presented in the centre of the screen, will generate surrounding mutated children as defined at random but constrained by default or customization of the available transformations. By selecting one or more children a next generation will be produced in the same way. At all times the designer can introduce or reduce constraints. To complete the usually offered 'classical' symmetrical, spatial and logical operations,we want to introduce dis-functional operations like dislocation, explosion, deformation, anti-logic etc, in short all kinds of antagonistic operations, among them the transformations applied indeconstructionist and post-modern design. Our expectation is that these operations will correspond roughly to the 'move' pertaining to a design entity as the operational unit most appropriate for design behaviour research, in particular the analysis of the chunking and parsing behaviour of the designer. The applicability of the 'move' approach has been shown experimentally by Habraken and others. Goldschmidt has abandoned the usual typology approach of protocolanalysis based on moves and concentrated on the linking of moves, but has been hampered by the lack of a good representational instrument. This brings us to the representation of moves and linkages as a research instrument. The 'linkograph' approach as proposed by Goldschmidt is a first step towards a graphical representation of the designers associative reasoning mode, necessary for tracking the heuristics of designers at the most basic level, but its practical implementation remained as yet incredibly laborious. What is proposed here is an instrument and approach which makes such registration and analysis possible within a structured software environment.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9433
id	ddss9433
authors	Gorp, L.F.M. van, Gelder, J.T. de and Steenhuis, C.M.
year	1994
title	A Functional Approach to Conceptual Modelling of Steel Structures
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The life cycle of a steel structure can be divided into six main stages: design, detailing, manufacturing, erection, maintenance and demolition. For each stage, a different party is responsible,often using its own automation aids to assist its specific task. Since all parties operate on the same steel structure, there is a need for integration between the islands of automation. Most of the developments in this area, including ISO/STEP, are directed towards the development of conceptual models carrying all relevant information through the life cycle of the product. The conceptual models are developed following a probabilistic approach. In this approach, a conceptual model is inductively developed by analyzing and modelling empirical similarities. In this paper we explain the problems resulting from following a probabilistic modelling approach by presenting its consequences. This is illustrated by the logical product model developed in Eureka project "CIMSteel". A potential solution to these problems is proposed by presenting a functionalapproach to the development of an integrated system for design, detailing and manufacturing of steel structures. The strength of this approach is illustrated by a simple example.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9434
id	ddss9434
authors	Grant, M.
year	1994
title	Urban Gis - The Application of the Information Technologies to Urban Management
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Many cities in the UK and indeed throughout the developed world are characterised by the all too familiar symptoms of urban blight caused by insensitive intervention in the environment. The common denominator within this class of problem is the lack of a coordinated, integrated approach to the planning, design and maintenance of our cities. The cycle of development and redevelopment calls for input from a diverse range of disciplines relating to architecture, civilengineering, transport engineering, and the management of city utilities. This lack of a common up datable information base renders access to a global view of the city difficult, if not impossible.This problem has provided the motivation to move towards an integrated philosophy regarding information collection, collation and dissemination. The impetus is provided primarily through theincreasing complexity of urban management but also through central governments policy to progress towards decentralisation of services. Fiscal pressure to increase efficiency, lower manpower resources and arrive at speedier judgements all point to an increasing reliance on the information technologies. Current work at ABACUS within Strathclyde University addresses research whose objective is to identify, and then prototype, a relevant urban information system. It is proposed that by attributing a geometrical framework with those physical quantities thatare relevant to the formal and functional evaluation of the urban environment, the means of evaluating the qualities and quantities of the buildings aswell as the social and economic prospects may be realised.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9441
id	ddss9441
authors	Hammond, Barbara
year	1994
title	Computer Aided Urban Design
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	The product of the Urban Design process in the public sector in the UK is usually a briefing document of some kind which communicates design ideas in outline both to the lay public and to private developers. The problem with briefing effectively is that outline expression of ideas does not provide a strong basis for negotiation with developers; the temptation therefore is to work up one proposal in detail and to present it as the only option. This type of prescriptive briefing may be successful in situations where the public body has control over the land, the economy is buoyant and the site has a simple context. Its problems are that it is labour intensive, so some areas are covered in detail, others not at all; it is seen as restrictive by developers, so may create a climate of conflict rather than certainty; it is not responsive to change; it covers specific sites thoroughly but does not deal well with large, complex areas; on large sites it tends towards a homogeneous environment whereas the nature of towns and cities is pluralistic and heterogeneous; it confines the Urban Designer to site specific work rather than allowing concentration on the whole urban system. Urban Designers at the London Docklands Development Corporation felt that CAD might present some answers to these problems in facilitating an iterative, interactive briefing process which could respond quickly to change; whereby varying options for development could be investigated fully but quickly and resource-efficiently; which could be used to communicate design ideas effectively to non-professionals; which could help to make negotiation with developers more effective, less confrontational; which could deal with large, complex sites effectively. The idea was that a piece of city could be modeled on the computer and an urban design study would then be carried out on it which would test varying options for development, resulting in an outline, but three dimensional, model for an area which could be used in three ways: as a briefing tool, as part of a marketing exercise and as a tool to aid effective negotiation and consultation at the planning stage. A pilot project was carried out on a set of development sites at East India Dock and, following the success of this, a full study was carried at Surrey Quays Centre. The paper describes these projects and discusses both their products and their effect on the developmentprocess as aids in decision making.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9455
id	ddss9455
authors	Kraria, H. and Bridges, Alan
year	1994
title	Building Integration Tools for Collaborative Design
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	For many years, research in CAAD systems has been mostly oriented towards single environ-ments, thus restricting the designer to a static environment. In reality the activities of user designers constantly interact with other participants activities (i.e. a structural engineer, services engineer, etc.). For instance, the architect is heavily influenced by the nature of the structural engineering process. It defines the character and integration of the basic components in other words, design is a collaborative process carried out by several participants with a single overall objective. The separation of architectural and engineering aspects in building design has brought on isolated computer tools. These tools are not interchangeable, the situation demands for their integration, all the interaction are supported by the social aspect of members of group participa-ting in collaborating work. The benefits of sharing CAD tools and related data between all members of the design team are that everyone works on the same information, co-ordination is easier and more accurate, and there is a reduction in the amount of repetition, as the need to redraw information is eliminated. The result is an increase in the accuracy and speed of the production of drawings. The technological aspects to support collaborative work and in particular the interaction process in design, is the main work issue being carried out at Strathclyde University, Department of Architecture and Building Science, Glasgow, Scotland U.K.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9468
id	ddss9468
authors	Mustoe, I. and Bridges, A.
year	1994
title	An Intelligent Architectural Design Resource
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	With the development of optical disc technology very large resources of visual material are becoming available to designers. For example, the School of Architecture at University College Dublin has compiled a 30 cm Phillips Laser vision disc containing some 20,000 images of buildings from all parts of Europe. Conventional methods of accessing such large bodies of information tend to be based on formal query languages and are unsuitable for designers searching design precedents or other forms of inspiration. Conventional expert systems, based on deductive inference engines, are equally unsuitable. The difficulty stems from design being an exploratory rather than deductive process. The paper describes a novel type of pattern matching expert system, referred to as "image", which has been developed to provide a method of search which is more appropriate to designers. By the use of image, designers can make meaningful but non-deductive connections between their attitudes towards design and the contents of an optical disc. The bit-string manipulation algorithm underlying image is explained and an example of the use of the system in controlling the Dublin disc is also described.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	abb0
authors	Sabater, Txatxo and Gassull, Albert
year	1994
title	On Digital Press
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.121
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, pp. 121-126
summary	Our contribution paper is divided in two parts, the first one is about our experience in building up a CD ROM on Cerda's theory, and the second is a daring -corresponding to our ignorance-, is a suggestion. To publish on a digital support it is necessary to clear one's mind. On Production. The nature of the documents, its origin. Order and division of labour. Some notes about the way to produce it. General documentation management. On critical paths. Digital Press. Towards an ECAADE Digital Press?
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ddss9481
id	ddss9481
authors	Schmid, Peter
year	1994
title	MHP: Method Holistic Participation, Research and Experience During the Decades
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Design Decision Support Systems always are closely related to the cooperation of more (than single) people and mostly even of several groups of people. Hence teamwork is an important part inorder to support (design) decisions or systematical and methodical collaboration and cooperation or participation. A system(atic) approach towards these participatory processes will be given in this paper. The MHP can get a place and meaning in the fields of the most urgent problems and within the discussions concerning SBS and ecological disaster (as significantly pointed out in already so many scientific reports and conferences). Collaboration and cooperation is needed more than ever before - although we can find examples and models already long ago. Two main problems can be answered by using the method - as already proofed in several cases: the facing of the environmental demands for building activities, because of the ecological crisis - worldwide combined with the SBS and the necessity for the different (power) groups to come together in order to reach some consensus for our common survival. The paper presentation will be enriched by many illustrations.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	avocaad_2001_17
id	avocaad_2001_17
authors	Ying-Hsiu Huang, Yu-Tung Liu, Cheng-Yuan Lin, Yi-Ting Cheng, Yu-Chen Chiu
year	2001
title	The comparison of animation, virtual reality, and scenario scripting in design process
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	Design media is a fundamental tool, which can incubate concrete ideas from ambiguous concepts. Evolved from freehand sketches, physical models to computerized drafting, modeling (Dave, 2000), animations (Woo, et al., 1999), and virtual reality (Chiu, 1999; Klercker, 1999; Emdanat, 1999), different media are used to communicate to designers or users with different conceptual levels¡@during the design process. Extensively employed in design process, physical models help designers in managing forms and spaces more precisely and more freely (Millon, 1994; Liu, 1996).Computerized drafting, models, animations, and VR have gradually replaced conventional media, freehand sketches and physical models. Diversely used in the design process, computerized media allow designers to handle more divergent levels of space than conventional media do. The rapid emergence of computers in design process has ushered in efforts to the visual impact of this media, particularly (Rahman, 1992). He also emphasized the use of computerized media: modeling and animations. Moreover, based on Rahman's study, Bai and Liu (1998) applied a new design media¡Xvirtual reality, to the design process. In doing so, they proposed an evaluation process to examine the visual impact of this new media in the design process. That same investigation pointed towards the facilitative role of the computerized media in enhancing topical comprehension, concept realization, and development of ideas.Computer technology fosters the growth of emerging media. A new computerized media, scenario scripting (Sasada, 2000; Jozen, 2000), markedly enhances computer animations and, in doing so, positively impacts design processes. For the three latest media, i.e., computerized animation, virtual reality, and scenario scripting, the following question arises: What role does visual impact play in different design phases of these media. Moreover, what is the origin of such an impact? Furthermore, what are the similarities and variances of computing techniques, principles of interaction, and practical applications among these computerized media?This study investigates the similarities and variances among computing techniques, interacting principles, and their applications in the above three media. Different computerized media in the design process are also adopted to explore related phenomenon by using these three media in two projects. First, a renewal planning project of the old district of Hsinchu City is inspected, in which animations and scenario scripting are used. Second, the renewal project is compared with a progressive design project for the Hsinchu Digital Museum, as designed by Peter Eisenman. Finally, similarity and variance among these computerized media are discussed.This study also examines the visual impact of these three computerized media in the design process. In computerized animation, although other designers can realize the spatial concept in design, users cannot fully comprehend the concept. On the other hand, other media such as virtual reality and scenario scripting enable users to more directly comprehend what the designer's presentation.Future studies should more closely examine how these three media impact the design process. This study not only provides further insight into the fundamental characteristics of the three computerized media discussed herein, but also enables designers to adopt different media in the design stages. Both designers and users can more fully understand design-related concepts.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	ddss9411
id	ddss9411
authors	Bouillé, Francois
year	1994
title	Mastering Urban Network Intersection And Superimposition, in an Object-oriented Knowledge System Integrating Rules, Neurons and Processes
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Many networks cover the urban texture, either superimposed at a variable distance, or really intersecting, or even in interconnection. We briefly recall the HBDS model, working on persistent abstract data types associated to graphical representations and carrying algorithms expressing conditions to be verified and/or actions to be performed. HBDS is an integrated system too, including database, expert system dealing with fuzzy rules and facts, discrete simulation engine, and neural engine; it has a general purpose programming language. Any urban network is associated to a given prototype, according to the same scheme named prototype with more specific components. These prototypes allow to build the different thematic structures instantiations of the prototypes. All possible cases of arc intersection or "pseudo-intersection" (simple superimposition)or interconnection are obtained by, owing to new prototypes. Moreover, such (pseudo)-intersections are automatically recognized and processed without a human intervention, owing to classes ofconstraints and classes of rules. They deal with particular constraints concerning the location of some urban furniture, and rules concerning the way a cable or a pipe must follow according to thepre-existing other networks in a given area, the minimal distances, minimal or maximal depths, and some required equipments. Urban classes of (pseudo-)intersections inserted in the hyperciass"neuron", inheriting of neural features, may be used for automated learning of urban knowledge; owing to their "behavior", these neurons can communicate and perform actions on other components. Urban classes inserted in the hyperciass "process" may be used for building very large models simulating complex urban phenomenons, thus allowing a better understanding of the real phenomenons. As a conclusion, we emphasize the methodological aspects of object-oriented integration for an efficient processing of the urban context, based on prototyping and mixing rules, neurons and processes.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9414
id	ddss9414
authors	Bright, Elise N.
year	1994
title	THe "Allots" Model: A PC-Based Approach to Demand Distribution for Siting and Planning
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	This paper reports on the development and application of ALLOT: a user-friendly, flexible computer model which has been designed to help governmental jurisdictions and private landowners throughout the world to achieve more economically efficient and environmentally sound land use and development patterns in a short period of time. ALLOT has the potential to drastically change the way that land use planning is conducted, since it has the capability to allow theincorporation of a wide variety of previously ignored environmental characteristics and up-to-date land use patterns. ALLOT, which is written in the SAS programming language, contains twomajor parts. The first part employs a GIS database to conduct land suitability analyses for the area. It then produces maps showing the most suitable areas for various land use types. The second part appears to be unique in the field of computerized land use planning models. It combines the results of the suitability analysis with forecasted demand for various land use types to produce "optimum" future land use patterns. The model is capable of quickly analyzing a wide variety of forecasts, allowing easy comparison of different growth scenarios; and it can also be modified to reflect community goals and objectives, such as protection of wildlife habitat orattraction of industry. The flexibility, combined with the fact that it runs on any IBM-compatible PC (286 or higher), make it a powerful land use planning tool. The model has been successfully applied in two "real world" situations. First, three alternative future land use patterns were developed for a rural lakeside area. The area had rural characteristics and was lacking infrastructure, but a large influx of people was expected as the lake was filled. The success of this effort led to decision to test it´s use as a method for facility siting (using landfill siting as an example).
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9429
id	ddss9429
authors	Geerling, Heinrich
year	1994
title	A Proposal for a Framework for Business Re-engineering in Design and Realization of Artificial Environments
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	According to the Top-Down design process', this paper gives a generic and qualitative description of a Concurrent Engineering Environment, that should support the problem solving procedure in town planning and architecture in a modern quality oriented society. A system that is based on the principal of democracy might guarantee the preservation of quality in the projection and realization of artificial environments. This environment can be seen as a part of the today often discussed "digital democracy", which practically is based on a infrastructure of computers, interfaces, software systems, a network, databases and a data presentation, that is able to comprise the expectations of professionals involved in the architecture and town planning process. The paper will discuss what the role of the designer and coordinator of this computer environment looks like,in order to design, plan, build and coordinate activities for the realization of this Concurrent Environment and how several software engineers work concurrently to develop tools that guarantee a modular integration. The backbone of this environment is the definition and use of standards for data exchange. Basically those standards are derived from two domains: artifacts will be described in a product model data, while natural resources are described in spatial data. Town planning has to integrate both models. It will be discussed briefly how far the data modelling language EXPRESS of part 11 of the ISO 10303 (Express Language Reference Manual) might be useful to model GIS related problems. An example will describe how a scenario of activities, from registration of real world data to recognition of requirements of society, the definition of development plans through design(competition), lawfulness checking and construction until demolition should look like.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9444
id	ddss9444
authors	Hill, Shauna and Streilein, André
year	1994
title	Architectural Photogrammetry & Knowledge-Base Systems Record & Redevelopment
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	In redevelopment projects, the purpose of heritage recording is part of an investigative process to achieve understanding about structures so that designers can make the appropriate design decisions. It is desirable to integrate the knowledge of the recording and documentation specialist, who has first-hand knowledge of the building, with the interpretative process of evaluating the building information and making design decisions. New developments in the fields of photogram-metric recording and computer science has led to improved "image understanding". This paper describes research that is the result of exploring the concept of integrating new digital photogram-metric recording processes with an automated expert evaluation tool. The goal of this research is to expedite the acquisition of heritage building information for use by a knowledge-based system capable of providing the designer with building performance evaluations. Photogrammetry records all data as a series of three-dimensional coordinates which make it a natural partner for today's three-dimensional CAD systems. Generating a three-dimensional model of architecturally significant physical forms and details can provide a basis for evaluation, understanding, education, and design. The purpose of knowledge-based systems in construction is to enhance the decision-making process with specialized knowledge and experience. The linkage of CAD databases with knowledge-based systems provides a source of input data, such as a three-dimensional model, significant to a particular problem. This research is a collaborative effort between two groups, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich Switzerland, and the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	06e1
authors	Keul, Alexander
year	1996
title	LOST IN SPACE? ARCHITECTURAL PSYCHOLOGY - PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
source	Full-Scale Modeling in the Age of Virtual Reality [6th EFA-Conference Proceedings]
summary	A methodological review by Kaminski (1995) summed up five perspectives in environmental psychology - patterns of spatial distribution, everyday “jigsaw puzzles”, functional everyday action systems, sociocultural change and evolution of competence. Architectural psychology (named so at the Strathclyde conference 1969; Canter, 1973) as psychology of built environments is one leg of environmental psychology, the second one being psychology of environmental protection. Architectural psychology has come of age and passed its 25th birthday. Thus, a triangulation of its position, especially in Central Europe, seems interesting and necessary. A recent survey mainly on university projects in German-speaking countries (Kruse & Trimpin, 1995) found a marked decrease of studies in psychology of built environments. 1994, 25% of all projects were reported in this category, which in 1975 had made up 40% (Kruse, 1975). Guenther, in an unpublished survey of BDP (association of professional German psychologists) members, encountered only a handful active in architectural psychology - mostly part-time, not full-time. 1996, Austria has two full-time university specialists. The discrepancy between the general interest displayed by planners and a still low institutionalization is noticeable. How is the research situation? Using several standard research data banks, the author collected articles and book(chapter)s on architectural psychology in German- and English-language countries from 1990 to 1996. Studies on main architecture-psychology interface problems such as user needs, housing quality evaluations, participatory planning and spatial simulation / virtual reality did not outline an “old, settled” discipline, but rather the sketchy, random surface of a field “always starting anew”. E.g., discussions at the 1995 EAEA-Conference showed that several architectural simulation studies since 1973 caused no major impact on planner's opinions (Keul&Martens, 1996). “Re-inventions of the wheel” are caused by a lack of meetings (except this one!) and of interdisciplinary infrastructure in German-language countries (contrary to Sweden or the United States). Social pressures building up on architecture nowadays by inter-European competition, budget cuts and citizen activities for informed consent in most urban projects are a new challenge for planners to cooperate efficiently with social scientists. At Salzburg, the author currently manages the Corporate Design-process for the Chamber of Architecture, Division for Upper Austria and Salzburg. A “working group for architectural psychology” (Keul-Martens-Maderthaner) has been active since 1994.
keywords	Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	EAEA
type	normal paper
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa/
last changed	2005/09/09 10:43

_id	ddss9460
id	ddss9460
authors	Lee, Bing-Huei
year	1994
title	Graphic Data Comprehension In Design Thinking
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	There exist several kinds of data qualities when we see a graphic. In such a procedure, we rarely describe all the qualities by language. This is an interesting phenomenon. We are doing something that we understand but we cannot tell when we are thinking or drawing a graphic. A problem like this touches the central point related to the understanding of drawing in design. It is the purpose of this study. A series of experiments is conducted to compare two sets of data: design by drawing and design without drawing. The major result of this experiment is that the type without drawing contains less design contents and is easy to reassemble. The drawing type contains much richer design contents which easily disappeared when reassembled through the descriptions. We believe there exist two major characters of visual data: nameable and unnameable. Nameable data may be designed and communicated without drawing. For the unnameable one, we may proceed when its qualities show out. According to this study, we conclude that the mental representation of visual data is basically prepositional rather than picture-like. But, in design procedures, the picture-like one may appear when the figure comes out of the mental world, with lots of unnameable qualities.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	da35
authors	Liu, Y.T.
year	1994
title	Some Phenomena of seeing shapes in design
source	Design Studies, v 16, n 3, pp. 367-385
summary	This paper is a look at some of the pyschological results that suggest how shape emergence manifest itself in the human mind. The first interesting result goes back to top down expectation guiding recognition. Some experimental suggest that it is easier (quicker) to recognize shapes which we have some alternate mental familiarity. (I.E. verbal, structural descriptions). So if we can easily say a shape then we can easily discern it as an emergent shape. The paper then goes on to discuss the definition of emergent subshapes and gives various authors definitions of what makes up and emergent shape. One interesting classification is the difference between explicit and implicit emergent shapes made by Mitchell. This difference amounts to a fine line between imagination and emergence. The results of an experiment between experienced and in-experienced designers is discussed. The results suggest that experienced designers are able to find more emergent shape than non experienced designers. From these results and from the opinions of others, the author goes on to specify 3 phenomena related to emergent recognition. The first is as above that it is easier to see shapes with which we are familiar. Second from this, the harder shapes are found after the initial period. Third, from the first two, time is required to find more subshapes. The author then searches for an explanation of this phenomena. He suggests that the underlying cause is related to an experience person having a lower threshold of what it is to be a member of a shape. When seeing an L shape the experienced design is likely to consider it also a square, because his requirement for the set of features which must be present for some object to be a considered a square is a smaller set than the inexperienced. While the author suggests that this is a phenomena it is actually an hypothesis. An alternate hypothesis may be that top down inhibitions effect the bottom up performance of the inexperienced design more because of different representation.
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	ddss9476
id	ddss9476
authors	Porada, Mikhael and Porada, Sabine
year	1994
title	"To See Ideas" or The Visualizing of Programmatic Data Reading Examples in Architecture and Town Planning
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Whether images are still in the mind, metaphors, sketches or icons, they play a crucial role. They have always been the heuristic pivot around which the process of artefact design organizes itself, particularly in architecture and town-planning. "To see ideas" through computer ideograms is to experiment an interesting and new direction for "pictural approach" supported design. Cognitive psychology emphasizes the important part played by mental images in reasoning, imagination in the working of human intelligence and the construction of mental images as cognitive factors underlying reasoning. It also points out how close computerized objects and mental schemata are. "To reason over a situation is first to remember or build some mental models of this situation; second to make those models work or simulate them in order to observe what would happen in different circumstances and then verify whether they fit the experiment data; third to select the best model, a tool meant to sustain and amplify the elaboration of mental models, which is a spontaneous activity". We introduce our exploration of the direct transmission of mental models through computer ideograms. We study the "operative" and the "expressive" aspects, and this allows us to analyze how some aspects in a field of knowledge are represented by ideograms, schemata, icons, etc. Aid to imagination, reasoning and communication by means of a graphic language must be limited to some figurative relevant aspects of the domain considered; it should not aim at a realistic simulation. Therefore, the important role played by icons and the spatial schematic representation of knowledge is emphasized. Our hypothesis is that an architectural concept does not result from an inductive process, but rather is built to solve problems through the direct representation of ideas with ideograms. An experiment was conducted with a graphic language, a dynamic scenography and actor-objects. The language allows one to build and visualize models from the various domains of knowledge of the object. The dynamic scenography can explore and simulate kinetically those models by means of staging various narrations and visual scenarios. The actor-objects play various and complementary parts in order to make the image explicit and link it with the concept. We distinguish between two parallel levels of reality in computer ideographics: one concerns the model, it represents the visualization of a graphic model at a particular moment and according to a particular representation, the other concerns the ideogram.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

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