Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	cf2011_p109
id	cf2011_p109
authors	Abdelmohsen, Sherif; Lee Jinkook, Eastman Chuck
year	2011
title	Automated Cost Analysis of Concept Design BIM Models
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 403-418.
summary	AUTOMATED COST ANALYSIS OF CONCEPT DESIGN BIM MODELS Interoperability: BIM models and cost models This paper introduces the automated cost analysis developed for the General Services Administration (GSA) and the analysis results of a case study involving a concept design courthouse BIM model. The purpose of this study is to investigate interoperability issues related to integrating design and analysis tools; specifically BIM models and cost models. Previous efforts to generate cost estimates from BIM models have focused on developing two necessary but disjoint processes: 1) extracting accurate quantity take off data from BIM models, and 2) manipulating cost analysis results to provide informative feedback. Some recent efforts involve developing detailed definitions, enhanced IFC-based formats and in-house standards for assemblies that encompass building models (e.g. US Corps of Engineers). Some commercial applications enhance the level of detail associated to BIM objects with assembly descriptions to produce lightweight BIM models that can be used by different applications for various purposes (e.g. Autodesk for design review, Navisworks for scheduling, Innovaya for visual estimating, etc.). This study suggests the integration of design and analysis tools by means of managing all building data in one shared repository accessible to multiple domains in the AEC industry (Eastman, 1999; Eastman et al., 2008; authors, 2010). Our approach aims at providing an integrated platform that incorporates a quantity take off extraction method from IFC models, a cost analysis model, and a comprehensive cost reporting scheme, using the Solibri Model Checker (SMC) development environment. Approach As part of the effort to improve the performance of federal buildings, GSA evaluates concept design alternatives based on their compliance with specific requirements, including cost analysis. Two basic challenges emerge in the process of automating cost analysis for BIM models: 1) At this early concept design stage, only minimal information is available to produce a reliable analysis, such as space names and areas, and building gross area, 2) design alternatives share a lot of programmatic requirements such as location, functional spaces and other data. It is thus crucial to integrate other factors that contribute to substantial cost differences such as perimeter, and exterior wall and roof areas. These are extracted from BIM models using IFC data and input through XML into the Parametric Cost Engineering System (PACES, 2010) software to generate cost analysis reports. PACES uses this limited dataset at a conceptual stage and RSMeans (2010) data to infer cost assemblies at different levels of detail. Functionalities Cost model import module The cost model import module has three main functionalities: generating the input dataset necessary for the cost model, performing a semantic mapping between building type specific names and name aggregation structures in PACES known as functional space areas (FSAs), and managing cost data external to the BIM model, such as location and construction duration. The module computes building data such as footprint, gross area, perimeter, external wall and roof area and building space areas. This data is generated through SMC in the form of an XML file and imported into PACES. Reporting module The reporting module uses the cost report generated by PACES to develop a comprehensive report in the form of an excel spreadsheet. This report consists of a systems-elemental estimate that shows the main systems of the building in terms of UniFormat categories, escalation, markups, overhead and conditions, a UniFormat Level III report, and a cost breakdown that provides a summary of material, equipment, labor and total costs. Building parameters are integrated in the report to provide insight on the variations among design alternatives.
keywords	building information modeling, interoperability, cost analysis, IFC
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	29c6
authors	Shaw, N. and Kimber, W.E.
year	1999
title	STEP and SGML/XML: what it means, how it works
source	XML Europe ‘99 Conference Proceedings, Graphic Communication Association, 1999, pp. 267-70
summary	The STEP standard, ISO 10303, is the primary standard for data representation and interchange in the product design and manufacturing world. Originally designed to enable the interchange of 3-D CAD models between different systems, like SGML, it has defined and uses a general mechanism for representing and managing complex data of any type. Increasingly products are defined as solid models that are stored in product databases. These databases are not limited to shape but contain a considerable wealth of other information, such as materials, failure modes, task descriptions, product related meta-data such as approvals and much more. The product world is of course also replete with documents, from requirements through specifications to user manuals. These documents both act as input to the product development processes and are output as well. Indeed in some cases documents form part of the product and are given part numbers. It is therefore not surprising to find that there are many companies where there are very real requirements to interact and interoperate between the product data and documents, specifically in the form of SGML-based data. This paper reports on work in progress to bring the two worlds together. This is primarily being done through the SGML and Industrial Data Preliminary Work Item under ISO TC184/SC4. The need for common capabilities for using STEP and SGML together has been obvious for a long time as can be seen from the inclusion of product data and SGML-based data within initiatives such as CALS. However, until recently, this requirement was never satisfied, for various reasons. For the last year or more, a small group has been actively pursuing this area and gaining the necessary understandings across the different standards. It is this work that is reported here. The basic thrust of the work is to answer the questions: Can STEP and SGML be used together and, if so, how?
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	f154
authors	Amor, Robert and Newnham, Leonard
year	1999
title	CAD Interfaces to the ARROW Manufactured Product Server
source	Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-8536-5] Atlanta, 7-8 June 1999, pp. 1-11
summary	The UK national project ARROW (Advanced Reusable Reliable Objects Warehouse) provides an Internet based framework through which it is possible to identify any of a range of manufactured products meeting specific design criteria. This open framework (based upon the IAI's IFCs) provides a mechanism for users to search for products from any participating manufacturer or supplier based both on specific attributes of a product or on any of the textual descriptions of the product. The service returns the closest matching products and allows the user to navigate to related information including manufacturer, suppliers, CAD details, VR displays, installation instructions, certificates, health and safety information, promotional information, costings, etc. ARROW also provides a toolkit to enable manufacturers and suppliers to more easily map and publish their information in the format utilised by the ARROW system. As part of the ARROW project we have examined the ability to interface from a design tool through to ARROW to automatically retrieve information required by the tool. This paper describes the API developed to allow CAD and simulation tools to communicate directly with ARROW and identify appropriate manufactured information. The demonstration system enables CAD systems to identify the closest matching manufactured product to a designed product and replacing the designed product with the details supplied by the manufacturer for the manufactured product as well as pulling through product attributes utilised by the design application. This paper provides a description of the ARROW framework and issues faced in providing information based upon standards as well as containing information not currently modelled in public standards. The paper looks at issues of enabling manufacturers and suppliers to move from their current world-view of product information to a more data-rich and user accessible information repository (even though this enables a uniform comparison across a range of manufacturer's products). Finally the paper comments on the likely way forward for ARROW like systems in providing quality information to end users.
keywords	Computer-aided Design, Product Retrieval
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:22

_id	avocaad_2001_02
id	avocaad_2001_02
authors	Cheng-Yuan Lin, Yu-Tung Liu
year	2001
title	A digital Procedure of Building Construction: A practical project
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In earlier times in which computers have not yet been developed well, there has been some researches regarding representation using conventional media (Gombrich, 1960; Arnheim, 1970). For ancient architects, the design process was described abstractly by text (Hewitt, 1985; Cable, 1983); the process evolved from unselfconscious to conscious ways (Alexander, 1964). Till the appearance of 2D drawings, these drawings could only express abstract visual thinking and visually conceptualized vocabulary (Goldschmidt, 1999). Then with the massive use of physical models in the Renaissance, the form and space of architecture was given better precision (Millon, 1994). Researches continued their attempts to identify the nature of different design tools (Eastman and Fereshe, 1994). Simon (1981) figured out that human increasingly relies on other specialists, computational agents, and materials referred to augment their cognitive abilities. This discourse was verified by recent research on conception of design and the expression using digital technologies (McCullough, 1996; Perez-Gomez and Pelletier, 1997). While other design tools did not change as much as representation (Panofsky, 1991; Koch, 1997), the involvement of computers in conventional architecture design arouses a new design thinking of digital architecture (Liu, 1996; Krawczyk, 1997; Murray, 1997; Wertheim, 1999). The notion of the link between ideas and media is emphasized throughout various fields, such as architectural education (Radford, 2000), Internet, and restoration of historical architecture (Potier et al., 2000). Information technology is also an important tool for civil engineering projects (Choi and Ibbs, 1989). Compared with conventional design media, computers avoid some errors in the process (Zaera, 1997). However, most of the application of computers to construction is restricted to simulations in building process (Halpin, 1990). It is worth studying how to employ computer technology meaningfully to bring significant changes to concept stage during the process of building construction (Madazo, 2000; Dave, 2000) and communication (Haymaker, 2000).In architectural design, concept design was achieved through drawings and models (Mitchell, 1997), while the working drawings and even shop drawings were brewed and communicated through drawings only. However, the most effective method of shaping building elements is to build models by computer (Madrazo, 1999). With the trend of 3D visualization (Johnson and Clayton, 1998) and the difference of designing between the physical environment and virtual environment (Maher et al. 2000), we intend to study the possibilities of using digital models, in addition to drawings, as a critical media in the conceptual stage of building construction process in the near future (just as the critical role that physical models played in early design process in the Renaissance). This research is combined with two practical building projects, following the progress of construction by using digital models and animations to simulate the structural layouts of the projects. We also tried to solve the complicated and even conflicting problems in the detail and piping design process through an easily accessible and precise interface. An attempt was made to delineate the hierarchy of the elements in a single structural and constructional system, and the corresponding relations among the systems. Since building construction is often complicated and even conflicting, precision needed to complete the projects can not be based merely on 2D drawings with some imagination. The purpose of this paper is to describe all the related elements according to precision and correctness, to discuss every possibility of different thinking in design of electric-mechanical engineering, to receive feedback from the construction projects in the real world, and to compare the digital models with conventional drawings.Through the application of this research, the subtle relations between the conventional drawings and digital models can be used in the area of building construction. Moreover, a theoretical model and standard process is proposed by using conventional drawings, digital models and physical buildings. By introducing the intervention of digital media in design process of working drawings and shop drawings, there is an opportune chance to use the digital media as a prominent design tool. This study extends the use of digital model and animation from design process to construction process. However, the entire construction process involves various details and exceptions, which are not discussed in this paper. These limitations should be explored in future studies.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	2f05
authors	Kashiwagi, D.T.
year	1999
title	The construction delivery system of the information age
source	Automation in Construction 8 (4) (1999) pp. 417-425
summary	The Performance Based Studies Research Group (PBSRG) at the Del E. Webb School of Construction, has developed a methodology to process data into information to reduce facility system life-cycle cost and risk of nonperformance. The methodology reshapes the current construction industry model from a `low-bid', `all the same' industry into a `value added' performance based industry. The performance information regulated industry changes roles, partnerships, and communication methods between the construction industry and facility owners. The PBSRG research effort (US$1000K, 1994–present) includes the design and improvement of the Performance Based Procurement System (PBPS), performance data collection on general, mechanical, electrical, landscaping and janitorial services, and design services in the public and private commercial sectors, the identification of performance levels in the industrial sector, and the design of a performance based structure for a manufacturer of construction systems, as well as the education of the facility owners and the construction industry.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	39cb
authors	Kelleners, Richard H.M.C.
year	1999
title	Constraints in object-oriented graphics
source	Eindhoven University of Technology
summary	In the area of interactive computer graphics, two important approaches to deal with the complexity of designing and implementing graphics systems are object-oriented programming and constraint-based programming. From literature, it appears that combination of these two has clear advantages but has also proven to be difficult. One of the main problems is that constraint programming infringes the information hiding principle of object-oriented programming. The goal of the research project is to combine these two approaches to benefit from the strengths of both. Two research groups at the Eindhoven University of Technology investigate the use of constraints on graphics objects. At the Architecture department, constraints are applied in a virtual reality design environment. At the Computer Science department, constraints aid in modeling 3D animations. For these two groups, a constraint system for 3D graphical objects was developed. A conceptual model, called CODE (Constraints on Objects via Data flows and Events), is presented that enables integration of constraints and objects by separating the object world from the constraint world. In the design of this model, the main aspect being considered is that the information hiding principle among objects may not be violated. Constraint solvers, however, should have direct access to an object’s internal data structure. Communication between the two worlds is done via a protocol orthogonal to the message passing mechanism of objects, namely, via events and data flows. This protocol ensures that the information hiding principle at the object-oriented programming level is not violated while constraints can directly access “hidden” data. Furthermore, CODE is built up of distinct elements, or entity types, like constraint, solver, event, data flow. This structure enables that several special purpose constraint solvers can be defined and made to cooperate to solve complex constraint problems. A prototype implementation was built to study the feasibility of CODE. Therefore, the implementation should correspond directly to the conceptual model. To this end, every entity (object, constraint, solver) of the conceptual model is represented by a separate process in the language MANIFOLD. The (concurrent) processes communicate by events and data flows. The implementation serves to validate the conceptual model and to demonstrate that it is a viable way of combining constraints and objects. After the feasibility study, the prototype was discarded. The gained experience was used to build an implementation of the conceptual model for the two research groups. This implementation encompassed a constraint system with multiple solvers and constraint types. The constraint system was built as an object-oriented library that can be linked to the applications in the respective research groups. Special constructs were designed to ensure information hiding among application objects while constraints and solvers have direct access to the object data. CODE manages the complexity of object-oriented constraint solving by defining a communication protocol to allow the two paradigms to cooperate. The prototype implementation demonstrates that CODE can be implemented into a working system. Finally, the implementation of an actual application shows that the model is suitable for the development of object-oriented software.
keywords	Computer Graphics; Object Oriented Programming; Constraint Programming
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	70e3
authors	Kim, Yong-Seong
year	1999
title	Knowledge-Aided Design System for Intelligent Building Design
source	CAADRIA '99 [Proceedings of The Fourth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 7-5439-1233-3] Shanghai (China) 5-7 May 1999, pp. 305-312
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1999.305
summary	In the age of information technology, architectural design problems become increasingly complex, the finding of optimal solutions has become more difficult and obscure. Computer-aided design techniques have been applied to solve these ill-structured design problems; however, most of these applications have been used for graphical automation. Design improvement in quality has not been achieved using traditional computer programs. To handle the critical design decision problems, design systems need to be structured based on theoretical problem solving models. This would enable the design system to handle the problem solving design knowledge as well as the various technological aspects and geometrical representations. A theoretical model, knowledge-aided design, is proposed. Knowledge-aided design is a conceptual and theoretical model based on fundamental principles of design. It provides a problem-solving environment and a procedure for knowledge-based computer-aided architectural design based on cognitive science and artificial intelligence techniques. As a partial implementation of the theoretical model, the development of knowledge-aided design system for intelligent building design is described.
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	7e64
authors	Koutamanis, Alexander
year	1999
title	Approaches to the Integration of CAAD Education in the Electronic Era: Two Value Systems
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 238-243
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.238
summary	In recent years the democratization of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become the greatest influence on the structure of CAAD education. While the content of the CAAD courses simply had to absorb the new technological possibilities, the structure of the courses and in particular their relationship to the rest of the curriculum has become the subject of speculation and experimentation. Integration of CAAD education in an architectural curriculum occurs either by (a) placing emphasis on designing in CAAD courses, or by (b) integrating computing in design courses. Both approaches respond to the democratization of ICT by making design computing widely available and acceptable. Further improvement is possible if the student becomes the carrier of integration. This is based on the long-term amplification of two value systems. The first refers to personal cognition: rather than rewarding a student with the teacher's approval, educational goals should be translated into individual skills and knowledge. The second system addresses the values of the peer group: such groups support learning by comparison to other individuals and emerging communal characteristics, either as a result of competition or for reasons of assimilation.
keywords	Education, Democracy, Personal Cognition
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	6024
authors	McCall, Raymond
year	1999
title	A Web-centric CAD System for Collaborative Design
source	Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-8536-5] Atlanta, 7-8 June 1999, pp. 65-79
summary	Web-PHIDIAS is a hypermedia-based, intelligent CAD system that delivers both CAD functionality and design information to anyone with Web access. This system is above all designed to facilitate collaborative architectural design. It provides both private (individual) and collaborative (group) drawing and text authoring spaces, with a variety of types of authoring and viewing privileges for groups. This enables a single designer to work in privacy on one piece of a design and later "publish" it to a supervisor or a group. It also enables a group to work in privacy and later publish its work to a different or larger group. This notion of "levels of privacy/publication" is a crucial but too- often missing component of collaborative design systems. With WebPHIDIAS, all drawings are stored in a central repository accessible from the group server. This means that they are accessible from anywhere in the world to any viewer who has the required viewing and/or authoring privileges. This enables designers to access and modify stored drawings while travelling or when out on the site, even if the site is in another country. It also enables them to create new drawings and store them in the central repository from anywhere in the world. Web-PHIDIAS consists of an interactive Web-based client that serves as an interface to the PHIDIAS hypermedia server. This client, which is implemented in Java, provides basic, 2D graphical editing functionality and as well as display of 3D views. It also provides access to multimedia information useful for whatever design task is at hand. This information includes text and graphical descriptions of design precedents as well as various issues in design of a particular type of building.
keywords	Net-Centric, Web-Centric, Hypertext, Hypermedia, CAD, HyperCAD, Knowledge-Based Critics, Collaboration, Executable Content, Argumentative Design, IBIS, PHI, Design Rationale
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	2006/11/07 07:22

_id	ga0010
id	ga0010
authors	Moroni, A., Zuben, F. Von and Manzolli, J.
year	2000
title	ArTbitrariness in Music
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	Evolution is now considered not only powerful enough to bring about the biological entities as complex as humans and conciousness, but also useful in simulation to create algorithms and structures of higher levels of complexity than could easily be built by design. In the context of artistic domains, the process of human-machine interaction is analyzed as a good framework to explore creativity and to produce results that could not be obtained without this interaction. When evolutionary computation and other computational intelligence methodologies are involved, every attempt to improve aesthetic judgement we denote as ArTbitrariness, and is interpreted as an interactive iterative optimization process. ArTbitrariness is also suggested as an effective way to produce art through an efficient manipulation of information and a proper use of computational creativity to increase the complexity of the results without neglecting the aesthetic aspects [Moroni et al., 2000]. Our emphasis will be in an approach to interactive music composition. The problem of computer generation of musical material has received extensive attention and a subclass of the field of algorithmic composition includes those applications which use the computer as something in between an instrument, in which a user "plays" through the application's interface, and a compositional aid, which a user experiments with in order to generate stimulating and varying musical material. This approach was adopted in Vox Populi, a hybrid made up of an instrument and a compositional environment. Differently from other systems found in genetic algorithms or evolutionary computation, in which people have to listen to and judge the musical items, Vox Populi uses the computer and the mouse as real-time music controllers, acting as a new interactive computer-based musical instrument. The interface is designed to be flexible for the user to modify the music being generated. It explores evolutionary computation in the context of algorithmic composition and provides a graphical interface that allows to modify the tonal center and the voice range, changing the evolution of the music by using the mouse[Moroni et al., 1999]. A piece of music consists of several sets of musical material manipulated and exposed to the listener, for example pitches, harmonies, rhythms, timbres, etc. They are composed of a finite number of elements and basically, the aim of a composer is to organize those elements in an esthetic way. Modeling a piece as a dynamic system implies a view in which the composer draws trajectories or orbits using the elements of each set [Manzolli, 1991]. Nonlinear iterative mappings are associated with interface controls. In the next page two examples of nonlinear iterative mappings with their resulting musical pieces are shown.The mappings may give rise to attractors, defined as geometric figures that represent the set of stationary states of a non-linear dynamic system, or simply trajectories to which the system is attracted. The relevance of this approach goes beyond music applications per se. Computer music systems that are built on the basis of a solid theory can be coherently embedded into multimedia environments. The richness and specialty of the music domain are likely to initiate new thinking and ideas, which will have an impact on areas such as knowledge representation and planning, and on the design of visual formalisms and human-computer interfaces in general. Above and bellow, Vox Populi interface is depicted, showing two nonlinear iterative mappings with their resulting musical pieces. References [Manzolli, 1991] J. Manzolli. Harmonic Strange Attractors, CEM BULLETIN, Vol. 2, No. 2, 4 -- 7, 1991. [Moroni et al., 1999] Moroni, J. Manzolli, F. Von Zuben, R. Gudwin. Evolutionary Computation applied to Algorithmic Composition, Proceedings of CEC99 - IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Washington D. C., p. 807 -- 811,1999. [Moroni et al., 2000] Moroni, A., Von Zuben, F. and Manzolli, J. ArTbitration, Las Vegas, USA: Proceedings of the 2000 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Workshop Program – GECCO, 143 -- 145, 2000.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	d8df
authors	Naticchia, Berardo
year	1999
title	Physical Knowledge in Patterns: Bayesian Network Models for Preliminary Design
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 611-619
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.611
summary	Computer applications in design have pursued two main development directions: analytical modelling and information technology. The former line has produced a large number of tools for reality simulation (i.e. finite element models), the latter is producing an equally large amount of advances in conceptual design support (i.e. artificial intelligence tools). Nevertheless we can trace rare interactions between computation models related to those different approaches. This lack of integration is the main reason of the difficulty of CAAD application to the preliminary stage of design, where logical and quantitative reasoning are closely related in a process that we often call 'qualitative evaluation'. This paper briefly surveys the current development of qualitative physical models applied in design and propose a general approach for modelling physical behaviour by means of Bayesian network we are employing to develop a tutoring and coaching system for natural ventilation preliminary design of halls, called VENTPad. This tool explores the possibility of modelling the causal mechanism that operate in real systems in order to allow a number of integrated logical and quantitative inference about the fluid-dynamic behaviour of an hall. This application could be an interesting connection tool between logical and analytical procedures in preliminary design aiding, able to help students or unskilled architects, both to guide them through the analysis process of numerical data (i.e. obtained with sophisticate Computational Fluid Dynamics software) or experimental data (i.e. obtained with laboratory test models) and to suggest improvements to the design.
keywords	Qualitative Physical Modelling, Preliminary Design, Bayesian Networks
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	5de1
authors	Tah, J.H.M., Howes, R. and Losifidis, P.
year	1999
title	Integration of design and construction through shared objects in the CO-CIS project
source	CIDAC, Volume 1 Issue 1 May 1999, pp.
summary	This paper presents an Integrated Building Project Model (IBPM) which provides the basis on which software applications can share objects and shows how integration is achieved at the conceptual level. It is used to develop a pure object-oriented database server which acts as a central object repository, and facilitates the sharing of objects between multiple applications. The IBPM provided the basis for the development of the COllaborative Construction Integrated System (CO-CIS) based on the principles of client/server computing and utilising dynamic common object sharing in real-time between CAD and project management packages. The work demonstrates the capabilities of pure object technologies and should encourage industry to adopt the approach and facilitate the development of the common information standards.
keywords	Object-Oriented Project Modelling, Object-Oriented Databases, Integration, Collaborative Environment, CAD, Project Management
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	44c0
authors	Van Leeuwen, Jos P.
year	1999
title	Modelling architectural design information by features : an approach to dynamic product modelling for application in architectural design
source	Eindhoven University of Technology
summary	Architectural design, like many other human activities, benefits more and more from the ongoing development of information and communication technologies. The traditional paper documents for the representation and communication of design are now replaced by digital media. CAD systems have replaced the drawing board and knowledge systems are used to integrate expert knowledge in the design process. Product modelling is one of the most promising approaches in the developments of the last two decades, aiming in the architectural context at the representation and communication of the information related to a building in all its aspects and during its complete life-cycle. However, after studying both the characteristics of the product modelling approach and the characteristics of architectural design, it is concluded in this research project that product modelling does not suffice for support of architectural design. Architectural design is characterised mainly as a problem solving process, involving illdefined problems that require a very dynamic way of dealing with information that concerns both the problem and emerging solutions. Furthermore, architectural design is in many ways an evolutionary process. In short term this is because of the incremental approach to problem solving in design projects; and in long term because of the stylistic development of designers and the continuous developments in the building and construction industry in general. The requirements that are posed by architectural design are concentrated in the keywords extensibility and flexibility of the design informationmodels. Extensibility means that designers can extend conceptual models with definitions that best suit the design concepts they wish to utilise. Flexibility means that information in design models can be structured in a way that accurately represents the design rationale. This includes the modelling of incidental characteristics and relationships of the entities in the model that are not necessarily predefined in a conceptual model. In general, product modelling does not adequately support this dynamic nature of design. Therefore, this research project has studied the concepts developed in the technology of Feature-based modelling, which originates from the area of mechanical engineering. These concepts include the usage of Features as the primitives for defining and reasoning about a product. Features have an autonomous function in the information model, which, as a result, constitutes a flexible network of relationships between Features that are established during the design process. The definition of Features can be specified by designers to formalise new design concepts. This allows the design tools to be adapted to the specific needs of the individual designer, enlarging the library of available resources for design. In addition to these key-concepts in Feature-based modelling as it is developed in the mechanical engineering context, the project has determined the following principles for a Feature-based approach in the architectural context. Features in mechanical engineering are used mainly to describe the lowest level of detail in a product's design, namely the characteristics of its parts. In architecture the design process does not normally follow a strictly hierarchical approach and therefore requires that the building be modelled as a whole. This implies that multiple levels of abstraction are modelled and that Features are used to describe information at the various abstraction levels. Furthermore, architectural design involves concepts that are non-physical as well as physical; Features are to be used for modelling both kinds. The term Feature is defined in this research project to reflect the above key-concepts for this modelling approach. A Feature is an autonomous, coherent collection of information, with semantic meaning to a designer and possibly emerging during design, that is defined to formalise a design concept at any level of abstraction, either physical or non-physical, as part of a building model. Feature models are built up entirely of Features and are structured in the form of a directed graph. The nodes in the graph are the Features, whereas the arcs are the relationships between the Features. Features can be of user-defined types and incidental relationships can be added that are not defined at the typological level. An inventory in this project of what kind of information is involved in the practice of modelling architectural design is based on the analysis of a selection of sources of architectural design information. This inventory is deepened by a case study and results in the proposition of a categorisation of architectural Feature types.
keywords	Automated Management Information Systems; Computer Aided Architectural Design; Information Systems; Modelling
series	thesis:PhD
email
more	http://www.ds.arch.tue.nl/jos/thesis/
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	60c6
authors	Wittenoom, R.
year	1999
title	Automating realization of integrated project models
source	Automation in Construction 8 (3) (1999) pp. 249-267
summary	Integration of project information has been addressed by a number of groups using a combination of product data exchange standards and centralized project models to integrate the diverse systems of different project groups. Less interest has been shown in the automation of model realization processes in such an environment. Development and use in the author's firm of an object model-based system for engineering project design and documentation has shown that considerable advantage is possible by extension of simple parametric techniques to generalized solutions, when combined with an object system optimized to support the functional aspects of realization. To automate realization processes in a collaborative environment, it is necessary to exchange sub-models that are essentially parametric, with realization processes only partially completed. We examine the requirements of and constraints on such exchange and propose a framework based on the standardization of interfaces and functional capabilities needed to support the automation of realization processes.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	4b48
authors	Dourish, P.
year	1999
title	Where the Footprints Lead: Tracking down other roles for social navigation
source	Social Navigation of Information Space, eds. A. Munro, K. H. and D Benyon. London: Springer-Verlag, pp 15-34
summary	Collaborative Filtering was proposed in the early 1990's as a means of managing access to large information spaces by capturing and exploiting aspects of the experiences of previous users of the same information. Social navigation is a more general form of this style of interaction, and with the widening scope of the Internet as an information provider, systems of this sort have rapidly moved from early research prototypes to deployed services in everyday use. On the other hand, to most of the HCI community, the term social navigation" is largely synonymous with "recommendation systems": systems that match your interests to those of others and, on that basis, provide recommendations about such things as music, books, articles and films that you might enjoy. The challenge for social navigation, as an area of research and development endeavour, is to move beyond this rather limited view of the role of social navigation; and to do this, we must try to take a broader view of both our remit and our opportunities. This chapter will revisit the original motivations, and chart something of the path that recent developments have taken. Based on reflections on the original concerns that motivated research into social navigation, it will explore some new avenues of research. In particular, it will focus on two. The first is social navigation within the framework of "awareness" provisions in collaborative systems generally; and the second is the relationship of social navigation systems to spatial models and the ideas of "space" and "place" in collaborative settings. By exploring these two ideas, two related goals can be achieved. The first is to draw attention to ways in which current research into social navigation can be made relevant to other areas of research endeavour; and the second is to re-motivate the idea of "social navigation" as a fundamental model for collaboration in information-seeking."
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	3d23
authors	Sellgren, Ulf
year	1999
title	Simulation-driven Design
source	KTH Stockholm
summary	Efficiency and innovative problem solving are contradictory requirements for productdevelopment (PD), and both requirements must be satisfied in companies that strive to remainor to become competitive. Efficiency is strongly related to ”doing things right”, whereasinnovative problem solving and creativity is focused on ”doing the right things”.Engineering design, which is a sub-process within PD, can be viewed as problem solving or adecision-making process. New technologies in computer science and new software tools openthe way to new approaches for the solution of mechanical problems. Product datamanagement (PDM) technology and tools can enable concurrent engineering (CE) bymanaging the formal product data, the relations between the individual data objects, and theirrelation to the PD process. Many engineering activities deal with the relation betweenbehavior and shape. Modern CAD systems are highly productive tools for conceptembodiment and detailing. The finite element (FE) method is a general tool used to study thephysical behavior of objects with arbitrary shapes. Since a modern CAD technology enablesdesign modification and change, it can support the innovative dimension of engineering aswell as the verification of physical properties and behavior. Concepts and detailed solutionshave traditionally been evaluated and verified with physical testing. Numerical modeling andsimulation is in many cases a far more time efficient method than testing to verify theproperties of an artifact. Numerical modeling can also support the innovative dimension ofproblem solving by enabling parameter studies and observations of real and syntheticbehavior. Simulation-driven design is defined as a design process where decisions related tothe behavior and performance of the artifact are significantly supported by computer-basedproduct modeling and simulation.A framework for product modeling, that is based on a modern CAD system with fullyintegrated FE modeling and simulation functionality provides the engineer with tools capableof supporting a number of engineering steps in all life-cycle phases of a product. Such aconceptual framework, that is based on a moderately coupled approach to integratecommercial PDM, CAD, and FE software, is presented. An object model and a supportingmodular modeling methodology are also presented. Two industrial cases are used to illustratethe possibilities and some of the opportunities given by simulation-driven design with thepresented methodology and framework.
keywords	CAE; FE Method; Metamodel; Object Model; PDM; Physical Behavior, System
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	d15b
authors	Carrara, G., Fioravanti, A., Novembri, G., Brusasco, P.L., Caneparo, L. and Zorgno, A.M.
year	1999
title	Computer Supported Design Studio
source	Media and Design Process [ACADIA ‘99 / ISBN 1-880250-08-X] Salt Lake City 29-31 October 1999, pp. 82-95
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1999.082
summary	The paper presents the ongoing experimentation of a Computer Supported Design Studio (CSDS). CSDS is part of our continuing effort to integrate computer systems in the design studio. We recognize three corner stones to CSDS: memory, process and collaboration. They offer a framework for the interpretation of the pedagogical aspects of the teaching of architectural design in relation to the innovations produced by information technologies. The theme of the ongoing CSDS is a railway station in Turin, Italy, to be incorporated in a reorganized rail transport system. The choice of this theme emphasizes the realistic simulation aspects of the studio, where technical problems at the intersection of multiple disciplines need to be interpreted from an architectural point of view.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ga9907
id	ga9907
authors	Ciao, Quinsan
year	1999
title	Breeds of Artificial Design: Design Thinking in Computing Creation
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	There are many different paradigms or breeds of artificial design schemes. They each address artificial design from a different perspective. For instance, design by optimization emphasizes the iterative "trial-and-error" process of alternating generation and evaluation. Design by argumentation addresses the need of objectifying and communicating design thinking. Design by rues attempts to summary design knowledge into recipes. Design by simulation and electronic media offers a forum for design trial evaluation. Case-based design emphasizes experience-based design thinking. Fuzzy reasoning system provides a computing media to model and execute design reasoning. Although different, all of these paradigms are related and complement each other. Unification or collaboration of these different paradigms may lie ahead of future research and practice of artificial design.
series	other
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	2524
authors	Corrao, R. and Fulantelli, G.
year	1999
title	The Web to Support Creative Design in Architecture
source	AVOCAAD Second International Conference [AVOCAAD Conference Proceedings / ISBN 90-76101-02-07] Brussels (Belgium) 8-10 April 1999, pp. 275-283
summary	The use of the web in a didactic context appears to be extremely meaningful and effective. In Architecture, the web has huge potential: among others, it has the ability to gather an enormous amount of information, and the ability to create an active learning environment, one which affords the learner opportunities to engage and think. The paper reports on a Web Based Instruction (WBI) system developed at the Italian National Research Council -Institute for Educational and Training Technologies- to support design activities for students of the Italian Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Original features of the system allow students to study and design in an effective way. Specifically, a particular set of "virtual stationery items" has been implemented and integrated in the system to help students, enrolled on on-line courses, to mimic important traditional study activities, still gaining all the advantages of using the Web. These tools are integrated with communication tools in the same learning environment. A very important feature of the WBI system is that authorised users can enrich the information network in the system, by adding new pages and new links. In the paper we report on the structure of the system, with particular focus on the information domain. Some of the "working tools" which allow users to simulate traditional study activities and the hypertext extension mechanism are also described.
series	AVOCAAD
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	85ab
authors	Corrao, Rossella and Fulantelli, Giovanni
year	1999
title	Architects in the Information Society: The Role of New Technologies
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 665-671
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.665
summary	New Technologies (NTs) offer us tools with which to deal with the new challenges that a changing society or workplace presents. In particular, new design strategies and approaches are required by the emerging Information Society, and NTs offer effective solutions to the designers in the different stages of their professional life, and in different working situations. In this paper some meaningful scenarios of the use of the NTs in Architecture and Urban Design are introduced; the scenarios have been selected in order to understand how the role of architects in the Information Society is changing, and what new opportunities NTs offer them. It will be underlined how the telematic networks play an essential role in the activation of virtual studios that are able to compete in an increasingly global market; examples will be given of the use of the Web to support activities related to Urban Planning and Management; it will be shown how the Internet may be used to access strategic resources for education and training, and sustain lifelong learning. The aforesaid considerations derive from a Web-Based Instruction system we have developed to support University students in the definition of projects that can concern either single buildings or whole parts of a city. The system can easily be adopted in the other scenarios introduced.
keywords	Architecture, Urban Planning , New Technologies, World Wide Web, Education
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

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