Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ddss9829
id	ddss9829
authors	De Hoog, J., Hendriks, N.A. and Rutten, P.G.S.
year	1998
title	Evaluating Office Buildings with MOLCA(Model for Office Life Cycle Assessment)
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	MOLCA (Model for Office Life Cycle Assessment) is a project that aims to develop a tool that enables designers and builders to evaluate the environmental impact of their designs (of office buildings) from a environmental point of view. The model used is based on guidelinesgiven by ISO 14000, using the so-called Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The MOLCA project started in 1997 and will be finished in 2001 resulting in the aforementioned tool. MOLCA is a module within broader research conducted at the Eindhoven University of Technology aiming to reduce design risks to a minimum in the early design stages.Since the MOLCA project started two major case-studies have been carried out. One into the difference in environmental load caused by using concrete and steel roof systems respectively and the role of recycling. The second study focused on biases in LCA data and how to handle them. For the simulations a computer-model named SimaPro was used, using the world-wide accepted method developed by CML (Centre for the Environment, Leiden, the Netherlands). With this model different life-cycle scenarios were studied and evaluated. Based on those two case studies and a third one into an office area, a first model has been developed.Bottle-neck in this field of study is estimating average recycling and re-use percentages of the total flow of material waste in the building sector and collecting reliable process data. Another problem within LCA studies is estimating the reliability of the input data and modelling uncertainties. All these topics will be subject of further analysis.
keywords	Life-Cycle Assessment, Office Buildings, Uncertainties in LCA
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9801
id	ddss9801
authors	Achten, Henri and Leeuwen, Jos van
year	1998
title	A Feature-Based Description Technique for Design Processes: A Case Study
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	In order to develop appropriate tools for decision support in design processes, it is necessary to found them on an understanding of design. Analytical techniques of design processes that have a direct relationship with tool development can enhance design support systems development. The paper focuses on a design support system in the VR-DIS research program. The aim of this research program is to develop insight in the architectural design process and to establish design tools for architectsworking in Virtual Reality. The basic approach for data modelling in VR in this research is based on an extension of the Feature Based Modelling paradigm taken from design in mechanical engineering. The computer model of the design in the system is a Feature-based model. This paper describes design processes in terms of changes in the Feature-based model of the design. For this purpose, a case of a house design is used. Drawings in the conceptual design phase up to the preliminary design phase arestudied. Each state of the drawings is described in terms of a Feature-model. Particular design actions such as creation of spaces, definition of architectural elements, and changes during the design process can be expressed in terms of changes in the Feature-model. Because of the use of Features, the changes can be formalised in the VR-DIS system. The description in terms of Features offers an analytical toolthat leads to a functional brief for design support tools. The paper ends with a discussion of implications and future work.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	ddss9808
id	ddss9808
authors	Boelen, A.J.
year	1998
title	Pattern Matching for Decision Support
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	In this paper is discussed how we can use pattern matching techniques in combination with object orientation to support decision makers in arranging offices and industrial and commercial facilities in existing urban areas. The method used is based on the findings of a Ph.D. project almost finishedwhen writing this. The tool under development is specifically useful for rehabilitation of deteriorated industrial or commercial areas.I consider such an area already occupied and surrounded with all kinds of urban objects and connected to all kinds of infrastructure. I can describe this area in available objects and facilities. Furthermore we can describe the areas capacity left within the infrastructure, the capacity in forexample work force or clients and the available band width in noise or pollution. By describing the area in terms of availability of capacity to absorb or produce flows of people, goods, energy and information we sketch the room available for certain types of industrial or commercial facilities. I developed a technique to describe industrial and commercial facilities in such a way that we enable the match between these and the characteristics of an area available. Pattern matching techniquesenable the system to generate best matches between available areas, locations and facilities. This model can be adapted in several object oriented geographical information systems and be integrated with other information systems that for example calculate the pollution of certain kinds of facilities. The rules to match with are partly based on objective, measurable data like available capacity on the electricity network and needed electrical power for certain facilities. Other matching rules are based on political norms on for example acceptable pollution levels and suggested pollution of facilities. The paper presents the problem area of industrial area rehabilitation, describes the architecture of the modeling technique and presents the first findings of implementation studies.
keywords	Pattern matching, Object GIS, Urban object modeling, Facility planning
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ddss9820
id	ddss9820
authors	Fukui, H.
year	1998
title	An Example of Visualization for Urban Economic Scenery andUrban Modeling using GIS
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	This paper presents a zone-based urban model to forecast population distribution and land use transition. A GIS model has been suggested for urban economic scenery forecasting by using data related to an urban environment like Tokyo in Japan. The model has structural simplicity, visibility and applicability of policy analysis.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9826
id	ddss9826
authors	Hendricx, A., Geebelen, B., Geeraerts, B. and Neuckermans, H.
year	1998
title	A methodological approach to object modelling in the architectural designprocess
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	The paper describes a first prototype constructed in search for a central object model. It presents all possible data, concepts and operations concerning the architectural design process in the early phases.A central model of the process of design is essential: going from one design phase into another, the model describes geometrical shapes, abstract concepts like space and activity, concrete physical building elements and the basic operations all these entities undertake. Emphasis is put on combining all these different viewpoints, thus enabling the designer to use a broad range of design strategies. The aim is to help him and not steer or even hamper his creative process. Information necessary toassist the user of the system concerning energy calculation, stability checks etc can be extracted. By means of appropriate interfaces not only those tests built on top of the system but also existing software packages can make use of the model’s object structure. The implemented object model is one of the cornerstones of the IDEA+ project, aiming to provide an Integrated Design Environment for Architecture.
keywords	object model, building model, CAAD, IDEA+, MERODE
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9832
id	ddss9832
authors	Keuren, A. and Sanders, F.M.
year	1998
title	Integrated Land-Use and Network Modelling
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	In this paper, the integration of modelling the changes in land-use and the changes in the infrastructure network will be described. Emphasis is laid on the automatic development of the network instead of changing the network by hand before simulating the changes in the land-use pattern.The approach and working procedure were tested by developing a pilot model simulating the spatial situation on the Frisian island Ameland (The Netherlands). The pilot is developed within the geographical information system Arcinfo. In this pilot model, special attention is paid to the extension of the infrastructure network and the allocation of more than one activity. Network analysis for the purpose of network extension is based on graph theory. Selection of links is based on the increase of the total accessibility within the network system as a result of adding a link to the network. The allocation of activities is based on several selection criteria and takes place within a cellular grid. Several methods ofselecting cells and links and the choices made will be discussed.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9844
id	ddss9844
authors	Osaragi, Toshihiro and Kurisaki, Naoko
year	1998
title	A Model of Land use Conversion and Its Application
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	A quantitative model for analyzing the spatial distribution of land use utility is proposed. This model is based on the random bidding theory in which location behavior is decided according to the size of utility to be obtained. The utility function used here consists of the benefit and the cost in the process of land use transition. The benefit is described as the positive utility that can be obtained by doing the corresponding land use at the place. The cost is described as the negative utility that is necessary forchanging the land use from one state to the others. The most likelihood method is generally employed to estimate the parameters of this kind of models. However, we attempt to propose the other statistical method through the mathematical consideration. Using this model, it is possible to obtain the spatial distribution of land use utility that differs with the places and with the land use states. We can also evaluate the effects of a change of land-price or construction costs on our utility. Namely, our locationbehavior can be estimated numerically relating with the social or economic factors. As numerical examples, we apply the proposed model to the actual land use data and access the effectiveness of the model.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddss9821
id	ddss9821
authors	Varghese, G., Dhingra, S.L. and Sikdar, P.K.
year	1998
title	The Role of Expert Systems, and RDBMS Strategies in a DSSfor Urban Bus Transport Management
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	Efficient and well-managed urban bus transport systems supported by information systems with decision support capabilities developed within the framework of an advanced Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) can provide critical information at the right moment and assisttransport managers in conducting performance evaluations. This paper includes discussions on the use of the entity-relationship (E-R) model (a semantic data modeling technique) in the development of thestructure of the conceptual database for the information system planned to be implemented using RDBMS. The E-R data modeling approach enables database designers in obtaining the third normal forms of related databases for the efficient functioning of the information system. The inportance of decision tables in the development of DSS modules using Expert System shells are also discussed. The DSS modules will assist transport managers in the analysis of operational performance for bus depots or the organization as a whole. The E-R diagrams generated and the decision files developed will serve as important documents that can enhance the adaptability of the DSS to the changing needs ofthe organizations. The conceptualization of the information system to support decision-making in an RDBMS framework provides the advantage of a very low 'disk seek' time and facilitates frequent generation of reports.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	ddssar0203
id	ddssar0203
authors	Alkass, Sabah and Jrade, Ahmad
year	2002
title	A Web-Based Virtual Reality Model for Preliminary Estimates of Hi-Rise Building Projects
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	Cost estimating of a construction project at its early stage is considered to be very important task since it will be used as a base to commit or otherwise not to commit funds to that project. Preparation of a reliableand realistic preliminary estimate to aid the decision makers to commit funds for a specific project is a complicated assignment. Traditional methods and operations produced unsatisfactory aid due to lack ofaccuracy especially in the pre-design stage of a project. This participates in the increase of percentage of bankruptcy in the construction industry, which has dramatically climbed up and ranked as 15 percent of thewhole bankruptcies claimed in Canada (Statistic Canada 1998). This paper presents a methodology for developing and a Web-based model to automate preliminary cost estimates for hi-rise buildings. This is achieved by integrating a database with design drawings in a Virtual Reality (VR) environment. The model will automatically generate preliminary estimates after modifying a 3D CAD drawing. It provides the user the option to visualize and simulate the drawing and its cost data through VR environment. Having done that, it will allow owners, architects and cost engineers to view a constructed building project, change its geometric objects and shapes, and accordingly generate a new conceptual cost estimate.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	ddss9803
id	ddss9803
authors	Arentze, T., Borgers, A. and Timmermans, H.
year	1998
title	Extending spatial DSS with spatial choice models of multipurpose shopping trip behaviour
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	Spatial choice or interaction models have been widely used in spatial DSS or customised GIS for analysing the impacts of retail location plans. The models typically used, however, do not account for spatial agglomeration effects on spatial choice behaviour. This study develops a model system for analysing the impacts of retail plans based on a choice model of multipurpose behaviour developed in earlier work. The model system is implemented in the spatial DSS called Location Planner. An empirical study demonstrates the empirical estimation and use of the model for analysing the impacts of an expansion of floor space in the major shopping centre of a middle-sized city in The Netherlands. The results indicate that agglomeration effects as predicted by the model can have substantial impacts on the performance of retail systems. Therefore, it is argued that when incorporated in a spatial DSS, the more complex models have the potential to improve the use of these systems for impact analysis.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ddss9804
id	ddss9804
authors	Assaf, S.
year	1998
title	A Decision Support System (DSS) for Forward Housing Planning
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	This paper presents a specification of a Local Housing Strategy Decision Support System (LHS-DSS) (Conceptual and Physical model design). Emphasis throughout the design process is laid on the techniques that provide housing planners with accurate rapid assistance during the preparation process of local housing strategy. Relevant knowledge (descriptive, procedural, reasoning) and data about each step of the process, options for each situation as it arises, and a record of decisions made with underlying reasons are provided to system users. Three main components are identified to shape up the LHS-DSS: the language system for addressing housing problems; knowledge system which is responsible for gathering and accumulating the housing knowledge required; and problem processing system (an inquiry system) which produces suitable and effective recommendations to support the strategy preparation process.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	7a20
id	7a20
authors	Carrara, G., Fioravanti, A.
year	2002
title	SHARED SPACE’ AND ‘PUBLIC SPACE’ DIALECTICS IN COLLABORATIVE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.
source	Proceedings of Collaborative Decision-Support Systems Focus Symposium, 30th July, 2002; under the auspices of InterSymp-2002, 14° International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics, 2002, Baden-Baden, pg. 27-44.
summary	The present paper describes on-going research on Collaborative Design. The proposed model, the resulting system and its implementation refer mainly to architectural and building design in the modes and forms in which it is carried on in advanced design firms. The model may actually be used effectively also in other environments. The research simultaneously pursues an integrated model of the: a) structure of the networked architectural design process (operators, activities, phases and resources); b) required knowledge (distributed and functional to the operators and the process phases). The article focuses on the first aspect of the model: the relationship that exists among the various ‘actors’ in the design process (according to the STEP-ISO definition, Wix, 1997) during the various stages of its development (McKinney and Fischer, 1998). In Collaborative Design support systems this aspect touches on a number of different problems: database structure, homogeneity of the knowledge bases, the creation of knowledge bases (Galle, 1995), the representation of the IT datum (Carrara et al., 1994; Pohl and Myers, 1994; Papamichael et al., 1996; Rosenmann and Gero, 1996; Eastman et al., 1997; Eastman, 1998; Kim, et al., 1997; Kavakli, 2001). Decision-making support and the relationship between ‘private’ design space (involving the decisions of the individual design team) and the ‘shared’ design space (involving the decisions of all the design teams, Zang and Norman, 1994) are the specific topic of the present article. Decisions taken in the ‘private design space’ of the design team or ‘actor’ are closely related to the type of support that can be provided by a Collaborative Design system: automatic checks performed by activating procedures and methods, reporting of 'local' conflicts, methods and knowledge for the resolution of ‘local’ conflicts, creation of new IT objects/ building components, who the objects must refer to (the ‘owner’), 'situated' aspects (Gero and Reffat, 2001) of the IT objects/building components. Decisions taken in the ‘shared design space’ involve aspects that are typical of networked design and that are partially present in the ‘private’ design space. Cross-checking, reporting of ‘global’ conflicts to all those concerned, even those who are unaware they are concerned, methods for their resolution, the modification of data structure and interface according to the actors interacting with it and the design phase, the definition of a 'dominus' for every IT object (i.e. the decision-maker, according to the design phase and the creation of the object). All this is made possible both by the model for representing the building (Carrara and Fioravanti, 2001), and by the type of IT representation of the individual building components, using the methods and techniques of Knowledge Engineering through a structured set of Knowledge Bases, Inference Engines and Databases. The aim is to develop suitable tools for supporting integrated Process/Product design activity by means of a effective and innovative representation of building entities (technical components, constraints, methods) in order to manage and resolve conflicts generated during the design activity.
keywords	Collaborative Design, Architectural Design, Distributed Knowledge Bases, ‘Situated’ Object, Process/Product Model, Private/Shared ‘Design Space’, Conflict Reduction.
series	other
type	symposium
email
last changed	2005/03/30 16:25

_id	6279
id	6279
authors	Carrara, G.; Fioravanti, A.
year	2002
title	Private Space' and ‘Shared Space’ Dialectics in Collaborative Architectural Design
source	InterSymp 2002 - 14th International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics (July 29 - August 3, 2002), pp 28-44.
summary	The present paper describes on-going research on Collaborative Design. The proposed model, the resulting system and its implementation refer mainly to architectural and building design in the modes and forms in which it is carried on in advanced design firms. The model may actually be used effectively also in other environments. The research simultaneously pursues an integrated model of the: a) structure of the networked architectural design process (operators, activities, phases and resources); b) required knowledge (distributed and functional to the operators and the process phases). The article focuses on the first aspect of the model: the relationship that exists among the various ‘actors’ in the design process (according to the STEP-ISO definition, Wix, 1997) during the various stages of its development (McKinney and Fischer, 1998). In Collaborative Design support systems this aspect touches on a number of different problems: database structure, homogeneity of the knowledge bases, the creation of knowledge bases (Galle, 1995), the representation of the IT datum (Carrara et al., 1994; Pohl and Myers, 1994; Papamichael et al., 1996; Rosenmann and Gero, 1996; Eastman et al., 1997; Eastman, 1998; Kim, et al., 1997; Kavakli, 2001). Decision-making support and the relationship between ‘private’ design space (involving the decisions of the individual design team) and the ‘shared’ design space (involving the decisions of all the design teams, Zang and Norman, 1994) are the specific topic of the present article. Decisions taken in the ‘private design space’ of the design team or ‘actor’ are closely related to the type of support that can be provided by a Collaborative Design system: automatic checks performed by activating procedures and methods, reporting of 'local' conflicts, methods and knowledge for the resolution of ‘local’ conflicts, creation of new IT objects/ building components, who the objects must refer to (the ‘owner’), 'situated' aspects (Gero and Reffat, 2001) of the IT objects/building components. Decisions taken in the ‘shared design space’ involve aspects that are typical of networked design and that are partially present in the ‘private’ design space. Cross-checking, reporting of ‘global’ conflicts to all those concerned, even those who are unaware they are concerned, methods for their resolution, the modification of data structure and interface according to the actors interacting with it and the design phase, the definition of a 'dominus' for every IT object (i.e. the decision-maker, according to the design phase and the creation of the object). All this is made possible both by the model for representing the building (Carrara and Fioravanti, 2001), and by the type of IT representation of the individual building components, using the methods and techniques of Knowledge Engineering through a structured set of Knowledge Bases, Inference Engines and Databases. The aim is to develop suitable tools for supporting integrated Process/Product design activity by means of a effective and innovative representation of building entities (technical components, constraints, methods) in order to manage and resolve conflicts generated during the design activity.
keywords	Collaborative Design, Architectural Design, Distributed Knowledge Bases, ‘Situated’ Object, Process/Product Model, Private/Shared ‘Design Space’, Conflict Reduction.
series	other
type	symposium
email
last changed	2012/12/04 07:53

_id	7560
authors	Gomez, Nestor
year	1998
title	Conceptual Structural Design Through Knowledge Hierarchies
source	Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pittsburgh
summary	Computer support for conceptual design still lags behind software available for analysis and detailed design. The Software Environment to Support the Early Phases in Building Design (SEED) project has the goal of providing design generation and exploration capabilities to aid in the conceptual design of buildings, from architectural programming and layout to enclosure design and structural configuration. The current work presents a component of the efforts of the SEED-Config Structure group in providing computer support for conceptual structural design. The Building Entity and Technology (BENT) approach models data about building elements in a general, hierarchical form, where design evolution is represented by the growing specificity of the design description. Two methods of system-supported design generation are provided: case-based reasoning and application of knowledge rules. The knowledge rules, termed technologies, and how they are specified and used are the primary focus of this thesis. In the BENT approach, conceptual structural engineering knowledge is modularized into technology nodes arranged in a directed 'AND/OR' graph, where OR nodes represent alternative design decisions and AND nodes represent problem decomposition. In addition, nodes in the graph may also be specified as having AND/OR incoming arcs thus reducing the duplication of nodes and enhancing the representational power of the approach. In order to facilitate the incorporation of new knowledge into the system, and verify and/or change the knowledge already in the system, the data model and the interface allow for dynamic creation, browsing, and editing of technology nodes. Design generation through the use of the knowledge hierarchy involves the conditional application of nodes according to the design context as represented by the building element(s) under consideration. Each application of a technology node expands the design of building elements by increasing the detail of the design description or by decomposing the elements into less abstract components. In addition, support for simultaneous design of multiple elements and for iteration control are also provided. An important feature of the BENT approach is that the generative knowledge (i.e., the technology hierarchy) is detached from the information repository (i.e., the database of entities which make up the building). This allows the technology hierarchies to be used in a modular fashion from building problem to building problem.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	ddss9828
id	ddss9828
authors	Holmberg, Stig C.
year	1998
title	Anticipation in Evaluation and Assessment of Urban and Regional Plans
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	In order to start a move toward better computer based supporting tools for the assessment of urban and regional plans, a new research and development endeavour is proposed. In so doing, anticipation andanticipatory computing, i.e. a technique applying modelling and simulation, is found to be an interesting and promising point of departure. Hence, a fuzzy cellular automata computer model (STF) for simulation and anticipation of geographical or physical space is constructed. The main idea is to map anurban plan onto the STF for its assessing. STF has a normalised and continuous, i.e. fuzzy, system variable while both the time and space dimensions take on discrete values. Further, while ordinary cellularautomata use local rules, global ones are employed in STF, i.e. there is a total interdependence among all the cells of the automata. Outcomes of STF can be interpreted more as possible future states than exact predictions. Preliminary results seem to be well in line with main characteristics of planned urban or regional geographical spaces. Further, for the managing of multi-criteria choice situations, a fuzzy procedure – the Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) procedure – with continuous control over the degree of ANDOR-ness and with independent control over the degree of tradeoff, is proposed.
keywords	Geographical space, Anticipatory Computing, Cellular Automata, Spatio Temporal Fuzzy Model (STF)
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	4ae8
authors	Kokosalakis, Jen, Hohmann, L.M. and Pamplin, I.
year	1999
title	Benefits of Data Integration in Building Modelling: 3D Object Oriented Professional Collaboration
source	AVOCAAD Second International Conference [AVOCAAD Conference Proceedings / ISBN 90-76101-02-07] Brussels (Belgium) 8-10 April 1999, pp. 103-130
summary	This paper will review current progress across the building construction industry in meeting demands for use of data integration with the 3D building model as the coordinating device in building design and development. Decades of national initiatives from NEDO (1990) to Egan (1998) have striven to encourage collaboration in first the building design team and later targetting in programmas the means to accomplish this. In its 14th year 'The User Group' has intensified efforts to persuade the industry of the benefits of associating all data involved from the first briefing and conception of design needs and ideas, through the development of the design, testing for structures, costs, heating, lighting, urban and rural environmental impact, facilities management, adaptation and even the eventual controlled demolition of the building. Examples in this paper will be reported from 'The User Group' conference, "Profit from Data Integration: An industry update", (NEC, Birmingham, Nov. 1998), to indicate how various organisations are now profiting from data integration in 3D object orientated modelling.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	ddss9841
id	ddss9841
authors	Malkawi, Ali
year	1998
title	Representing Collaborative Multi- Knowledge Agents as Generic Rules
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	This paper discusses the internal representation of a multi-knowledge agent decision support system that was developed for building thermal design. The system is able to provide designers with specific problem detection in thermal design without the use of rules of thumb. The paper describes how generic rules can be used as virtual agents and how these agents can interact using a blackboard model. The generic rules utilized use logical variables as a strategy to capture generality. This allows the rules todeal with variables that can be replaced by any possible term. In addition, it allows the rules to be equivalent to the infinite set of rules that could be obtained if the variables were replaced in all possible ways by terms. In the system, these terms include the building elements and systems that affect the thermal behavior of the building. Problems associated with agent conflicts and how they were resolved in such a model are described.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	e1cb
authors	Reddy, M., Leclerc, Y.G., Iverson, L., Bletter, N. and Vidimce, K.
year	1998
title	Modeling the Digital Earth in VRML
source	Technical Note no. 559, SRI International, Menlo Park
summary	This paper describes the representation and navigation of large, multi-resolution, georeferenced datasets in VRML97. This requires resolving nontrivial issues such as how to represent deep level of detail hierarchies efficiently in VRML; how to model terrain using geographic coordinate systems instead of only VRML's Cartesian representation; how to model georeferenced coordinates to sub-meter accuracy with only single-precision floating point support; how to enable the integration of multiple terrain datasets for a region, as well as cultural features such as buildings and roads; how to navigate efficiently around a large, global terrain dataset; and finally, how to encode metadata describing the terrain. We present solutions to all of these problems. Consequently, we are able to visualize geographic data in the order of terabytes or more, from the globe down to millimeter resolution, and in real-time, using standard VRML97.
series	report
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	253a
authors	Snyder, James Daniel
year	1998
title	Conceptual modeling and application integration in CAD: the essential elements
source	Camegie Mellon University, School of Architecture, Pittsburgh
summary	A research focus in design research has been the exchange of information between different participants in the design process. While information system automation has occurred in various areas, known as islands of informafion, significant software integration has yet to emerge. A current belief among researchers in this area is that support for information sharing will require shared resources, and more specifically, shared descriptions of the information to be exchanged. If buildings are viewed as a product, the notion of a product and process modeling system ought to support the electronic exchange of information between various design process participants. While significant research has been done, no consensus has emerged as to a satisfactory solution to design information exchange. Many important contributions have been discovered, however, no overall strategy has emerged that embraces both the research issues as well as the practical issues surrounding information exchange. To address the above issues in a specific context, a series of experiments were conducted utilizing a prototype modeling framework that supports product modeling via the Object Model Language (Om). The results of these experiments along with a literature survey allowed for a comprehensive set of product/process modeling requirements. The resulting requirements were then formalized into a product /process modeling environment that includes a modeling language called SPROUT (supported by a compiler) and an associated software architecture that can be targeted toward many different hardware and software platforms. A particularly unique capability supported in this environment is formal support for integrating existing software systems. Given a schematic description in SPROUT, a formal specification can be used to generate computer programs that provably map data to and from the application program.
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	ddss9855
id	ddss9855
authors	Spinelli, Juçara and Krafta, Romulo
year	1998
title	Urban Land Value Distribution UnderConfigurational Scrutiny
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	In the present study were evaluated land parceling problems under aspects of spatial configuration related to land value (lv). Paradoxical cases occur in urban spaces, such as low spatial differentiation and high lv, or vice-versa. Determined urban areas are identified as having high centrality, with intense land use and occupation, and, therefore, high market value. Conversely, other urban areas are identified as having low centrality value, certain degradation, or lack of infrastructure and urban equipment, and, consequently, low lv. Empirical studies have proved satisfactory results interms of the correlation between measures of configuration and lv. These studies verify the convenience of the models used to describe significant aspects of spatial differentiation. The complementation of the methodological proposal is identified, and other components of urban space are calculated (plot dimension, infrastructure, normative aspects, etc.). These are determinant measures that characterize the local factor associated with measures that determine the morphological differentiation.This differentiation demonstrated that land value distribution, besides following centrality, depends, in greater or lesser extent, on the local factor. The results obtained, through a model that combines measures of centrality with local characteristics, approached reality because the model incorporated a greater number of variables which allowed the verification of correlated socioeconomic and spatial matters related to parceling, value, and configuration.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

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