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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	avocaad_2001_22
id	avocaad_2001_22
authors	Jos van Leeuwen, Joran Jessurun
year	2001
title	XML for Flexibility an Extensibility of Design Information Models
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	The VR-DIS research programme aims at the development of a Virtual Reality – Design Information System. This is a design and decision support system for collaborative design that provides a VR interface for the interaction with both the geometric representation of a design and the non-geometric information concerning the design throughout the design process. The major part of the research programme focuses on early stages of design. The programme is carried out by a large number of researchers from a variety of disciplines in the domain of construction and architecture, including architectural design, building physics, structural design, construction management, etc.Management of design information is at the core of this design and decision support system. Much effort in the development of the system has been and still is dedicated to the underlying theory for information management and its implementation in an Application Programming Interface (API) that the various modules of the system use. The theory is based on a so-called Feature-based modelling approach and is described in the PhD thesis by [first author, 1999] and in [first author et al., 2000a]. This information modelling approach provides three major capabilities: (1) it allows for extensibility of conceptual schemas, which is used to enable a designer to define new typologies to model with; (2) it supports sharing of conceptual schemas, called type-libraries; and (3) it provides a high level of flexibility that offers the designer the opportunity to easily reuse design information and to model information constructs that are not foreseen in any existing typologies. The latter aspect involves the capability to expand information entities in a model with relationships and properties that are not typologically defined but applicable to a particular design situation only; this helps the designer to represent the actual design concepts more accurately.The functional design of the information modelling system is based on a three-layered framework. In the bottom layer, the actual design data is stored in so-called Feature Instances. The middle layer defines the typologies of these instances in so-called Feature Types. The top layer is called the meta-layer because it provides the class definitions for both the Types layer and the Instances layer; both Feature Types and Feature Instances are objects of the classes defined in the top layer. This top layer ensures that types can be defined on the fly and that instances can be created from these types, as well as expanded with non-typological properties and relationships while still conforming to the information structures laid out in the meta-layer.The VR-DIS system consists of a growing number of modules for different kinds of functionality in relation with the design task. These modules access the design information through the API that implements the meta-layer of the framework. This API has previously been implemented using an Object-Oriented Database (OODB), but this implementation had a number of disadvantages. The dependency of the OODB, a commercial software library, was considered the most problematic. Not only are licenses of the OODB library rather expensive, also the fact that this library is not common technology that can easily be shared among a wide range of applications, including existing applications, reduces its suitability for a system with the aforementioned specifications. In addition, the OODB approach required a relatively large effort to implement the desired functionality. It lacked adequate support to generate unique identifications for worldwide information sources that were understandable for human interpretation. This strongly limited the capabilities of the system to share conceptual schemas.The approach that is currently being implemented for the core of the VR-DIS system is based on eXtensible Markup Language (XML). Rather than implementing the meta-layer of the framework into classes of Feature Types and Feature Instances, this level of meta-definitions is provided in a document type definition (DTD). The DTD is complemented with a set of rules that are implemented into a parser API, based on the Document Object Model (DOM). The advantages of the XML approach for the modelling framework are immediate. Type-libraries distributed through Internet are now supported through the mechanisms of namespaces and XLink. The implementation of the API is no longer dependent of a particular database system. This provides much more flexibility in the implementation of the various modules of the VR-DIS system. Being based on the (supposed to become) standard of XML the implementation is much more versatile in its future usage, specifically in a distributed, Internet-based environment.These immediate advantages of the XML approach opened the door to a wide range of applications that are and will be developed on top of the VR-DIS core. Examples of these are the VR-based 3D sketching module [VR-DIS ref., 2000]; the VR-based information-modelling tool that allows the management and manipulation of information models for design in a VR environment [VR-DIS ref., 2000]; and a design-knowledge capturing module that is now under development [first author et al., 2000a and 2000b]. The latter module aims to assist the designer in the recognition and utilisation of existing and new typologies in a design situation. The replacement of the OODB implementation of the API by the XML implementation enables these modules to use distributed Feature databases through Internet, without many changes to their own code, and without the loss of the flexibility and extensibility of conceptual schemas that are implemented as part of the API. Research in the near future will result in Internet-based applications that support designers in the utilisation of distributed libraries of product-information, design-knowledge, case-bases, etc.The paper roughly follows the outline of the abstract, starting with an introduction to the VR-DIS project, its objectives, and the developed theory of the Feature-modelling framework that forms the core of it. It briefly discusses the necessity of schema evolution, flexibility and extensibility of conceptual schemas, and how these capabilities have been addressed in the framework. The major part of the paper describes how the previously mentioned aspects of the framework are implemented in the XML-based approach, providing details on the so-called meta-layer, its definition in the DTD, and the parser rules that complement it. The impact of the XML approach on the functionality of the VR-DIS modules and the system as a whole is demonstrated by a discussion of these modules and scenarios of their usage for design tasks. The paper is concluded with an overview of future work on the sharing of Internet-based design information and design knowledge.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	d0aa
authors	Colajanni, Benedetto, Concialdi, Salvatore and Pellitteri, Giuseppe
year	1999
title	CoCoMa: a Collaborative Constraint Management System for the Collaborative Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.364
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 364-369
summary	Collaborative Design is a topic of particular current interest. Existing software allows a multiplicity of designers to work on the same project. What the software really allows is accessing to a part of the information of the project and changing it. Sometimes there is a hierarchical distribution of the power of change: some participants can be permitted to operate only on some limited layers of the object representation. In this case the changes they propose are to be accepted by a general manager of the design process. What is lacking in this kind of software is the explicit management on the reciprocal constraints posed by different participants. In this paper, an elementary Collaborative Design System is presented whose main concern is just the management of constraints. Each participant designs the part of the project of his/her concern instantiating objects comprised of geometric description, alphanumeric variables and constraints on both. Constraints can be of two types: absolute or defined by a range of allowed values of the constrained variable. A participant intervening later can accept the constraint, choosing a value in the permitted range, or decide to violate it. In this case the proposed violation is signalled to whom posed it.
keywords	Collaborative Design, Design Process, Management System, Participant Designs, Constraints Violation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	b5d9
authors	González, Guillermo and Gutiérrez, Liliana
year	1999
title	El TDE-AC: tecnología digital y estrategia pedagógica (The Tde-ac: Digital Technology and Pedagogical Strategy)
source	III Congreso Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings] Montevideo (Uruguay) September 29th - October 1st 1999, pp. 269-271
summary	In 1995 the programming of a specialized, expert graphic software CA-TSD, began. The TSD acronym designates a graphic language derived from the theory of spatial delimitation, it systematizes all possibilities of selection and combination of flat and volumetric figures. It establishes necessary and sufficient morphic and tactic dimensions to account for all possible relationships of selection and combination. TSD proposes a syntactic reading of those formal, pure design operations underlying traditional representations. Tracings and complex configurations described by tree-hierarchical structures of simple configurations allow for a coherent syntactic analysis of the design structure of any object this will allow the construction of a pure design formula for the conscious and unconscious prefiguration operations of an artist or style in this presentation, we will use our proprietary CA-TSD software that will allow for fast verification of what's stated, including architecture and graphic design examples.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	f371
authors	Hadjisophocleous, G.V. and Benichou, N.
year	1999
title	Performance criteria used in fire safety design
source	Automation in Construction 8 (4) (1999) pp. 489-501
summary	In many countries around the world, building codes are shifting from prescriptive- to performance-based for technical, economic, and social reasons. This move is made possible by progress in fire safety technologies, including the development of engineering tools that are required to implement performance codes. The development of performance-based codes follows a transparent, hierarchical structure in which there are usually three levels of objectives. The top level objectives usually state the functional requirements and the lowest level the performance criteria. Usually, one middle level exists, however, more levels can be used in this hierarchical structure depending on the complexity of the requirements. The success of performance-based codes depends on the ability to establish performance criteria that will be verifiable and enforceable. The performance criteria should be such that designers can easily demonstrate, using engineering tools, that their designs meet them and that the code authority can enforce them. This paper presents the performance criteria that are currently used by fire protection engineers in designing fire safety systems in buildings. These include deterministic and probabilistic design criteria as well as safety factors. The deterministic criteria relate mainly to life safety levels, fire growth and spread levels, fire exposure and structural performance. The probabilistic criteria focus on the incident severity and incident likelihood. Finally, the inclusion of safety factors permits a conservative design and allows for a smaller margin of error due to uncertainty in the models and the input data.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ae38
authors	Jabi, Wassim
year	1999
title	Integrating Databases, Objects and the World-Wide Web for Collaboration in Architectural Design
source	Proceedings of the focus symposium: World Wide Web as Framework for Collaboration in conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics, The International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research
summary	Architectural design requires specialized vertical knowledge that goes beyond the sharing of marks on paper or the multi-casting of video images. This paper briefly surveys the state-ofthe- art in groupware and outlines the need for vertical and integrated support of synchronous and asynchronous design collaboration. The paper also describes a software prototype (WebOutliner) under development that uses a three-tier persistent object-oriented, web-based technology for a richer representation of hierarchical architectural artifacts using Apple’s WebObjects technology. The prototype contributes to earlier work that defined a framework for a shared workspace consisting of Participants, Tasks, Proposals, and Artifacts. These four elements have been found through observation and analysis to be adequate representations of the essential components of collaborative architectural design. These components are also hierarchical which allows users to filter information, copy completed solutions to other parts of the program, analyze and compare design parameters and aggregate hierarchical amounts. Given its object orientation, the represented artifacts have built-in data and methods that allow them to respond to user actions and manage their own sub-artifacts. In addition, the prototype integrates this technology with Java tools for ubiquitous synchronous web-based access. The prototype uses architectural programming (defining the spatial program of a building) and early conceptual design as examples of seamlessly integrated groupware applications.
keywords	Computer Supported Collaborative Design, WebObjects, Synchronous and Asynchronous Collaboration, Java Applets, Application Server, Web-based Interface
series	other
email
last changed	2002/03/05 19:55

_id	44c0
authors	Van Leeuwen, Jos P.
year	1999
title	Modelling architectural design information by features : an approach to dynamic product modelling for application in architectural design
source	Eindhoven University of Technology
summary	Architectural design, like many other human activities, benefits more and more from the ongoing development of information and communication technologies. The traditional paper documents for the representation and communication of design are now replaced by digital media. CAD systems have replaced the drawing board and knowledge systems are used to integrate expert knowledge in the design process. Product modelling is one of the most promising approaches in the developments of the last two decades, aiming in the architectural context at the representation and communication of the information related to a building in all its aspects and during its complete life-cycle. However, after studying both the characteristics of the product modelling approach and the characteristics of architectural design, it is concluded in this research project that product modelling does not suffice for support of architectural design. Architectural design is characterised mainly as a problem solving process, involving illdefined problems that require a very dynamic way of dealing with information that concerns both the problem and emerging solutions. Furthermore, architectural design is in many ways an evolutionary process. In short term this is because of the incremental approach to problem solving in design projects; and in long term because of the stylistic development of designers and the continuous developments in the building and construction industry in general. The requirements that are posed by architectural design are concentrated in the keywords extensibility and flexibility of the design informationmodels. Extensibility means that designers can extend conceptual models with definitions that best suit the design concepts they wish to utilise. Flexibility means that information in design models can be structured in a way that accurately represents the design rationale. This includes the modelling of incidental characteristics and relationships of the entities in the model that are not necessarily predefined in a conceptual model. In general, product modelling does not adequately support this dynamic nature of design. Therefore, this research project has studied the concepts developed in the technology of Feature-based modelling, which originates from the area of mechanical engineering. These concepts include the usage of Features as the primitives for defining and reasoning about a product. Features have an autonomous function in the information model, which, as a result, constitutes a flexible network of relationships between Features that are established during the design process. The definition of Features can be specified by designers to formalise new design concepts. This allows the design tools to be adapted to the specific needs of the individual designer, enlarging the library of available resources for design. In addition to these key-concepts in Feature-based modelling as it is developed in the mechanical engineering context, the project has determined the following principles for a Feature-based approach in the architectural context. Features in mechanical engineering are used mainly to describe the lowest level of detail in a product's design, namely the characteristics of its parts. In architecture the design process does not normally follow a strictly hierarchical approach and therefore requires that the building be modelled as a whole. This implies that multiple levels of abstraction are modelled and that Features are used to describe information at the various abstraction levels. Furthermore, architectural design involves concepts that are non-physical as well as physical; Features are to be used for modelling both kinds. The term Feature is defined in this research project to reflect the above key-concepts for this modelling approach. A Feature is an autonomous, coherent collection of information, with semantic meaning to a designer and possibly emerging during design, that is defined to formalise a design concept at any level of abstraction, either physical or non-physical, as part of a building model. Feature models are built up entirely of Features and are structured in the form of a directed graph. The nodes in the graph are the Features, whereas the arcs are the relationships between the Features. Features can be of user-defined types and incidental relationships can be added that are not defined at the typological level. An inventory in this project of what kind of information is involved in the practice of modelling architectural design is based on the analysis of a selection of sources of architectural design information. This inventory is deepened by a case study and results in the proposition of a categorisation of architectural Feature types.
keywords	Automated Management Information Systems; Computer Aided Architectural Design; Information Systems; Modelling
series	thesis:PhD
email
more	http://www.ds.arch.tue.nl/jos/thesis/
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	2c1d
authors	Castañé, D., Tessier, C., Álvarez, J. and Deho, C.
year	1999
title	Patterns for Volumetric Recognition - Guidelines for the Creation of 3D-Models
source	III Congreso Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings] Montevideo (Uruguay) September 29th - October 1st 1999, pp. 171-175
summary	This piece proposes new strategies and pedagogic methodologies applied to the recognition and study of the subjacent measurements of the architectural projects to be created. This proposal is the product of pedagogic experience, which stems from this instructional team of the department of tri-dimensional models of electronic models. This program constitutes an elective track for the architectural major at the college of architecture, design, and urbanism of the University of Buenos Aires and housed at the CAO center. One of the requirements that the students must complete, after doing research and analytical experimentation through the knowledge that they acquired through this course, is to practice the attained skills through exercises proposed by the department in this case, the student would be required to virtually rebuild a paradigmatic architectonic piece of several sample architects. Usually at this point, students experience some difficulties when they analyze the existing documents on the plants, views, picture, details, texts, etc., That they have obtained from magazines, books, and other sources. Afterwards, when they digitally begin to generate basic measurements of the architectural work to be modeled, they realize that there are great limitations in the comprehension of the tri-dimensional understanding of the work. This issue has brought us to investigate and develop proposals of volumetric understanding of patterns through examples of work already analyzed and digitalized tri-dimensionally in the department. Through a careful study of the existent documentation for that particular work, it is evaluated which would be the paths and basis to adopt through utilizing alternative technologies to arrive at a clear reconstruction of the projected architectural work, the study gets completed by implementing the proposal at the internet site http://www.datarq.fadu.uba.ar/catedra/dorcas
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	4989
authors	Clayton, M.J., Teicholz, P., Fischer, M. and Kunz, J.
year	1999
title	Virtual components consisting of form, function and behavior
source	Automation in Construction 8 (3) (1999) pp. 351-367
summary	Software can produce a product model of a building as a consequence of the designers' actions in drawing and evaluating the design. The actions of the designer include interpreting, predicting and assessing the emerging design and describe the building in terms of forms, functions and behaviors. A software prototype has been implemented that incorporates this understanding of the design process in the field of building design. It employs object-oriented classes to represent forms, functions and behaviors. As a software user draws and interprets the design for multiple evaluation issues, the software creates a unique `virtual component' for each entity. During automated reasoning to evaluate the emerging design, virtual components collect and organize form, function and behavior instances to describe the parts of the building. In comparison to other product models, our approach, which we refer to as a `Virtual Product Model', better accommodates change, provides increased support for the design process and enriches the product representation by including function and behavior.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ga0015
id	ga0015
authors	Daru, R., Vreedenburgh, E. and Scha, R.
year	2000
title	Architectural Innovation as an evolutionary process
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	Traditionally in art and architectural history, innovation is treated as a history of ideas of individuals (pioneers), movements and schools. The monograph is in that context one of the most used forms of scientific exercise. History of architecture is then mostly seen as a succession of dominant architectural paradigms imposed by great architectural creators fighting at the beginning against mainstream establishment until they themselves come to be recognised. However, there have been attempts to place architectural innovation and creativity in an evolutionary perspective. Charles Jencks for example, has described the evolution of architectural and art movements according to a diagram inspired by ecological models. Philip Steadman, in his book "The Evolution of Designs. Biological analogy in architecture and the applied arts" (1979), sketches the history of various biological analogies and their impact on architectural theory: the organic, classificatory, anatomical, ecological and Darwinian or evolutionary analogies. This last analogy "explains the design of useful objects and buildings, particularly in primitive society and in the craft tradition, in terms of a sequence of repeated copyings (corresponding to inheritance), with small changes made at each stage ('variations'), which are then subjected to a testing process when the object is put into use ('selection')." However, Steadman has confined his study to a literature survey as the basis of a history of ideas. Since this pioneering work, new developments like Dawkins' concept of memes allow further steps in the field of cultural evolution of architectural innovation. The application of the concept of memes to architectural design has been put forward in a preceding "Generative Art" conference (Daru, 1999), showing its application in a pilot study on the analysis of projects of and by architectural students. This first empirical study is now followed by a study of 'real life' architectural practice. The case taken has a double implication for the evolutionary analogy. It takes a specific architectural innovative concept as a 'meme' and develops the analysis of the trajectory of this meme in the individual context of the designer and at large. At the same time, the architect involved (Eric Vreedenburgh, Archipel Ontwerpers) is knowledgeable about the theory of memetic evolution and is applying a computer tool (called 'Artificial') together with Remko Scha, the authoring computer scientist of the program who collaborates frequently with artists and architects. This case study (the penthouse in Dutch town planning and the application of 'Artificial') shall be discussed in the paper as presented. The theoretical and methodological problems of various models of diffusion of memes shall be discussed and a preliminary model shall be presented as a framework to account for not only Darwinian but also Lamarckian processes, and for individual as well as collective transmission, consumption and creative transformation of memes.
keywords	evolutionary design, architectural innovation, memetic diffusion, CAAD, penthouses, Dutch design, creativity, Darwinian and Lamarckian processes
series	other
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	9745
authors	De Paoli, Giovanni and Bogdan, Marius
year	1999
title	The Backstage of Vitruvius' Roman Theatre: A New Method of Computer-Aided Design that Reduces the Gap between the Functional and the Operational
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1999.411
source	CAADRIA '99 [Proceedings of The Fourth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 7-5439-1233-3] Shanghai (China) 5-7 May 1999, pp. 411-422
summary	Computers are increasingly being used in professional design studios and by students of Architecture. However, their use is limited to technical functions (tekhne); what one usually calls computer-aided design is often no more than computer-aided drawing. In this research paper we reflect on the architect's work methods, and suggest an approach to design based on the "projection" of properties of the object (i.e. operators), rather than by geometric primitives. We propose a method of design using procedural models, and encourage a reevaluation of current programs of study with their traditional subdivision into separate disciplines. By means of a procedural model of Vitruvius' Roman theatre, we show that, from a generic model we can produce a three dimensional (volumetric) model with all the characteristics belonging to a single family of objects. In order to clarify the method of construction, we use a functional language that allows us to model the actions. Similarly, we can use this functional language to encapsulate the properties of the building. The scientific result of this experiment is the understanding and confirmation of the hypothesis that, by means of computers, we can find operators that help the architect assimilate a complex building design.
keywords	Architecture, CAD, Discipline, Functions, Modeling, Operator
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	762b
authors	De Paoli, Giovanni and Bogdan, Marius
year	1999
title	The Front of the Stage of Vitruvius' Roman Theatre - A new Approach of Computer Aided Design that Transforms Geometric Operators to Semantic Operators
source	Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-8536-5] Atlanta, 7-8 June 1999, pp. 321-333
summary	The driving force of all researches where the systems of computation are used, is the utilization of an intelligent method for the representation of building. The use of computer, in design process, is often limited to technical functions (tekhne), and what one usually calls computer-aided design is often no more than computer-aided drawing. In this research paper we continue a reflection on the architect's work methods, and suggest an approach to design based on the semantic properties of the object (i.e. semantic operators), rather than by geometric operators. We propose a method of computer aid design using procedural models where the initial state of design is vague and undefined. We operate from a paradigm that leads to represent a building by means of parametric functions that, expressed algorithmically, give a procedural model to facilitate the design process. This approach opens new avenues that would permit to add the logos (semantic properties) and lead to a metaphorical representation. By means of procedural models, we show that, from a generic model we can produce a four dimensional model that encapsulate a volumetric model with semantic characteristics. We use a meta-functional language that allows us to model the actions and encapsulate detailed information about various building elements. This descriptive mechanism is extremely powerful. It helps to establish relations between the functions, contributes to a better understanding of the project's aim, and encapsulates the building properties by recalling characteristics of common classes which give rise to a new configuration and a completely original design. The scientific result of this experiment is the understanding and confirmation of the hypothesis that it is possible to encapsulate, by means of computing process, the links between design moves during conceptual and figural decisions and transform the geometric operators in semantic operators.
keywords	Architecture, CAD, Function, Modeling, Semantic Operator, Geometric Operator
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	2006/11/07 07:22

_id	54a6
authors	Eastman, C. and Jeng, T.S.
year	1999
title	A database supporting evolutionary product model development for design
source	Automation in Construction 8 (3) (1999) pp. 305-323
summary	This paper presents the facilities in the EDM-2 product modeling and database language that support model evolution. It reviews the need for model evolution as a system and/or language requirement to support product modeling. Four types of model evolution are considered: (1) translation between distinct models, (2) deriving views from a central model, (3) modification of an existing model, and (4) model evolution based on writable views associated with each application. While the facilities described support all for types of evolution, the last type is emphasized. The language based modeling capabilities described in EDM-2 include: (a) mapping facilities for defining derivations and views within a single model or between different models; (b) procedural language capabilities supporting model addition, deletion and modification; (c) support for object instance migration so as to partition the set of class instances into multiple classes; (d) support for managing practical deletion of portions of a model; (e) explicit specification and automatic management of integrity between a building model and various views. The rationale and language features, and in some cases, the implementation strategy for the features, are presented.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ba93
authors	Hendricx, Ann and Neuckermans, Herman
year	1999
title	About Objects and Approaches - A Conceptual View on Building Models
source	Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-8536-5] Atlanta, 7-8 June 1999, pp. 133-148
summary	Considering integrated CAAD environments for architectural design, a number of different approaches are possible. This paper presents the policy of the CADLAB at the KU Leuven University, where design support right from the first design phases is a basic consideration. After a short introduction on the theoretical framework and additional design tests, we will discuss the core object model that forms the cornerstone for the contemplated design environment. This object model describes all possible data, concepts and operations connected with the architectural design process. For its development, we used the object-oriented analysis method MERODE. The starting-points and main aspects of the model will be discussed, illustrated with examples of implemented prototypes. The architect's point of view and the specific nature of the architectural design process were always kept in mind, thus leading to a model that hopes to make a valuable contribution to the research area of integrated design environments.
keywords	CAAD, Integrated Design Environment, Building Models, Conceptual Modelling, MERODE
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:22

_id	ddssar0019
id	ddssar0019
authors	Madrazo, Leandro
year	2000
title	Networking: media, representation and architecture
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fifth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Nijkerk, the Netherlands)
summary	In this paper we present a pedagogic work, carried out in a third year architecture course, focused on the relationship between teaching content and media. The subject-matter of the course is the concept of representation; an eminently philosophical issue which transcends the limits of a particular discipline. The media that have been used are mostly the web, along with other standard programs to process text and images, create models and animations. The core of this research work is the course ‘Sistemas de Representación’, which has taken place for the first time in the academic year 1999/00. The course is structured in six themes, each one standing for a system of representation: TEXT, FIGURE, OBJECT, IMAGE, SPACE and LIGHT. Within every system, a variety of topics dealing with the concept of representation are addressed in an interdisciplinary manner. A web based learning environment named NETWORKING has been created especially for the course. This environment allows students to perform a variety of collaborative works: drawing visual and linguistic relationships, developing further the works of other students, and participating in collective processes of form generation and space perception.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	38cf
authors	Murty, Paul, Chase, Scott, and Nappa, Joseph
year	1999
title	Evaluating the Complexity of CAD Models in Education and Practice
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1999.105
source	CAADRIA '99 [Proceedings of The Fourth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 7-5439-1233-3] Shanghai (China) 5-7 May 1999, pp. 105-114
summary	When educators or students estimate the complexity of proposed CAD projects, in order to judge feasibility, two conceptions of complexity may be considered. The first, design complexity, based on visible features of the object to be modelled, is the easier to assess beforehand, but is not very reliable. The second, CAD complexity, based on the actual CAD embodiment of the design, is suggested as potentially a more useful guide, in spite of evident difficulties with assessment in advance. Clearer articulation of this under utilised concept is proposed for both educational and more general reasons, and this becomes the focus of the paper.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	b761
authors	Snyder, James and Flemming, Ulrich
year	1999
title	Information Sharing in Building Design
source	Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-8536-5] Atlanta, 7-8 June 1999, pp. 165-183
summary	We address information modeling and exchange in asynchronous, distributed collaboration between software applications or design agents that are heterogeneous, that is, developed independently based on application- specific data models. We identify the requirements an integration environment must satisfy if it is to support the semantically correct exchange of selected, locally generated information between the agents. These requirements are distilled from both the literature and our own experiments with the Object Modeling Language OML. The resulting requirements were then formalized into an information modeling and exchange environment constructed around the modeling language called SPROUT (supported by a compiler) and an associated software architecture that can be targeted toward many different hardware and software platforms. A unique capability supported in this environment is formal support for integrating existing applications: Given a schematic description in SPROUT, a formal specification can be used to generate computer programs that provably map data to and from the applications.
keywords	Building Models, Conceptual Modeling, Product Modeling, Information Modeling, Design Tool Integration
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:23

_id	76ff
authors	Sorby, S.A.
year	1999
title	Developing 3-D Spatial Visualization Skills
source	Engineering Design Graphics Journal, vol. 63, no. 2 (Spring): 21-32
summary	This article brings up the point that 3-D spatial visualization skills are vital to graphics education. Instructors of graphics education, even though they have highly advanced spatial skills, rarely have the proper training on what spatial skills are or how the development of spatial skills takes place. As a result one must try to have a better understanding of spatial abilities. There are many interpretations as to what spatial skills really are and there is in therefore no one universal definition. As a way to better understand spatial abilities, Maier places them into five categories. The categories are spatial perception, spatial visualization, mental rotations, spatial rotations, and spatial orientation. These categories are vast. As a result of their vastness many of the categories overlap. Another step towards better understanding spatial skills involves differentiating how spatial skills are used while completing a task. Tartre makes a classification for how spatial skills are used while performing a task. The spatial skills are either used as spatial visualization that involves mentally moving the object, or as spatial orientation, which involves mentally moving the object. If the task involves spatial visualization then mental rotation can take place, which involves the entire object, or mental transformation can occur, which only involves part of an object. Visual thinking is a way to understand spatial skills. McKim offers the viewpoint that visual thinking occurs by three kinds of imagery. They are what one sees, what one can imagine, and what one can draw. All of these images interact with one another. Spatial skills are developed primarily in three different stages. This can be see be Piaget's theory on development. In the first stage, two dimensional, topological, skills are acquired. In the second stage, an understanding of 3-D objects, projective skills, from different viewpoints is achieved. Finally in the third stage, there is an understanding of area, volume, distance, translation, rotation and reflection, which is combined with projective skills. Spatial skills are evaluated in a variety of ways. There are tests that assess a person's projective skill level. Examples of these would be the Mental Cutting Test and the Differential Aptitude Test: Spatial Relation. Other tests assess mental rotation. Examples of mental rotation tests are the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test and the Mental Rotation Test. Results of these evaluations show mixed results as to whether there are gender differences in spatial skills. In order to enhance spatial skills, one must not only work with 3-D images, but they must also use concrete models and sketching. Overall I thought this article was very informative. It presented the information in a clear and concise manner. I summarized the information that I thought was especially useful for this class. The article really made me think how important it is not only to have spatial skills, but also to have an understanding of them.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	ga9919
id	ga9919
authors	Strehlke, Kai
year	1999
title	xWORLDS, the implementation of a three-dimensional collaborative sketch tool within the context of a third year design course
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	This work is the result of a postgraduate thesis done at the chair for Architecture and CAAD at the ETH in Zurich Switzerland. It proposes a prototype for a three-dimensional modelling tool in a networked environment. The work is composed of two distinct parts. (1) A modeling tool to create three-dimensional objects in an intuitive and interactive manner. (2) A database component to store and retrieve the objects. This modeller has been implemented for the first time in a design course, where students where using the modeller to sketch and interact within a large group to formulate aspects of their design. The Paper focuses on the modeller and on the experience from a one week workshop.1. Modelling Tool. The modeling tool operates in two different modes: (A). Composing cubic forms within a limited cubic space. (B). Deforming the composition of boxes by means of their interaction with a separate volume. For the composition of cubes, the user has to drag a cube with the mouse to continue placing cubes in space. Furthermore, he can move and delete the placed cubes. Simple and complex objects can be created this way, in an easy and intuitive manner. For the second mode, the forms are generated by intersecting a volume with an object created previously in the first mode. The volume can be scaled and moved. The part of the existing object located outside the volume remains unchanged, while the part that lies inside it is transformed in the same way as the volume. Complex forms can be created in this way with simple transformations. 2. Database Storage and Retrieval.The created objects can be stored in a database. Other users can access the objects stored in the database and continue working on them in the same modeling environment. There are two ways to interact with objects from the database. On one side it is possible to substitute the composition of cubes, and keep the distorted framestructure of the currently active object unchanged. On the other side it is possible to initiate a morphing process between the currently active framestructure and the framestructure of an object from the database. This process can be stopped at any time. It is always possible to switch back in the modeling modus and continue work on the object.3. Workshop at the the School of Design at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.A Group of over 100 students were using the tool in a second year design course. The tool has been implemented as part of a workshop in the second half of the design studio. The workshop lasted for one week in which a collective dataset of over 1000 models has been created by the students. Afterwards, a possibility was given to the students to retrieve models from the database and to process them in different software packages or have them physically built by a 3D printer, and then continue working on the physical model.
series	other
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	60c6
authors	Wittenoom, R.
year	1999
title	Automating realization of integrated project models
source	Automation in Construction 8 (3) (1999) pp. 249-267
summary	Integration of project information has been addressed by a number of groups using a combination of product data exchange standards and centralized project models to integrate the diverse systems of different project groups. Less interest has been shown in the automation of model realization processes in such an environment. Development and use in the author's firm of an object model-based system for engineering project design and documentation has shown that considerable advantage is possible by extension of simple parametric techniques to generalized solutions, when combined with an object system optimized to support the functional aspects of realization. To automate realization processes in a collaborative environment, it is necessary to exchange sub-models that are essentially parametric, with realization processes only partially completed. We examine the requirements of and constraints on such exchange and propose a framework based on the standardization of interfaces and functional capabilities needed to support the automation of realization processes.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	cf4d
authors	Zamanian, M.K. and Pittman, J.H.
year	1999
title	A software industry perspective on AEC information models for distributed collaboration
source	Automation in Construction 8 (3) (1999) pp. 237-248
summary	This paper focuses on information modeling and computing technologies that are most relevant to the emerging software for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. After a brief introduction to the AEC industry and its present state of computer-based information sharing and collaboration, a set of requirements for AEC information models are identified. Next, a number of key information modeling and standards initiatives for the AEC domain are briefly discussed followed by a review of the emerging object and Internet technologies. The paper will then present our perspective on the challenges and potential directions for using object-based information models in a new generation of AEC software systems intended to offer component-based open architecture for distributed collaboration.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

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