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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
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_id	2dc0
authors	Arkin, H. and Paciuk, M.
year	1997
title	Evaluating intelligent buildings according to level of service systems integration
source	Automation in Construction 6 (5-6) (1997) pp. 471-479
summary	The intelligent building is supposed to provide the environment and means for an optimal utilization of the building, according to its designation. This extended function of a building can be achieved only by means of an extensive use of building service systems, such as HVAC; electric power; communication; safety and security; transportation; sanitation, etc. Building intelligence is not related to the sophistication of service systems in a building, but rather to the integration among the various service systems, and between the systems and the building structure. Systems' integration can be accomplished through teamwork planning of the building, starting at the initial design stages of the building. This paper examines some existing buildings claimed to be "intelligent", according to their level of systems' integration.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	7ebf
authors	Clark, G. and Mehta, P.
year	1997
title	Artificial intelligence and networking in integrated building management systems
source	Automation in Construction 6 (5-6) (1997) pp. 481-498
summary	In recent years the emphasis has moved towards integrating all a building's systems via centralised building management systems (BMS). To provide a more intelligent approach to the facility management, safety and energy control in building management systems (IBMS), this paper proposes a methodology for integrating the data within a BMS via a single multi-media networking technology and providing the BMS with artificial intelligence (AI) through the use of knowledge-based systems (KBS) technology. By means of artificial intelligence, the system is capable of assessing, diagnosing and suggesting the best solution. This paper outlines how AI techniques can enhance the control of HVAC systems for occupant comfort and efficient running costs based on occupancy prediction. Also load control and load balancing are investigated. Instead of just using pre-programmed load priorities, this work has investigated the use of a dynamic system of priorities which are based on many factors such as area usage, occupancy, time of day and real time environmental conditions. This control strategy which is based on a set of rules running on the central control system, makes use of information gathered from outstations throughout the building and communicated via the building's data-bus.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	9824
authors	Etzion, Y., Pearlmutter, D., Erell, E. and Meir, I.A.
year	1997
title	Adaptive architecture: integrating low-energy technologies for climate control in the desert
source	Automation in Construction 6 (5-6) (1997) pp. 417-425
summary	The article describes a `climatically adaptive' approach to intelligent building in which a variety of technologies are integrated in the architectural design to provide thermal comfort with a minimal expenditure of energy. This concept is illustrated by the design of the Blaustein International Center for Desert Studies, a multi-use complex completed recently at the Sede-Boker Campus of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. In response to the local climate of this desert region, a number of strategies were developed by the authors to exploit natural energy for heating and cooling: earth berming of major parts of the building, 'selective glazing' for seasonal shading and energy collection, a down-draft 'cool-tower' for evaporative cooling and a hybrid mechanism for hot-air supply are several of the unique systems whose performance and feasibility are analyzed within the context of the overall building design.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	1f0c
authors	Fukai, D.
year	1997
title	PCIS: a piece-based construction information system on the world wide web
source	Automation in Construction 6 (4) (1997) pp. 287-298
summary	This paper describes a piece-based construction information system organized as a hypergraphic virtual environment on the World Wide Web. An array of cubes on the site's animated splash-page acts as a directory to a collection of data-theaters that give this information its virtual form. A mouse click on one of these cubes leads to an orthographic model of the object to be constructed. This model is an index to a database of scaled drawings, animations, and specifications. The index is hypergraphic because a click on the image of one of the pieces of the model leads to a data page that provides information about that piece in the context of its assembly. Panels surround the index to act as an interface to projections of the pieces of the object. These projections include elevations, plans, slices, and dimensioned details. A click on the elevation-panel leads to information on finishes, framing, and construction of each face of the object. From above, the plan-panel shows roofing, framing, floor plan, foundation layout, excavation, and utilities as an animation of the construction process. There are also animated slice-panels that cut through the object to give heights and materials. A click on one of these panels leads to two-dimensional drawings and details of the actual construction. The orthographic index morphs to a framed VR environment where the model can be turned and viewed in perspective. A click on one of the pieces of the model in this information the VR environment leads to specifications and manufacturing information about the materials of its construction. The user accesses this information through a tool-palette to communicate with design team members. In this way, the team can coordinate the document's development, review progress, and make changes to the information system. This breaks the notion of a construction document as an object-of-exchange and suggests the use of the computer as a medium of communication that facilitates the design and construction process.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	b3f6
authors	Goodwin, G.
year	1997
title	Software and hardware summary
source	Automation in Construction 6 (1) (1997) pp. 29-31
summary	With the rate of change accelerating in both technological development and in the spread of global markets, very few cost cutting businesses will survive in a value added marketplace. Information sharing over networks has a lot to offer the Industry by way of eliminating delays from the construction process and inventory from the Supply Chain. The most significant change by 2005 will be in networking and communications. Discovering design flaws at the design stage rather than when the building is in use must be very attractive to clients of the Construction Industry. Construction firms must have some sort of IT Strategy or clear view of how to exploit IT to support their businesses. Large companies need to act as coaches and mentors to smaller ones. The Industry cannot maximise its IT benefits unless all the players participate.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	1715
authors	Howard, R.
year	1997
title	Introduction
source	Automation in Construction 6 (1) (1997) pp. 1-1
summary	The future use of Information Technology by the constructions industry depends upon the convergence of computers and communications with changes taking place in the way buildings are designed and constructed. Views on how this will happen over the next ten years, what the inhibitors are, and how to minimise these, depned upon the views of many different experts.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	db13
authors	Jacobsen, K., Eastman, C. and Tay, S.J.
year	1997
title	Information management in creative engineering design and capabilities of database transactions
source	Automation in Construction 7 (1) (1997) pp. 55-69
summary	This paper examines the information management requirements and sets forth the general criteria for collaboration and concurrency control in creative engineering design. Our work attempts to recognize the full range of concurrency, collaboration and complex transactions structure now practiced in manual and semi-automated design and the range of capabilities needed as the demands for enhanced but flexible electronic information management unfolds.The objective of this paper is to identify new issues that may advance the use of databases to support creative engineering design. We start with a generalized description of the structure of design tasks and how information management in design is dealt with today. After this review, we identify extensions to current information management capabilities that have been realized and/or proposed to support/augment what designers can do now.Given this capability-based starting point, we review existing database and information management capabilities, as presented in the literature. In the review, we identify the gaps between current concurrency and collaboration technology and what is needed or would be desirable. Our objective is to assess current research and to identify new issues that may advance the use of databases to support creative engineering design.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ad21
authors	Laptali, E., Bouchlaghem, N. and Wild, S.
year	1997
title	Planning and estimating in practice and the use of integrated computer models
source	Automation in Construction 7 (1) (1997) pp. 71-76
summary	Research into IT applications in the construction industry has been going on for many years, most of this work took the form of system development aimed at assisting construction practitioners and aimed at improving processes in order to reduce the cost of building. Most of these developments tended to identify a problem in a sector of the industry and focused on using a certain technology in IT to provide a solution. This was often done without a proper investigation into the suitability and the acceptability of the technology to the end users (construction practitioners). Furthermore, most of the work was too focused on solving problems in isolation and did not consider the overall organisational framework and structure of the industry. This paper discusses and presents the results of a survey conducted to investigate the planning and estimating work practices in the industry in order to establish the important issues for the development of an integrated planning and estimating computer model. The survey established the important issues for the acceptability of computer models, the technical aspect to be addressed and a better working practice for estimating and planning. The technical aspect on which the computer model was based is the optimisation of the time and cost of building and the best work practice used is the integration of estimating and planning.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	91ea
authors	Liu, J.
year	1997
title	Quality prediction for concrete manufacturing
source	Automation in Construction 5 (6) (1997) pp. 491-499
summary	The problem of extracting information from several sources of information is a very important issue in intelligent systems. In the field of manufacturing concrete--one of the most common construction materials--in Hong Kong, this problem is quite common. There is no direct formulation of concrete mix for specified properties, and all of the mixes are designed by experience and subject to quality inconsistency due to many possible mixing variations. This paper describes an application of neural network techniques to the acquisition of qualitative knowledge during the production of concrete. It shows the capabilities of the developed model for the analysis and representation of production data and prediction of the quality of concrete under different mixing formulations. The simulation results indicate that the neural network's prediction is generally superior to those of conventional methods which often require time-consuming trial mixes for verifying the specified properties before mass production for use.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	51c2
authors	Melling, G., Bradley, D.A., McKee, H. and Widden, M.B.
year	1997
title	The development of a rapid-prototyping technique for mechatronic-augmented heavy plant
source	Automation in Construction 5 (5) (1997) pp. 365-378
summary	Telechiric, semi-autonomous and autonomous heavy plant is finding an increasing role in applications such as construction, sub-sea work and decommissioning. There is a need for improved operator interfaces for such plant, and hence for rapid-prototyping tools which link the development of the operator interface with control and operational strategies and with machine geometries.The paper sets out a strategy by which different operator interfaces can be readily evaluated while at the same time generating the requisite information structure for the control of real items of plant. The proposed system is based on the use of interconnected PCs, one to simulate the operator interface and another to provide a kinematic representation of the machine using an appropriate "desk-top reality" environment. This system offers a safe, practical, rapid and cost-effective means of assessing proposed operator interfaces, as well as facilitating the development of machine kinematic structures and the associated operational and control strategies.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	8758
authors	Miyagawa, T.
year	1997
title	Construction manageability planning - A system for manageability analysis in construction planning
source	Automation in Construction 6 (3) (1997) pp. 175-191
summary	Engineers now routinely use planning tools to prepare and document master plans for construction. However, the tools do not evaluate how easy or difficult the plans will be to perform, i.e., their manageability. Furthermore, engineers can not carefully evaluate plan manageability because of time and resource limitations during the pre-construction designing and planning stages. Thus, construction managers often encounter unanticipated problems during the construction and start up period. Such problems might be avoided by changes in the design, building methods or construction plans. The Construction Manageability Planning System (CMy Planner) builds a master plan and schedule that explicitly represents the manageability of planned construction methods, schedules and resource utilization. The system simulates project execution and identifies potential risk factors in the plan and schedules, then predicts construction manageability in order to help project managers. This paper also discusses the results of predicting some aspects of a test case construction project. Low management influences in a given time span appears to cause later how manageability. Furthermore, the number of problems decreases after periods of high management influence. We infer that the project status at any time depends on a balance between the severity of the problems and the influence of management. Research suggests that computer tools can give early insight into management risks associated with a given master plan. Future project managers can use extensions of these computer tools to identify design, construction methods and planning assumptions that may lead to manageability problems.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	6d59
authors	Papamichael, K., LaPorta, J. and Chauvet, H.
year	1997
title	Building Design Advisor: automated integration of multiple simulation tools
source	Automation in Construction 6 (4) (1997) pp. 341-352
summary	The Building Design Advisor (BDA) is a software environment that supports the integrated use of multiple analysis and visualization tools throughout the building design process, from the initial, conceptual and schematic phases to the detailed specification of building components and systems. Based on a comprehensive design theory, the BDA uses an object-oriented representation of the building and its context, and acts as a data manager and process controller to allow building designers to benefit from the capabilities of multiple tools.The BDA provides a graphical user interface that consists of two main elements: the Building Browser and the Decision Desktop. The Browser allows building designers to quickly navigate through the multitude of descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. Through the Browser the user can edit the values of input parameters and select any number of input and/or output parameters for display in the Decision Desktop. The Desktop allows building designers to compare multiple design alternatives with respect to multiple descriptive and performance parameters addressed by the tools linked to the BDA.The BDA is implemented as a Windows®-based application for personal computers. Its initial version is linked to a Schematic Graphic Editor (SGE), which allows designers to quickly and easily specify the geometric characteristics of building components and systems. For every object created in the SGE, the BDA activates a Default Value Selector (DVS) mechanism that selects `smart' default values from a Prototypes Database for all non-geometric parameters required as input to the analysis and visualization tools linked to the BDA. In addition to the SGE that is an integral part of its user interface, the initial version of the BDA is linked to a daylight analysis tool, an energy analysis tool, and a multimedia, Web-based Case Studies Database (CSD). The next version of the BDA will be linked to additional analysis tools, such as the DOE-2 (thermal, energy and energy cost) and RADIANCE (day/lighting and rendering) computer programs. Plans for the future include the development of links to cost estimating and environmental impact modules, building rating systems, CAD software and electronic product catalogs.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	dd67
authors	Paterson, A.M., Dowling, G.R. and Chamberlain, D.A.
year	1997
title	Building inspection: can computer vision help?
source	Automation in Construction 7 (1) (1997) pp. 13-20
summary	Computer vision is forever expanding into new areas, especially in the field of inspection. The work presented here shows how computer vision has the potential to improve the exterior inspection of large buildings. A robot is being developed at City University, London that will perform a number of tests and the initial use of computer vision is to locate the robot thus enabling the position of building defects to be recorded more reliably than at present. A system has been developed that allows the inspector to tag just four points on the building, seen through a camera, to points on a CAD diagram of that building. With that information, a mapping can be found, so that for any new point in the image, and in particular that of the robot, its position on the building can be found. Work has progressed to automate the process such that now the computer uses a number of image processing techniques to extract key features of the building scene. These features are compared and matched to a CAD diagram, from which the mapping between the image and diagram is produced. This then allows the true position of the robot to be found. Results are given for a model building and robot demonstrating the accuracy of the algorithm, together with some results from residential flats, concluding that computer vision can indeed help building inspection.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	b654
authors	Sacks, R. and Warszawski, A.
year	1997
title	A project model for an automated building system: design and planning phases
source	Automation in Construction 7 (1) (1997) pp. 21-34
summary	The purpose of an automated building system (ABS) is to automatically generate maximum information and the related documents for the preliminary design, detailed design and construction planning of a building project. The ABS under development, described in this paper, includes features such as: representation of project information by a tri-hierarchical project model, step-by-step progress through predefined design and construction planning stages, use of knowledge-based modules, linkage to various data bases, and implementation of intelligent parametric `templates' of building layouts and work assemblies. The main benefits of the system are the high quality of generated information, and the considerable saving of human input needed for this purpose. The project model for the system is described in the paper and various knowledge modules are defined with respect to their input and output. Interface screens and drawings from a prototypical testing of the system are also presented.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	fe7f
authors	Schofield, A.J., Stonham, T.J. and Mehta, P.A.
year	1997
title	Automated people counting to aid lift control
source	Automation in Construction 6 (5-6) (1997) pp. 437-445
summary	It has been suggested that the efficiency of elevator systems could be improved if lift controllers had access to accurate counts of the number of passengers waiting at each floor. Video cameras and image processing techniques represent a convenient and non-intrusive solution to the people counting problem and can produce reasonably accurate counts for moderate cost. This paper addresses the problem of people counting using video techniques not the problem of lift control. For a video based counting system to be of use it must distinguish people from other (background) objects in the field of view; the principle difficulty being due to variations in the background scene caused by changes in lighting and the movement of objects. The system discussed here uses neural networks to distinguish between parts of the background scene and non-background objects (people). This system is able to form a compact representation of multiple background images and hence deal with variations in the scene under analysis without requiring large amounts of memory or processing time.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	2d60
authors	Schwenck, M. and Sariyildiz, S.
year	1997
title	An Integrated Software Environment for the Architectural Design Process
source	Proceedings of the International Conference on Applications of Computer Science and Mathematics in Architecture and Building Science (IKM 1997), Weimar, Germany
summary	Many software systems are in common use in the field of architectural design. On the other hand, we consider a complete automation of architectural design as an unlikely proposition and undesirable for the architect. Therefore, the general objective is to support the designer during the whole process of architectural design in order to increase the efficiency and to improve the quality of the results. So far there are different tools providing such functionality. Nevertheless, there are no appropriate tools for many of the sub-processes. Furthermore, the current state of available design software is characterised by a lack of integration of different tools. In this paper we will provide a survey on a project dealing with the solution of both problems. First we will give a general description of the support that software can provide to architects during the design process. We conclude that many different tools are needed which have to be integrated in an open, modular, distributed, user friendly and efficient environment. We will explain the necessity of integration and cover integration technologies. Besides the aspect of integration we also deal with the development of tools which can operate in the integrated design environment. We suggest a strategy where the tool functions are specified on the basis of a transformation from hierarchical process descriptions of architectural design into a hierarchy of tool descriptions.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	bca5
authors	Slaughter, E.S.
year	1997
title	Characteristics of existing construction automation and robotics technologies
source	Automation in Construction 6 (2) (1997) pp. 109-120
summary	As a first step in detailed assessment, this research analyzes selected attributes of 85 existing construction automation and robotics technologies to examine certain trends in the development of construction technologies and the attributes of the technologies which can influence their use by construction companies. In general, previously identified priorities for automation are close to being fulfilled, and correspond with opportunities for adoption. Most of the technologies concentrate on areas of identified benefits, and attempt to reduce the complexity associated with adoption through only minimal changes in tasks. In the same way, complementary changes required to use the technologies are kept at a minimum overall. This analysis is used to identify further opportunities for the development and implementation of construction automation and robotics technologies.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	73d7
authors	Spath, D. and Andres, J.
year	1997
title	Concept of a robot for interior building trades by the example of wall slits in masonry
source	Automation in Construction 6 (3) (1997) pp. 205-214
summary	This article that is taking pattern from a presentation held at the 13th ISARC in Tokyo deals with the automation of interior building trades by the use of robots. Therefore, the specifications of a robot system for the manufacturing of wall slits, as a preliminary step of wiring and electrical installations in masonry construction, will be defined. The main motivation to reduce the manual tasks is the great difference between the high qualification of workers (especially electricians) and partly the unpretending hard work that does not require such a professional education in the same way. So, the focus of the article lays on a manufacturing process that is suitable for automation, kinematical concepts for the robot and the development of an appropriate end effector. The requirements of the closeness of space and light weight result in the necessity of other kinematical concepts and structures, because common structures of industrial robots are not suitable. The presented kinematics are based on linear components as best solution to cope with the two-dimensional area and a special developed wrist to bridge the existing clearance volumes of the main axes and to allow the accessibility of corners. Furthermore, the robot has to be able to reach working heights near to ceilings and simultaneously to pass a door. Besides this, a robotized process will be explained in order to reduce manual refinishing operations as much as possible because of economical reasons. Consequently, the design of an appropriate end effector based on a joint cutter will be shown. Finally, the sequence of work preparation tasks for the set-up of the robot will be described and a proof for the efficiency of the system will be given.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	230a
authors	Taffs, D.
year	1997
title	Case study Client and project
source	Automation in Construction 6 (1) (1997) pp. 59-64
summary	This paper describes the use of IT on a major research campus for Glaxo Group research. Ove Arup & Partners were appointed with Sheppard Robson and Davis Langdon & Everest as the Project Engineer Architect. 350 architects and engineers were assembled in a single office and 4,500 drawings produced using CAD with linked networks of Autocad and Intergraph systems. The M & E subcontractors were invited to use the Autocad system which had been bought by the client. CAD was essential to the delivery of the project on time. Outsourcing was rejected. Good management and standards were essential to overcome difficulties and deliver a very complex project.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	9266
authors	Vaha, P., Kansala, K., Heikkila, R. and Kaisto, I.
year	1997
title	Use of 3-D product models in construction process automation
source	Automation in Construction 6 (2) (1997) pp. 69-76
summary	Current construction design methods are not able to produce all the information necessary for the construction process. Increased exploitation of building design information, especially dimensional control and identification, is necessary. The construction industry should take advantage of automation to increase productivity and quality. 'Product model thinking' is designed to solve these problems, but demands advanced devices and changes in traditional working methods. This paper describes some key aspects of product model thinking and its exploitation on the construction site in the near future.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

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