Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	4f90
authors	Kalay, Y.E.
year	1998
title	P3: Computational environment to support design collaboration
source	Automation in Construction 8 (1) (1998) pp. 37-48
summary	The work reported in this paper addresses the paradoxical state of the construction industry (also known as A/E/C, for Architecture, Engineering and Construction), where the design of highly integrated facilities is undertaken by severely fragmented teams, leading to diminished performance of both processes and products. The construction industry has been trying to overcome this problem by partitioning the design process hierarchically or temporally. While these methods are procedurally efficient, their piecemeal nature diminishes the overall performance of the project. Computational methods intended to facilitate collaboration in the construction industry have, so far, focused primarily on improving the flow of information among the participants. They have largely met their stated objective of improved communication, but have done little to improve joint decision-making, and therefore have not significantly improved the quality of the design project itself. We suggest that the main impediment to effective collaboration and joint decision-making in the A/E/C industry is the divergence of disciplinary `world-views', which are the product of educational and professional processes through which the individuals participating in the design process have been socialized into their respective disciplines. To maximize the performance of the overall project, these different world-views must be reconciled, possibly at the expense of individual goals. Such reconciliation can only be accomplished if the participants find the attainment of the overall goals of the project more compelling than their individual disciplinary goals. This will happen when the participants have become cognizant and appreciative of world-views other than their own, including the objectives and concerns of other participants. To achieve this state of knowledge, we propose to avail to the participants of the design team highly specific, contextualized information, reflecting each participant's valuation of the proposed design actions. P3 is a semantically-rich computational environment, which is intended to fulfill this mission. It consists of: (1) a shared representation of the evolving design project, connected (through the World Wide Web) to (2) individual experts and their discipline-specific knowledge repositories; and (3) a computational project manager makes the individual valuations visible to all the participants, and helps them deliberate and negotiate their respective positions for the purpose of improving the overall performance of the project. The paper discusses the theories on which the three components are founded, their function, and the principles of their implementation.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	7a20
id	7a20
authors	Carrara, G., Fioravanti, A.
year	2002
title	SHARED SPACE’ AND ‘PUBLIC SPACE’ DIALECTICS IN COLLABORATIVE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.
source	Proceedings of Collaborative Decision-Support Systems Focus Symposium, 30th July, 2002; under the auspices of InterSymp-2002, 14° International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics, 2002, Baden-Baden, pg. 27-44.
summary	The present paper describes on-going research on Collaborative Design. The proposed model, the resulting system and its implementation refer mainly to architectural and building design in the modes and forms in which it is carried on in advanced design firms. The model may actually be used effectively also in other environments. The research simultaneously pursues an integrated model of the: a) structure of the networked architectural design process (operators, activities, phases and resources); b) required knowledge (distributed and functional to the operators and the process phases). The article focuses on the first aspect of the model: the relationship that exists among the various ‘actors’ in the design process (according to the STEP-ISO definition, Wix, 1997) during the various stages of its development (McKinney and Fischer, 1998). In Collaborative Design support systems this aspect touches on a number of different problems: database structure, homogeneity of the knowledge bases, the creation of knowledge bases (Galle, 1995), the representation of the IT datum (Carrara et al., 1994; Pohl and Myers, 1994; Papamichael et al., 1996; Rosenmann and Gero, 1996; Eastman et al., 1997; Eastman, 1998; Kim, et al., 1997; Kavakli, 2001). Decision-making support and the relationship between ‘private’ design space (involving the decisions of the individual design team) and the ‘shared’ design space (involving the decisions of all the design teams, Zang and Norman, 1994) are the specific topic of the present article. Decisions taken in the ‘private design space’ of the design team or ‘actor’ are closely related to the type of support that can be provided by a Collaborative Design system: automatic checks performed by activating procedures and methods, reporting of 'local' conflicts, methods and knowledge for the resolution of ‘local’ conflicts, creation of new IT objects/ building components, who the objects must refer to (the ‘owner’), 'situated' aspects (Gero and Reffat, 2001) of the IT objects/building components. Decisions taken in the ‘shared design space’ involve aspects that are typical of networked design and that are partially present in the ‘private’ design space. Cross-checking, reporting of ‘global’ conflicts to all those concerned, even those who are unaware they are concerned, methods for their resolution, the modification of data structure and interface according to the actors interacting with it and the design phase, the definition of a 'dominus' for every IT object (i.e. the decision-maker, according to the design phase and the creation of the object). All this is made possible both by the model for representing the building (Carrara and Fioravanti, 2001), and by the type of IT representation of the individual building components, using the methods and techniques of Knowledge Engineering through a structured set of Knowledge Bases, Inference Engines and Databases. The aim is to develop suitable tools for supporting integrated Process/Product design activity by means of a effective and innovative representation of building entities (technical components, constraints, methods) in order to manage and resolve conflicts generated during the design activity.
keywords	Collaborative Design, Architectural Design, Distributed Knowledge Bases, ‘Situated’ Object, Process/Product Model, Private/Shared ‘Design Space’, Conflict Reduction.
series	other
type	symposium
email
last changed	2005/03/30 16:25

_id	6279
id	6279
authors	Carrara, G.; Fioravanti, A.
year	2002
title	Private Space' and ‘Shared Space’ Dialectics in Collaborative Architectural Design
source	InterSymp 2002 - 14th International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics (July 29 - August 3, 2002), pp 28-44.
summary	The present paper describes on-going research on Collaborative Design. The proposed model, the resulting system and its implementation refer mainly to architectural and building design in the modes and forms in which it is carried on in advanced design firms. The model may actually be used effectively also in other environments. The research simultaneously pursues an integrated model of the: a) structure of the networked architectural design process (operators, activities, phases and resources); b) required knowledge (distributed and functional to the operators and the process phases). The article focuses on the first aspect of the model: the relationship that exists among the various ‘actors’ in the design process (according to the STEP-ISO definition, Wix, 1997) during the various stages of its development (McKinney and Fischer, 1998). In Collaborative Design support systems this aspect touches on a number of different problems: database structure, homogeneity of the knowledge bases, the creation of knowledge bases (Galle, 1995), the representation of the IT datum (Carrara et al., 1994; Pohl and Myers, 1994; Papamichael et al., 1996; Rosenmann and Gero, 1996; Eastman et al., 1997; Eastman, 1998; Kim, et al., 1997; Kavakli, 2001). Decision-making support and the relationship between ‘private’ design space (involving the decisions of the individual design team) and the ‘shared’ design space (involving the decisions of all the design teams, Zang and Norman, 1994) are the specific topic of the present article. Decisions taken in the ‘private design space’ of the design team or ‘actor’ are closely related to the type of support that can be provided by a Collaborative Design system: automatic checks performed by activating procedures and methods, reporting of 'local' conflicts, methods and knowledge for the resolution of ‘local’ conflicts, creation of new IT objects/ building components, who the objects must refer to (the ‘owner’), 'situated' aspects (Gero and Reffat, 2001) of the IT objects/building components. Decisions taken in the ‘shared design space’ involve aspects that are typical of networked design and that are partially present in the ‘private’ design space. Cross-checking, reporting of ‘global’ conflicts to all those concerned, even those who are unaware they are concerned, methods for their resolution, the modification of data structure and interface according to the actors interacting with it and the design phase, the definition of a 'dominus' for every IT object (i.e. the decision-maker, according to the design phase and the creation of the object). All this is made possible both by the model for representing the building (Carrara and Fioravanti, 2001), and by the type of IT representation of the individual building components, using the methods and techniques of Knowledge Engineering through a structured set of Knowledge Bases, Inference Engines and Databases. The aim is to develop suitable tools for supporting integrated Process/Product design activity by means of a effective and innovative representation of building entities (technical components, constraints, methods) in order to manage and resolve conflicts generated during the design activity.
keywords	Collaborative Design, Architectural Design, Distributed Knowledge Bases, ‘Situated’ Object, Process/Product Model, Private/Shared ‘Design Space’, Conflict Reduction.
series	other
type	symposium
email
last changed	2012/12/04 07:53

_id	40db
authors	Chambers, Tom and Wood, John B.
year	1998
title	Information Technology in the Building Design Engineering Studio
source	Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 26-30
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.026
summary	This paper reports on the activities of CADET in the design studio environment and in a variety of community contexts with the objective of developing a strategy for teaching design within the context of design, art, architecture and engineering. It begins with an outline of earlier design projects, in a variety of traditional media and in CAAD at several levels within the Undergraduate programme at the University of Strathclyde together with community organisations. It then outlines a model with a number of strands that explore the principles of visual communication which are fundamental to both the development and communication of design ideas. The report will place these activities in the context of developments in education and the wider sphere of cultural heritage, which ultimately inform understanding and knowledge of our architectural and design heritage. It will highlight and explore some important ideas that inform our judgment of aesthetic forms and refer students to relevant texts and precedents in art, design, engineering and architecture.
series	eCAADe
more	http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/29chambers/index.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	7560
authors	Gomez, Nestor
year	1998
title	Conceptual Structural Design Through Knowledge Hierarchies
source	Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh
summary	Computer support for conceptual design still lags behind software available for analysis and detailed design. The Software Environment to Support the Early Phases in Building Design (SEED) project has the goal of providing design generation and exploration capabilities to aid in the conceptual design of buildings, from architectural programming and layout to enclosure design and structural configuration. The current work presents a component of the efforts of the SEED-Config Structure group in providing computer support for conceptual structural design. The Building Entity and Technology (BENT) approach models data about building elements in a general, hierarchical form, where design evolution is represented by the growing specificity of the design description. Two methods of system-supported design generation are provided: case-based reasoning and application of knowledge rules. The knowledge rules, termed technologies, and how they are specified and used are the primary focus of this thesis. In the BENT approach, conceptual structural engineering knowledge is modularized into technology nodes arranged in a directed 'AND/OR' graph, where OR nodes represent alternative design decisions and AND nodes represent problem decomposition. In addition, nodes in the graph may also be specified as having AND/OR incoming arcs thus reducing the duplication of nodes and enhancing the representational power of the approach. In order to facilitate the incorporation of new knowledge into the system, and verify and/or change the knowledge already in the system, the data model and the interface allow for dynamic creation, browsing, and editing of technology nodes. Design generation through the use of the knowledge hierarchy involves the conditional application of nodes according to the design context as represented by the building element(s) under consideration. Each application of a technology node expands the design of building elements by increasing the detail of the design description or by decomposing the elements into less abstract components. In addition, support for simultaneous design of multiple elements and for iteration control are also provided. An important feature of the BENT approach is that the generative knowledge (i.e., the technology hierarchy) is detached from the information repository (i.e., the database of entities which make up the building). This allows the technology hierarchies to be used in a modular fashion from building problem to building problem.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	4e6b
authors	Kavakli, Manolya
year	1998
title	An IT-based Strategy For Design Education: Knowledge Engineering
source	Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 101-109
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.101
summary	University education is considered to be a "knowledge industry" in a knowledge society. In this paper we describe education as the knowledge transfer from one intelligent system to another, and draw upon the experience in Artificial Intelligence in order to apply it as an active knowledge acquisition strategy for the use of Human Intelligence. In current educational strategies, too often students are treated as passive recipients of knowledge unlike their counterparts (knowledge engineers) in Artificial Intelligence. In design education, we should be concerned with providing students the ability to extract the acquired knowledge from their teachers. In this paper, we put six hypotheses and prove each of them by discussing the methodology of Knowledge Acquisition to improve the process of design education. For an active learning strategy in Knowledge Acquisition, we turn to the wealth of experience made in Knowledge Engineering. In our analogy, we consider students to be Knowledge Engineers, designers to be Knowledge Based Systems, teachers to be the domain experts, and the learning process to equal the Knowledge Acquisition process in Expert System development. Thus, we suggest the use of Knowledge Engineering methods in the acquisition of design knowledge to build a knowledge base. A well-defined knowledge base represented in a Knowledge Based System can serve as a reasoning mechanism for the design actions that are unteachable in characteristics.
series	eCAADe
more	http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/16kavakli/index.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	66c1
authors	Scott, Sam
year	1998
title	Feature Engineering for a Symbolic Approach to Text Classification
source	University of Ottawa Computer Science
summary	Most text classification research to date has used the standard 'bag of words' model for text representation inherited from the word-based indexing techniques used in information retrieval research. There have been a number of past attempts to find better representations, but very few positive results have been found. Most of this previous work, however, has concentrated on retrieval rather than classification tasks, and none has involved symbolic learning algorithms. This thesis investigates a number of feature engineering methods for text classification in the context of a symbolic rule-based learning algorithm. The focus is on changing the standard 'bag of words' representation of text by incorporating some shallow linguistic processing techniques. Several new representations of text are explored in the hopes that they will allow the learner to find points of high information gain that were not present in the original set of words. Representations based on both semantic and syntactic linguistic knowledge are defined and evaluated using the RIPPER rule-learning system. Two major corpora are used for evaluation: a standard, widely-used corpus of news stories, and a new corpus of folk song lyrics. The results of the experiments are mostly negative. Although in some cases the new representations are at least as good as the bag of words, the improvements in quantitative performance that were hoped for do not materialize. However, the results are not entirely discouraging. The syntactically defined representations may enable the learner to produce simpler and more comprehensible hypotheses, and the semantically defined representations do produce some real performance gains on smaller classification tasks that for various reasons fail to scale up to larger tasks. Some ideas are offered as to why the new representations fail to produce better results, and some suggestions are made for continuing the research in future.
series	thesis:MSc
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	ga9804
id	ga9804
authors	Tang, Ming Xi
year	1998
title	An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Industrial Design Support
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	The process of Industrial Design extends from market analysis, conceptualization, form generation to performance prediction, engineering analysis and user analysis etc. This requires a wide range of design knowledge and techniques from different disciplines. Computer-based support to industrial design is limited because the majority of the CAD systems deal with only geometric models and representations. The recent advancement in generative techniques utilizing evolutionary computation methods provides an opportunity for the study of more creative and systematic ways of supporting the industrial design process. However, one of the problems associated with the existing generative techniques is the difficulty in evaluating a large number of solutions generated by a generative system. This paper addresses this problem by presenting a system framework for industrial design support through an integrated application of Artificial Intelligence techniques.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	d414
authors	Zalewski, Waclaw and Allen, Edward
year	1998
title	Shaping Structures
source	New York: John Wiley and Sons
summary	In Shaping Structures, an engineer and an architect, both longtime teachers of structures at major American universities, collaborate to present an inspired synthesis of the creative and the technical, explicating both the principles of statics and their application to the fascinating task of finding good form for structures. This richly visual volume features: * An easily understood development of the fundamentals of statics * Step-by-step demonstrations, using both numerical and graphical techniques, of simple yet powerful methods for finding form and forces for arched structures, suspended structures, cable-stayed structures, and highly efficient trusses * 120 photographs and more than 300 crisp drawings that illustrate and explain the magnificent structural triumphs of master architects and engineers -including Gustave Eiffel's famous tower, Robert Maillart's soaring bridges, Pier Luigi Nervi's landmark Turin Exhibition Hall, and many others * Calculations in both SI metric and conventional units throughout the book Requiring only the most rudimentary mathematical background yet accurate and fully functional, Shaping Structures provides an inviting point of entry to the study of structural design for engineering and architecture students -proving that the science of statics doesn't have to be lifeless, simplistic, or dull.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	7
authors	Bermudez, Julio
year	1998
title	Interaccion de Medios y Proceso De DiseÒo: Teoria y Base de Conocimientos Para una Produccion Arquitectonica Hibrida (Interaction of Design Media and Process: Theory and Knowledge Base for in the Production of Architectural Hybrids)
source	II Seminario Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-97190-0-X] Mar del Plata (Argentina) 9-11 september 1998, pp. 56-65
summary	Integrating computers in architectural design means to negotiate between centuries-old analog design methods and the new digital systems of production. The difficulty lies in the underdeveloped state of the necessary methods, techniques, and theories to relate traditional and new media. Recent investigations on the use of multiple iterations between manual and electronic systems to advance architectural work show promising results. However, these experiments have not yet either developed a theoretical base that connects their procedures to a larger conceptual framework nor been sufficiently cross-referenced and third party tested to conform a reliable knowledge base. This paper addresses the first shortcoming in the light of the forces transforming our contemporary civilization and architecture.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	029f
authors	Bermudez, Julio and King, Kevin
year	1998
title	Media Interaction & Design Process: Establishing a Knowledge Base
source	Digital Design Studios: Do Computers Make a Difference? [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-07-1] Québec City (Canada) October 22-25, 1998, pp. 6-25
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1998.006
summary	Integrating computers in architectural design means to negotiate between centuries-old analog design methods and the new digital systems of production. Analog systems of architectural production use tracing paper, vellum, graphite and ink, clipboard, clay, balsa wood, plastic, metal, etc. Analog systems have also been termed ‘handmade’, ‘manual’, ‘material’ or ‘physical’. Digital systems of architectural production use scanning, image manipulation, visualization, solid modeling, computer aided drafting, animation, rendering, etc. Digital systems have also been called ‘electronic’, ‘computer-aided’, ‘virtual’, etc. The difficulty lies in the underdeveloped state of the necessary methods, techniques, and theories to relate traditional and new media. Recent investigations on the use of multiple iterations between manual and electronic systems to advance architectural work show promising results. However, these experiments have not been sufficiently codified, cross-referenced and third party tested to conform a reliable knowledge base. This paper addresses this shortcoming by bringing together reported experiences from diverse researchers over the past decade. This summary is informed by more than three years of continuous investigation in the impacts of analog-digital conversations in the design process. The goal is to establish a state-of-the-art common foundation that permits instructors, researchers and practitioners to refer to, utilize, test, criticize and develop. An appendix is included providing support for the paper’s arguments.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ddss9806
id	ddss9806
authors	Besio, M., Frixione, M. and Pedemonte, O.
year	1998
title	GIS technologies in the transfer of theknowledge project to the plan projectmultiple representation of the environmental spaces
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	An analysis is made of the relation between the conceptualand paradigmatic level of GIS technologies and the new forms of plan, whichmake environment the center of attention. The intention is to study newcriteria for zoning able to give contextual representations of theterritorial, environmental and landscape aspects of the geographical space,and also to study new legislative principles, able to establish integratedrules for theprojecting of soil uses, the safeguarding and recovery ofenvironmental systems and the tutelage and boosting of the landscape. The experimentation of GIS (Geographical Information System)technologies aims at the construction of systems helping to make decisionsfor the control of the environmental and landscape aspects of theterritory. An analysis is made of the ways in which there are formulated thedescriptions of the various aspects of the environment: the conceptsthrough which knowledge is expressed, the languages used forrepresentations, the cognitive models adopted. GIS technologies have made it possible to represent in an explicitmanner the paradigms underlying the various models of knowledge.Specifically, the following cognitive models have been developed:- ecological models of nature- ecological models of human settlement- ecological models of inhabitants’ mental perceptions
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	a136
authors	Blaise, J.Y., Dudek, I. and Drap, P.
year	1998
title	Java collaborative interface for architectural simulations A case study on wooden ceilings of Krakow
source	International Conference On Conservation - Krakow 2000, 23-24 November 1998, Krakow, Poland
summary	Concern for the architectural and urban preservation problems has been considerably increasing in the past decades, and with it the necessity to investigate the consequences and opportunities opened for the conservation discipline by the development of computer-based systems. Architectural interventions on historical edifices or in preserved urban fabric face conservationists and architects with specific problems related to the handling and exchange of a variety of historical documents and representations. The recent development of information technologies offers opportunities to favour a better access to such data, as well as means to represent architectural hypothesis or design. Developing applications for the Internet also introduces a greater capacity to exchange experiences or ideas and to invest on low-cost collaborative working platforms. In the field of the architectural heritage, our research addresses two problems: historical data and documentation of the edifice, methods of representation (knowledge modelling and visualisation) of the edifice. This research is connected with the ARKIW POLONIUM co-operation program that links the MAP-GAMSAU CNRS laboratory (Marseilles, France) and the Institute HAiKZ of Kraków's Faculty of Architecture. The ARKIW programme deals with questions related to the use of information technologies in the recording, protection and studying of the architectural heritage. Case studies are chosen in order to experience and validate a technical platform dedicated to the formalisation and exchange of knowledge related to the architectural heritage (architectural data management, representation and simulation tools, survey methods, ...). A special focus is put on the evolution of the urban fabric and on the simulation of reconstructional hypothesis. Our contribution will introduce current ARKIW internet applications and experiences: The ARPENTEUR architectural survey experiment on Wie¿a Ratuszowa (a photogrammetrical survey based on an architectural model). A Gothic and Renaissance reconstruction of the Ratusz Krakowski using a commercial modelisation and animation software (MAYA). The SOL on line documentation interface for Kraków's Rynek G_ówny. Internet analytical approach in the presentation of morphological informations about Kraków's Kramy Bogate Rynku Krakowskiego. Object-Orientation approach in the modelling of the architectural corpus. The VALIDEUR and HUBLOT Virtual Reality modellers for the simulation and representation of reconstructional hypothesis and corpus analysis.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	487c
authors	Blazquez, Oscar and Hardin, Mary
year	1998
title	Balancing Computer Use and Design Content in Studio Projects
source	Digital Design Studios: Do Computers Make a Difference? [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-07-1] Québec City (Canada) October 22-25, 1998, pp. 36-43
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1998.036
summary	Particular design approaches must be taught in order to take advantage of the strengths of computers in design rather than attempting to make computers conform to methods developed as by-products of manual design techniques. For the last three years our team of faculty teaching the second year design studio has been trying different approaches to the use of computers in design, in order to find the advantages and opportunities especially suited to electronic media. There are several projects during the semester which use computers at different stages of the design process. One of these projects, called “A Spatial Sequence,” uses information from a previous project as well as the knowledge from the computer class in parallel to design studio. The project asked students to create spatial archetypes based on the work of well-known architects. They explore the following topics as represented in the work of one particular architect: relationships of major spaces/minor spaces, approach/entry, and transition/threshold. Following the analysis, they create digital models to explore the spaces formed by their archetypes. Before committing to a physical study model, they look at the transitions between spaces by creating a sequence using the digital model and producing a series of shots through the digital model to show the flow of spaces. The use of computer through the process accelerates the options available to explore a sequence of elements, while simultaneously giving them a window to look into the spaces they have created. This hybridized approach of precedent analysis, digital modeling, and physical modeling was uniquely suited to the studio problem.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ddss9807
id	ddss9807
authors	Boelen, A.J. and Lugt, Hermen J. van der
year	1998
title	Communication of design parameters within groups
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	This paper discusses the facilitation of worldwide concurrent design within the domains involved in environmental planning, urban design and civil engineering. Typical projects in these domains require the collaboration of many experts. Each of these has his reference framework for the taskat hand and for the variables used. The amount of variables makes it impossible for each project participant to take account for all possible impacts of proposed or planned actions. The typical project demands for a concurrent design process that enables all participants to concentrate ontheir domain of expertise. On the other hand the design process should enable them to have insight in the problems, within the domains of other experts. The system should provide a generic environment with the ability to attach domain specific knowledge. By providing this support thesystem integrates knowledge specific to various expert domains.In the PortPlan project within the LWI organization a system is being developed that supports the integration of various reference frameworks involved in environmental planning. We no longer need to develop a common language for the users. The system contains a dynamic set of scalebound reference objects for the domains involved. The system facilitates the communication of object characteristics. It also supports the presentation of these objects, in legends for each participant involved.We achieve the communication between participants using a dynamic legend. We also enable all participants to become informed on the interests of other participants. We achieve the technical communication using the exchange of interventions. We do not exchange results. This leads to alow "network traffic load" and thus enables the system to operate within the current Internet infrastructure. In this paper we present the problem area of concurrent design in environmental planning. We present this describing the background of our project, describing the overall architecture of the system and presenting the first findings of user studies.
keywords	Concurrent Design, Interfaces, Legends
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	bb72
authors	Bourdot, P., Krus, M., Gherbi, R.
year	1998
title	Cooperation Between Reactive 3D Objects and a Multimodal X Window Kernel for CAD
source	Bunt, H., Beun, R.J., Borghuis, T. (Eds.). Multimodal Human-Computer Communication : Systems, Techniques, and Experiments. Berlin : Springer
summary	From the early steps of sketching to final engineering, a frequent and very important activity in designing objects is to perform graphical and spatial simulations to solve the constraints on the objects which are being designed. But when we analyse work situations involving the use of CAD systems, it is today an acknowledged fact that these tools are not helpful to perform these types of simulations. While knowledge modeling based on form feature concepts already offers some possibilities for attaching behaviour to objects, the simulation activity requires in addition a `real time' and `intelligent' management of the interactions between the 3D virtual objects and the CAD user. Our general purpose is to study how future CAD systems could be improved to achieve the simulation steps of object design. In this context we present some issues concerning the cooperation between a model of reactive 3D objects and a multimodal X Window kernel. We have developed a prototype of a system where objects with reactive behaviour can be built, and with which the user can interact with a combination of graphical actions and vocal commands. This prototype is used to evaluate the feasability and the usefulness of the integration of such techniques in futur applications that would be used by object designers in a real working context. We describe the current state of this system and the planned improvements.
series	other
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ddss2004_d-1
id	ddss2004_d-1
authors	Cerovsek, T. and B. Martens
year	2004
title	On the Extended Use of Citations in CAAD
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Developments in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN 90-6814-155-4, p. 1-17
summary	This paper discusses the extended use of the Cumulative Index of CAAD (CUMINCAD) - a digital library set up in 1998 serving the CAAD-community as an important source of scientific information with over 6.000 recorded entries published on-line. The aim of this paper is to elaborate a related Citation Index to CUMINCAD - with over 20.000 references - and to provide information on entries with an exceptional high impact in the CUMINCAD database. The importance is determined through its use (citing) in the framework of afterwards published scientific materials. By utilizing graph theory methods extensive citation analyses will be presented illustrating the impact of particular contributions in different research topics.
keywords	Scientific Knowledge Management, Retrospective CAAD Research, Graph Theory, CAAD-Related Publications, Web-Based Bibliographic Database
series	DDSS
last changed	2004/07/03 22:13

_id	3542
authors	Cha, M.Y. and Gero, J.S.
year	1998
title	Shape pattern recognition using a computable shape pattern representation
source	J.S. Gero and F. Sudweeks (eds), Artificial Intelligence in Design '98, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 169-188
summary	Properties of shapes and shape patterns are investigated in order to represent shape pattern knowledge for supporting shape pattern recognition. It is based on the notion that shape patterns are classified in terms of similarity of spatial relationships as well as physical properties. Methods for shape pattern recognition are explained and examples from an implementation are presented.
keywords	Shape Patterns, Shape Representation
series	other
email
last changed	2003/04/06 08:57

_id	9188
authors	Christiansson, P.
year	1998
title	Knowledge Nodes
source	I. Smith (ed) Artificial Intelligence in Structural Engineering, Springer, Berlin, pp. 197-213
summary	Today most of the information we produce is stored digitally. We are slowly forced to leave behind us thinking about information as something stored in physical containers as books, drawings etc. We make it possible to dynamically create logical containers of information on the fly. The paper focuses on how we in the future can aggregate, classify and generalize digitally stored information in order to make it more accessible and how we can define underlying knowledge container models to support knowledge discovery and collaboration. Examples are picked from ongoing research and the outcomes are generally valid and in particular for the structural engineering field.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	99f2
authors	Gero, J.S.
year	1998
title	Concept formation in design
source	Knowledge-Based Systems 10(7-8): 429-435
summary	This paper presents a computationally tractable view on where simple design concepts come from by proposing a paradigm for the formation of design concepts based on the emergence of patterns in the representation of designs. It is suggested that these design patterns form the basis of concepts. These design patterns once learned are then added to the repertoire of known patterns so that they do not need to be learned again. This approach uses the notion called the loosely-wired brain. The paper elaborates this idea primarily through implemented examples drawn from the genetic engineering of evolutionary systems and the qualitative representation of shapes and their multiple representations.
keywords	Concept Formation, Pattern Emergence, Representation
series	other
email
last changed	2003/04/06 09:00

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