Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	7b57
authors	Chase, Scott Curland
year	1996
title	Modeling Designs with Shape Algebras and Formal Logic
source	University of California
summary	A formal, hierarchical model of shape, spatial relations and non-spatial properties is presented, constructed from first principles of geometry, topology and logic. The combination of the two major paradigms used here, shape algebras and logic, is one which has been largely unexplored. The underlying interest is the development of generalized design modeling systems in which the components may be used for a variety of synthesis and recognition problems. The algebras of shape described by Stiny have been shown to be useful in the generation and analysis of designs. The generality of their representations, their non-reliance upon predetermined structure, and their use in combination provide a richness of expression lacking in more traditional representations. The use of formal logic as a specification tool for modeling spatial relations is investigated here. Logic has proven itself useful as a programming and specification tool, providing advantages over traditional procedural programming methods. Among those is the ability to specify the knowledge to be encapsulated in a model without the need to specify data manipulation procedures. It is argued that specification in logic provides a natural method of development. The model is developed by extending the formalisms of shape algebras with the use of logic to make more precise, generalized, parametric definitions of shape and spatial relations than has been previously possible. The value of such a model is demonstrated by the use of these generalized spatial relations for solving typical problems in the fields of geographic information systems and architecture. The advantages of the representations used over more traditional 'kit-of-parts' models is also illustrated.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	934f
authors	Gross, M.D.
year	1996
title	The Electronic Cocktail Napkin – a computational environment for working with design diagrams
source	Design Studies, 17 (1), pp. 53-69
summary	The Electronic Cocktail Napkin is an experimental computer-based environment for sketching and diagramming in conceptual design. The project's goal is to develop a computational drawing environment to support conceptual designing in a way that leads smoothly from diagrams to more formal and structured representations of schematic design. With computational representations for conceptual designs, computer-supported editing, critiquing, analysis, and simulation can be employed earlier in the design process, where it can have a greater impact on outcomes. The paper describes the Electronic Cocktail Napkin program - its recognition and parsing of diagrams and management of spatial constraints, its drawing environment, and two experimental query-by-diagram schemes for retrieving information from architectural databases.
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	0b2e
authors	Stouffs, R., Krishnamurti, R. and Eastman, C.
year	1996
title	A Formal Structure for Nonequivalent Solid Representations
source	Proceedings of IFIP WG 5.2: Workshop on Knowledge Intensive CAD II, (eds.) S. Finger, M. M‰ntyl‰, and T. Tomiyama. International Federation for Information Processing
summary	This work is based on the recognition that there will always be a need for different representations of the same entity, albeit a building or building part, a shape or other complex attribute. Different representations support different sets of operations with varying efficiencies. Given our expectation that such multiple representations will always exist, there is a need, formally, to define the relations between alternative representations, in order to support translation and identify where exact translation is or is not possible, and to define the coverage of different representations. A method for the analysis of representations is developed, which is applied to four different solid modeling representations.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	sigradi2014_290
id	sigradi2014_290
authors	Molinas, Isabel Sabina
year	2014
title	Contra la distinción: la libertad de las formas en la experiencia estética contemporánea [Against distinction: the freedom of the shapes in the contemporary esthetic experience]
source	SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 446-449
summary	In the field of Contemporary Esthetics is resumed the question of what is art and which are the readability conditions (reading). The questions relate to the displacement between representation and experimentation, beauty and esthetic experience, among others. In this context, we address the technology of poetry (Nancy (2012 [2013]) as technological exhibition that lets your experience the being of the object and become subjects. The corpus includes film and video (Kopystiansky 1996-97; Alys 2011 y Jaar 2013). The objective is to outline an analytical framework for thinking about the esthetic freedom of creation and the practical freedom of their recognition. (Wagner 2004).
keywords	Art; Technology; Esthetics; Design; Freedom
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	2790
authors	Mon Chu
year	1996
title	A Symbolic/Neural Hybrid Approach to Emergent Subshape Recognition
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1996.191
source	CAADRIA ‘96 [Proceedings of The First Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 9627-75-703-9] Hong Kong (Hong Kong) 25-27 April 1996, pp. 191-198
summary	Recognizing emergent subshape is one kind of human visual behaviour. People usually recognize several distinct emergent subshapes from primary shapes and give them different interpretations. This paper presents a symbolic/connectionist hybrid system to provide computers the ability of this kind. Through this approach, the recognition system is divided into three modules. Source images are sent to the first module, that is a connectionist network, of the hybrid system. The network is responsible for transforming the source image into abstract visual data, named Pre-attention Distribution and Local Feature Information. Then, the abstract visual data are processed in the second module that is a symbolic subsystem. The subsystem is responsible for making decision in the Visual Search Attention processes and for managing the features of the whole shape. Finally, another connectionist network takes the previous results from the symbolic subsystem and performs the final recognition.
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	a32f
authors	Qamhiyah, A.Z., Venter, R.D. and Benhabib, B.
year	1996
title	Geometric reasoning for the extraction of form features
source	Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 28 (11) (1996) pp. 887-903
summary	The primary limitation of feature-recognition approaches, namely their lack of generalization, has been addressed by the development of feature-extraction techniques. This paper presents a boundary-based procedurefor the sequential extraction of form features from CAD models of objects with planar surfaces. An object is viewed as an initial basic shape that has been iteratively altered through the introduction of form features.Form features are first classified based on their effect in changing a basic shape. Geometric reasoning is then used to obtain generalized properties of the form-features' classes. Finally, form-features' classes aresequentially extracted based on the obtained properties.
keywords	CAD, Form-Feature, Feature Extraction
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/05/15 21:33

_id	8a25
authors	Alshawi, M. and Underwood, J.
year	1996
title	Applying object-oriented analysis to the integration of design and construction
source	Automation in Construction 5 (2) (1996) pp. 105-121
summary	This paper implements an Object Oriented Analysis technique to model information related to design and construction. In a previous study, an approach to integrate design and construction processes based upon information analysis and modelling has been proposed. By breaking down the project's vast information into groups of related information, construction related problems have been identified and then traced back too their relevant design processes. This paper models this process using a relatively young and new method of analysis rather than a traditional structured approach. An Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) method has been applied to model the information in terms of the fundamental ideas that underlie object-oriented technology i.e. object types and classes, methods, requests, encapsulation and inheritance. Proceeding through the five major activities of Coad and Yourdon's OOA method, a complete OOA model has been developed with potential to improve the construction related problems.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	d5c8
authors	Angelo, C.V., Bueno, A.P., Ludvig, C., Reis, A.F. and Trezub, D.
year	1999
title	Image and Shape: Two Distinct Approaches
source	III Congreso Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings] Montevideo (Uruguay) September 29th - October 1st 1999, pp. 410-415
summary	This paper is the result of two researches done at the district of Campeche, Florianópolis, by the Grupo PET/ARQ/UFSC/CAPES. Different aspects and conceptual approaches were used to study the spatial attributes of this district located in the Southern part of Santa Catarina Island. The readings and analysis of two researches were based on graphic pistures builded with the use of Corel 7.0 e AutoCadR14. The first research – "Urban Development in the Island of Santa Catarina: Public Space Study"- examined the urban structures of Campeche based on the Spatial Syntax Theory developed by Hillier and Hanson (1984) that relates form and social appropriation of public spaces. The second research – "Topoceptive Characterisation of Campeche: The Image of a Locality in Expansion in the Island of Santa Catarina" -, based on the methodology developed by Kohlsdorf (1996) and also on the visual analysis proposed by Lynch (1960), identified characteristics of this locality with the specific goal of selecting attributes that contributed to the ideas of the place its population held. The paper consists of an initial exercise of linking these two methods in order to test the complementarity of their analytical tools. Exemplifying the analytical procedures undertaken in the two approaches, the readings done - global (of the locality as a whole) and partial (from parts of the settlement) - are presented and compared.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ddssup9602
id	ddssup9602
authors	Arentze, T.A., Borgers, A.W.J. and Harry J.P.
year	1996
title	A knowledge-based model for developing location strategies in a DSS for retail planning
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary	Most DSS for retail planning are based on impact assessment models to support the evaluation of plan scenario's. This paper introduces a complementary knowledge-based model to support also the earlier stage of formulating plan scenario's. An analysis of the retail planning problem reveals the main lines of the strategies adopted by most Dutch planners and retailers to achieve their goals. A basic strategy that seems to be appropriate in most problem contexts is formulated in the form of a set of decision tables. Each decision table or system of decision tables specifies for a problem area decision rules to identify and analyse problems and to formulate possible actions. The model is implemented in a DSS where it is used in combination with quantitative impact assessment models. A case study in the area of daily good facilities demonstrates the approach. The major conclusion is that the knowledge-based approach and in particular the decision table technique provides interesting possibilities to implement planning task structures in a DSS environment.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	452d
authors	Arlati, E., Bottelli, V. and Fogh, C.
year	1996
title	Applying CBR to the Teaching of Architectural Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1996.041
source	Education for Practice [14th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-2-2] Lund (Sweden) 12-14 September 1996, pp. 41-50
summary	This paper presents an approach to the analysis and description of the nature of process knowledge in architectural design, the development of a conceptual model for Galathea, a case-based navigation tool for its support, and the application of this theoretical foundation to the teaching of design to a group of about 100 second-year architecture students. Design is assumed as a globally coherent information, memory and experience-intensive process in which professional skill is the capability to govern a large number of continually evolving variables in the direction of desired change. This viewpoint on design has guided the development of Galathea, the model of a tool aimed at describing architectural design through the description, mapping and management of the complete decision-making path of projects by means of the dynamic representation of the relationship between goals, constraints and the decisions/actions adopted at specific nodes and through the creation of a case-base aimed at the storage, retrieval and adaptation of relevant design moves in similar project contexts. This conceptual model is applied to educational activity at the faculty of Architecture of Milan, with the aim of teaching how to govern a project from the outset considering it as an evolving but coherent map of design moves, which allow the adoption of the correct decisions involving the most disparate types of information, experience and memory, and which altogether conduct to the desired goal. The resolution paths of the students, all applied to the same architecture problem, result in a design move case-base, the further utilisation and interest of which is open to collegial discussion.
keywords	knowledge-based design; case-based reasoning; design process control, design moves
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	0ce7
authors	Asanowicz, Aleksander
year	1996
title	Design, Creativity and CAAD
source	CAD Creativeness [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 83-905377-0-2] Bialystock (Poland), 25-27 April 1996 pp. 13-20
summary	What is designing? Many theories about design, architectural design in particular, describe the design process as a sequence of activities like analysis, synthesis and evaluation.
series	plCAD
email
last changed	2003/05/17 10:01

_id	6c97
authors	Asanowicz, Aleksander
year	1996
title	Using the Computer in Analysis of Architectural Form
source	Approaches to Computer Aided Architectural Composition [ISBN 83-905377-1-0] 1996, pp. 25-34
summary	One of the most important aspects of the designing process is: the design activity is usually conducted with incomplete information. Another important aspect of designing activity is: designing activity is usually based on past experience. As a matter of fact looking at designers in the early conceptual phases, one thing that appears clear is, instead starting from scratch, they spend a part of their time thinking about existing designing experience, reviewing the literature, and so on. That is why explicit representation of designing knowledge is needed if computers are to be used as the aid of design education and practice. Composition knowledge data base will be helpful during an architectural form analysis process as well. It makes possible to provide answers and explanations as well as allowing to view tutorials illustrating the particular problem. On its basic level such a program will present analysis of architectural objects and abstract forms based on subjective criteria. On its upper level allowing further exploration of various architectural composition attributes, as well as their influence on emotional- aesthetic judgements being formed during the process of analysis the architectural form.
series	other
last changed	1999/04/08 17:16

_id	ddssup9603
id	ddssup9603
authors	Bach, Boudewijn and MacGillivray, Trina
year	1996
title	Semi-manual design support for increasing railwaystation catchment & sustainable traffic routing
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary	The shape ('configuration'), location and direction of the pattern of potential trips by foot or bicycle can help decision makers and designers:- the shape of such a pattern informs about the potential size of a traffic calming area(such as 30Km-zoning),- the location of such a pattern refers to the user-groups and specific destinations that a urban network should bring in safe reach for dictated groups,- the direction of such a pattern, together with shape and location, points to the best routing to raise the Sustainable Traffic Modal Split or to improve the reach of destinations like a railway-station.The patters can be generated from zip-code's of user-groups with obvious and daily destinations (school-children, rail-passengers). The next step confronts the theoretical pattern with the layout of streets and the traffic flow, mapping or listing (potential) confrontations between cars and the non-motorised modes, a basis for economical investment in traffic-safety.A design can 'model' the analysed pattern(s) to a economic, direct and safe base (cycle or pedestrian) network. In co-operation, the Dutch the traffic consultant "Verkeersadviesbureau Diepens & Okkema" in Delft, The Netherlands and the Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, in Delft, The Netherlands, develloped the semi-manual design & decision support system "STAR-Analysis"
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	215e
authors	Bai, Rui-Yuan and Liu, Yu-Tung
year	1998
title	Towards a Computerized Procedure for Visual Impact Analysis and Assessment - The Hsinchu Example
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1998.067
source	CAADRIA ‘98 [Proceedings of The Third Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 4-907662-009] Osaka (Japan) 22-24 April 1998, pp. 67-76
summary	This paper examines the procedure of visual impact analysis and assessment proposed by Rahman and reviews the use of CAD applications in urban projects in the real world. A preliminary computerized procedure for visual impact analysis and assessment is proposed. An experiments was conducted in our laboratory to verify the preliminary procedure. In order to further study the revised procedure in real urban projects, it was also applied into the renew project of The Eastern Gate Plaza located in the center of city Hsinchu, Taiwan from 1996 to 1998. According to several face-to-face discussions with Hsinchu habitants, government officials, and professional designers, a final computerized procedure for visual impact analysis and assessment is concluded.
keywords	Environmental Simulation, Visual Impact Analysis and Assessment, Virtual Reality
series	CAADRIA
email
more	http://www.caadria.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	328d
authors	Bassanino, May Nahab and Brown, Andre
year	1999
title	Computer Generated Architectural Images: A Comparative Study
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.552
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 552-556
summary	This work is part of a long term research programme (Brown and Horton, 1992; Brown and Nahab, 1996; Bassanino, 1999) in which tests and studies have been carried out on various groups of people to investigate their reaction to, and interpretation of different forms of architectural representation. In the work described here a range of architectural schemes were presented using particular representational techniques and media. An experiment was then undertaken on two different groups; architects and lay people. They were presented with a number of schemes displayed using the various techniques and media. The responses are summarised and some comments are made on the effect of computers on perceiving architecture and on communicating architectural ideas arising from an analysis of the responses.
keywords	Subject, Image Type, Presentation Technique, Medium, SD Scales, Factors
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	a04a
authors	Bhavnani, S.K. and John, B.E.
year	1996
title	Exploring the Unrealized Potential of Computer-Aided Drafting
source	Proceedings of CHI'96 (1996), 332-339
summary	Despite huge investments by vendors and users, CAD productivity remains disappointing. Our analysis of real- world CAD usage shows that even after many years of experience, users tend to use suboptimal strategies to perform complex CAD tasks. Additionally, some of these strategies have a marked resemblance to manual drafting techniques. Although this phenomenon has been previously reported, this paper explores explanations for its causes and persistence. We argue that the strategic knowledge to use CAD effectively is neither defined nor explicitly taught. In the absence of a well-formed strategy, users often develop a synthetic mental model of CAD containing a mixture of manual and CAD methods. As these suboptimal strategies do not necessarily prevent users from producing clean, accurate drawings, the inefficiencies tend to remain unrecognized and users have little motivation to develop better strategies. To reverse this situation we recommend that the strategic knowledge to use CAD effectively should be made explicit and provided early in training. We use our analysis to begin the process of making this strategic knowledge explicit. We conclude by discussing the ramifications of this research in training as well as in the development of future computer aids for drawing and design.
keywords	Task Decomposition; Learning
series	other
email
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	eb87
authors	Bhavnani, S.K.
year	1996
title	How Architects Draw with Computers: A Cognitive Analysis of Real-World CAD Interactions
source	Carnegie Mellon University, School of Architecture and School of Computer Science
summary	New media throughout history have passed through a period of transition during which users and technologists took many years to understand and exploit the medium's potential. CAD appears to be passing through a similar period of transition; despite huge investments by vendors and users, CAD productivity remains difficult to achieve. To investigate if history can provide any insights into this problem, this thesis begins with an examination of well-known examples from history. The analysis revealed that, over time, users had developed efficient strategies which were based on powers and limitations of tools; delegation strategies exploited powers provided by tools, and circumvention strategies attempted to overcome their limitations. These insights on efficient strategies were used to investigate the CAD productivity problem based on four research questions: 1. How do architects currently use CAD systems to produce drawings? 2. What are the effects of current CAD usage on product and performance? 3. What are the possible causes of current CAD usage? 4. What are the capabilities of the CAD medium and how can they be used efficiently? The above four questions were addressed through the qualitative, quantitative, and cognitive analysis of data collected during an ethnographic study of architects working in their natural environment. The qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed that users missed many opportunities to use strategies that delegated iteration to the computer. The cognitive analysis revealed that missed opportunities to use such delegation strategies caused an increase in execution time, and an increase in errors many of which went undetected leading to the production of inaccurate drawings. These analyses pointed to plausible cognitive and contextual explanations for the inefficient use of CAD systems, and to a framework to identify and teach efficient CAD strategies. The above results were found to be neither unique to the CAD domain, nor to the office where the data were collected. The generality of these results motivated the identification of seven claims towards a general theory to explain and identify efficient strategies for a wide range of devices. This thesis contributes to the field of architecture by providing a detailed analysis of real-world CAD usage, and an approach to improve the performance of CAD users. The thesis also contributes to the field of human-computer interaction by demonstrating the generality of these results and by laying the framework for a general theory of efficient strategies which could be used to improve the performance of users of current and future computer applications.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/04/15 13:36

_id	ddssup9604
id	ddssup9604
authors	Boelen, A.J.
year	1996
title	Impact-Analysis of Urban Design Realtime impact-analysis models for urban designers
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary	The past five years Prof Dr Jr T.M. de Jong, professor in environmental planning and sustainability at the Technical University of Delft, has developed a theoretical foundation for the analysis of urban design on the ecological, technical, economical, cultural and political impacts of morphologic interventions on different levels of scale. From september 1994 Jr AJ. Boelen (Urban Design Scientist and Knowledge Engineer) started a research project at the same university to further explore the possibilities of these theories and to develop impact evaluation models for urban design and development with the theoretical work of De Jong as a starting point. The paper discusses the development of a design and decision support system based on these theories. For the development of this system, techniques like object-orientation, genetic algorithms and knowledge engineering are used. The user interface, the relation between the real world, paper maps and virtual maps and the presentation of design-interventions and impacts caused by the interventions are important issues. The development-process is an interactive step by step process. It consists of the making of a prototype of the system, testing the theory and hypothe-sisses the system is based on, by applying tests end adjusting the theory and hypothesisses where needed. Eventually the system must be able to act as an integrator of many different models already developed or still to be developed. The structure of the system will allow easy future expansion and adjustment to changing insights. The logic used to develop the basic theory on which this system is founded makes it possible to even introduce and maintain rather subjective aspects like quality or appraisal as impacts that can be evaluated. In a previously developed system "Momentum" this was proved to work effectively for the national level. In this project we will - amongst other things - try to prove the effectiveness of impact-evaluation for other levels of scale.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ecba
authors	Bosco, Antonio
year	1996
title	Hypertext for Building Rehabilitation. A didactic Use of an Innovative Methodology of Diagnosis of the Building Decay
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1996.059
source	Education for Practice [14th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-2-2] Lund (Sweden) 12-14 September 1996, pp. 59-64
summary	In the paper presented in the last ECAADE conference in Palermo we described a first hypertext for the analysis of ancient buildings. One section of the hypertext was devoted to show diagnostic procedures and specific instrumental tests for building rehabilitation. We can consider that the hypertext represent the best answer to the request of an organised knowledge coming from students of the schools of architecture and public operators. So we describe how the proposed arrangement of the diagnostic tests can become a real operative tool technicians of public agencies and powerful means of building technology knowledge for students too. The diagnostic procedures are related to the specific needs of the architectural design; changing ways to archive the tests are showed. The goal is to allow the architects, operating in the rehabilitation field, to operate the right choice of diagnostic methods to avoid doing many unnecessary, expensive tests.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	8e02
authors	Brown, A.G.P. and Coenen, F.P.
year	2000
title	Spatial reasoning: improving computational efficiency
source	Automation in Construction 9 (4) (2000) pp. 361-367
summary	When spatial data is analysed the result is often very computer intensive: even by the standards of contemporary technologies, the machine power needed is great and the processing times significant. This is particularly so in 3-D and 4-D scenarios. What we describe here is a technique, which tackles this and associated problems. The technique is founded in the idea of quad-tesseral addressing; a technique, which was originally applied to the analysis of atomic structures. It is based on ideas concerning Hierarchical clustering developed in the 1960s and 1970s to improve data access time [G.M. Morton, A computer oriented geodetic database and a new technique on file sequencing, IBM Canada, 1996.], and on atomic isohedral (same shape) tiling strategies developed in the 1970s and 1980s concerned with group theory [B. Grunbaum, G.C. Shephard, Tilings and Patterns, Freeman, New York, 1987.]. The technique was first suggested as a suitable representation for GIS in the early 1980s when the two strands were brought together and a tesseral arithmetic applied [F.C. Holdroyd, The Geometry of Tiling Hierarchies, Ars Combanitoria 16B (1983) 211–244.; S.B.M. Bell, B.M. Diaz, F.C. Holroyd, M.J.J. Jackson, Spatially referenced methods of processing raster and vector data, Image and Vision Computing 1 (4) (1983) 211–220.; Diaz, S.B.M. Bell, Spatial Data Processing Using Tesseral Methods, Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, 1986.]. Here, we describe how that technique can equally be applied to the analysis of environmental interaction with built forms. The way in which the technique deals with the problems described is first to linearise the three-dimensional (3-D) space being investigated. Then, the reasoning applied to that space is applied within the same environment as the definition of the problem data. We show, with an illustrative example, how the technique can be applied. The problem then remains of how to visualise the results of the analysis so undertaken. We show how this has been accomplished so that the 3-D space and the results are represented in a way which facilitates rapid interpretation of the analysis, which has been carried out.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

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