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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	a35a
authors	Arponen, Matti
year	2002
title	From 2D Base Map To 3D City Model
source	UMDS '02 Proceedings, Prague (Czech Republic) 2-4 October 2002, I.17-I.28
summary	Since 1997 Helsinki City Survey Division has proceeded in experimenting and in developing the methods for converting and supplementing current digital 2D base maps in the scale 1:500 to a 3D city model. Actually since 1986 project areas have been produced in 3D for city planning and construction projects, but working with the whole map database started in 1997 because of customer demands and competitive 3D projects. 3D map database needs new data modelling and structures, map update processes need new working orders and the draftsmen need to learn a new profession; the 3D modeller. Laser-scanning and digital photogrammetry have been used in collecting 3D information on the map objects. During the years 1999-2000 laser-scanning experiments covering 45 km2 have been carried out utilizing the Swedish TopEye system. Simultaneous digital photography produces material for orto photo mosaics. These have been applied in mapping out dated map features and in vectorizing 3D buildings manually, semi automatically and automatically. In modelling we use TerraScan, TerraPhoto and TerraModeler sw, which are developed in Finland. The 3D city model project is at the same time partially a software development project. An accuracy and feasibility study was also completed and will be shortly presented. The three scales of 3D models are also presented in this paper. Some new 3D products and some usage of 3D city models in practice will be demonstrated in the actual presentation.
keywords	3D City modeling
series	other
email
more	www.udms.net
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	sigradi2005_438
id	sigradi2005_438
authors	Bessone, Miriam; Ricardo Pérez Miró, Isabel Molinas
year	2005
title	Digital visualization and new intellectual associations among language - music - architecture
source	SIGraDi 2005 - [Proceedings of the 9th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Lima - Peru 21-24 november 2005, vol. 1, pp. 438-443
summary	Throughout history, architecture has transposed contributions bound to structuralist focus or to musical composition. This is from linguistic and music respectively. New visualization systems show the possibility to give transpositions a new meaning, form the potentialities of hypermedia; locking for new projects parameters. This papers will show experimental workshop results developed within CI+D 2000 “New speeches and design process”. They study links and explore our work interrelating word – music and image. These processes are developed by people coming from literature, visual arts, music, and architecture areas. Lastly, the first results will be shown. Since parameters were transposed from music, by using NURBS forms, space prefiguration is tried out. [Full paper in Spanish]
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	b4c4
authors	Carrara, G., Fioravanti, A. and Novembri, G.
year	2000
title	A framework for an Architectural Collaborative Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.057
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 57-60
summary	The building industry involves a larger number of disciplines, operators and professionals than other industrial processes. Its peculiarity is that the products (building objects) have a number of parts (building elements) that does not differ much from the number of classes into which building objects can be conceptually subdivided. Another important characteristic is that the building industry produces unique products (de Vries and van Zutphen, 1992). This is not an isolated situation but indeed one that is spreading also in other industrial fields. For example, production niches have proved successful in the automotive and computer industries (Carrara, Fioravanti, & Novembri, 1989). Building design is a complex multi-disciplinary process, which demands a high degree of co-ordination and co-operation among separate teams, each having its own specific knowledge and its own set of specific design tools. Establishing an environment for design tool integration is a prerequisite for network-based distributed work. It was attempted to solve the problem of efficient, user-friendly, and fast information exchange among operators by treating it simply as an exchange of data. But the failure of IGES, CGM, PHIGS confirms that data have different meanings and importance in different contexts. The STandard for Exchange of Product data, ISO 10303 Part 106 BCCM, relating to AEC field (Wix, 1997), seems to be too complex to be applied to professional studios. Moreover its structure is too deep and the conceptual classifications based on it do not allow multi-inheritance (Ekholm, 1996). From now on we shall adopt the BCCM semantic that defines the actor as "a functional participant in building construction"; and we shall define designer as "every member of the class formed by designers" (architects, engineers, town-planners, construction managers, etc.).
keywords	Architectural Design Process, Collaborative Design, Knowledge Engineering, Dynamic Object Oriented Programming
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	40c1
authors	Erickson, Thomas
year	2000
title	Lingua Francas for Design: Sacred Places and Pattern Languages Pattern Languages
source	Proceedings of DIS'00: DesigningInteractive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 2000 pp. 357-368
summary	A central challenge in interaction design has to do with its diversity. Designers, engineers, managers, marketers, researchers and users all have important contributions to make to the design process. But at the same time they lack shared concepts, experiences and perspectives. How is the process of design-which requires communication, negotiation and compromise-to effectively proceed in the absence of a common ground? I argue that an important role for the interaction designer is to help stakeholders in the design process to construct alingua franca. To explore this issue, which has received remarkably little attention in HCI, I turn to work in urban design and architecture. I begin by discussing a case study in community design, reported by Hester [10], that demonstrates the power of alingua franca for a particular design project. I then describe the concept of pattern languages and discuss how they might be adapted to the needs of interaction design in general, and used, in particular, as meta-languages for generating lingua francas for particular design projects.
keywords	Architecture; Design Methods; Interaction Design; Interdisciplinary Design; Pattern Language; Patterns; Urban Design
series	other
last changed	2002/07/07 16:01

_id	0014
authors	Hsu, W. and Liu, B.
year	2000
title	Conceptual design: issues and challenges
source	Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 32 (14) (2000) pp. 849-850
summary	Decisions made during conceptual design have significant influence on the cost, performance, reliability, safety and environmental impact of a product. It has been estimated that design decisions account for more than 75% of final product costs. It is, therefore, vital that designers have access to the right tools to support such design activities. In the early 1980s, researchers began to realize the impact of design decisions on downstream activities. As a result, different methodologies such as design for assembly, design for manufacturing and concurrent engineering, have been proposed. Software tools that implement these methodologies have also been developed. However, most of these tools are only applicable in the detailed design phase. Yet, even the highest standard of detailed design cannot compensate for a poor design concept formulated at the conceptual design phase. In spite of this, few CAD tools have been developed to support conceptual design activities. This is because knowledge of the design requirements and constraints during this early phase of a product's life cycle is usually imprecise and incomplete, making it difficult to utilize computer-based systems or prototypes. However, recent advances in fields such as fuzzy logic, computational geometry, constraints programming and so on have now made it possible for researchers to tackle some of the challenging issues in dealing with conceptual design activities. In this special issue, we have gathered together discussions on various aspects of conceptual design phase: from the capturing of the designer's intent, to modelling design constraints and solving them in an efficient manner, to verifying the correctness of the design.
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/05/15 10:54

_id	ddssar0014
id	ddssar0014
authors	Janssen, P., Frazer, J. and Ming-xi, T.
year	2000
title	Evolutionary design systems: a conceptual framework for the creation of generative processes
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fifth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Nijkerk, the Netherlands)
summary	This paper presents an conceptual framework for the construction of generative mapping processes as a basis for creating active design tools in the domain of architecture. Such generative processes are seen as key components within evolutionary systems that manipulate populations of alternative solutions in order to discover previously unexplored possibilities. Solutions are represented in two forms: as highly encoded genotypes referred to as design seeds and as decoded phenotypes referred to as design proposals. The generative process maps the design seed to the design proposal. The discussion of generative processes is in two parts. In the first part it is argued that any generative process that aims to create a wide range of solutions that differ from each other in fundamental ways must focus on a limited subcategory of possible designs. It is proposed that the endeavour to create active design tools demands that the focus be on the designer's highly personalised style, called a design-schema. The second part discusses how to uncover the essence of an architectural design-schema. In particular, it is argued that implicit and familiar aspects of buildings must be scrutinised in order to reveal the knowledge that is essential to capturing and codifying a design-schema. A range of rationalisations and conceptualisations of built form are presented with examples to illustrate possible routes of analysis. Finally, in conclusion, the possibility of discovering universal generators common to many divers generative processes are discussed.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	30e3
authors	Karhu, V.
year	2000
title	Proposed New Method for Construction Process Modelling
source	CIDAC, Volume 2 Issue 3 August 2000, pp. 166-182
summary	Numerous modelling methods have been developed for defining aspects of industrial and other processes. Furthermore, such methods have been either used or proposed for modelling construction processes. As part of the international MoPo-project, the requirements of industrial endusers for such tools, as well as the characteristics of available methods, have been studied. In this paper an analysis of six such methods is presented. The concepts and graphical notation of each method are illustrated using a simple example of making the basement of a summerhouse with a sauna. Additionally, the concepts of each method have been modelled using a uniform methodology, the EXPRESS information modelling language. Based on the analysis a new method called GEPM (generic process modelling method) is proposed. The method is defined on the semantic level, as its main purpose would be to enable the storing of process descriptions in a database format, enabling multiple-user views to the same information. A simple prototype application has been developed to demonstrate the functionality of the method.
keywords	Construction Process, Modelling, Generic, Method
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	03ad
authors	Lottaz, C., Smith, I.F.C., Robert-Nicoud, Y. and Faltings, B.V.
year	2000
title	Constraint-based support for negotiation in collaborative design
source	Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, Vol: 14, Issue: 3, pp. 261-280.
summary	Solution spaces are proposed, instead of single solutions only, to support collaborative tasks during design and construction. Currently, partners involved in construction projects typically assign single values for sub-sets of variables and then proceed, often after tedious negotiations with other partners, to integrate these partial solutions into more complete project descriptions. We suggest the use of constraint solving to express possibly large families of acceptable solutions in order to improve the negotiation process in two ways. On one hand, con ict detection can be performed in an automated manner. Through the constraints collaborators impose, they de ne large unfeasible areas where no solution to the problem at hand can be expected. An emty intersectidon of the solution spaces can thus point at a con ict of design goals of the di erent collaborators at an early stage of the design process. On the other hand, important decision support during negotiation is provided. When a solution space is found, collaborators know during negotiation that they are negotiating about feasible solutions. Negotiation is no longer a means to nd a solution to the problem but it takes place in order to nd a good or the best solution. Since the consistency of the design remains ensured, collaborators are expected to be less restrictive towards innovative ideas during negotiation. Moreover, constraint techniques using explicit representations of solution spaces can provide tools to visualize trade-o s and illustrate the impact of certain decisions on other parameters. Thus decision-making is improved during the negotiation. New algorithms have been developed at EPFL for solving multi-dimensional nonlinear inequality constraints on continuous variables. Together with intuitive user interfaces such constraint-based support leads to better change management and easier implementation of least commitment decision strategies. It is expected that the results of this research can improve both the e ciency of negotiation processes and the quality of the achieved results.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ba17
authors	Muñoz, Patricia Laura and López Coronel, Juan Pablo
year	2000
title	Eliminando Bordes: las Superficies de Redondeo en la Generación de Formas para el Diseño - (Eliminating Edges: The Rounded Surfaces in the Generation of Forms for Design)
source	SIGraDi’2000 - Construindo (n)o espacio digital (constructing the digital Space) [4th SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 85-88027-02-X] Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 25-28 september 2000, pp. 289-291
summary	Fillets can be understood as connecting surfaces, created by a sphere - of constant or variable diameter - that moves tangent to the components. These complex forms have been mainly developed through CAD-CAM processes but, in order to understand them thoroughly and so use them in all their potential, some basic morphological concepts are necessary. They will be explained in distinctive spatial situations. In relation to the language of design products, these surfaces are fundamental in the subtle operation of curve forms. They have an effect on the understanding of geometric and perceptual continuity between different spatial surfaces. They let us identify the original components but they also conceal them in a new form that includes them. A tension arises, a game of seduction where forms are covered and revealed to the comprehension of man.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	899f
authors	Papamichael, K., Pal, V., Bourassa, N., Loffeld, J. and Capeluto, I.G.
year	2000
title	An Expandable Software Model for Collaborative Decision-Making During the Whole Building Life Cycle
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.019
source	Eternity, Infinity and Virtuality in Architecture [Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / 1-880250-09-8] Washington D.C. 19-22 October 2000, pp. 19-28
summary	Decisions throughout the life cycle of a building, from design through construction and commissioning to operation and demolition, require the involvement of multiple interested parties (e.g., architects, engineers, owners, occupants and facility managers). The performance of alternative designs and courses of action must be assessed with respect to multiple performance criteria, such as comfort, aesthetics, energy, cost and environmental impact. Several stand-alone computer tools are currently available that address specific performance issues during various stages of a building’s life cycle. Some of these tools support collaboration by providing means for synchronous and asynchronous communications, performance simulations, and monitoring of a variety of performance parameters involved in decisions about a building during building operation. However, these tools are not linked in any way, so significant work is required to maintain and distribute information to all parties. In this paper we describe a software model that provides the data management and process control required for collaborative decision-making throughout a building’s life cycle. The requirements for the model are delineated addressing data and process needs for decision making at different stages of a building’s life cycle. The software model meets these requirements and allows addition of any number of processes and support databases over time. What makes the model infinitely expandable is that it is a very generic conceptualization (or abstraction) of processes as relations among data. The software model supports multiple concurrent users, and facilitates discussion and debate leading to decision-making. The software allows users to define rules and functions for automating tasks and alerting all participants to issues that need attention. It supports management of simulated as well as real data and continuously generates information useful for improving performance prediction and understanding of the effects of proposed technologies and strategies.
keywords	Decision Making, Integration, Collaboration, Simulation, Building Life Cycle, Software.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ddssar0022
id	ddssar0022
authors	Peng, C., Cerulli, C., Lawson, B., Cooper, G., Rezqui, Y. and Jackson, M.
year	2000
title	Recording and managing design decision-making processes through an object-oriented framework
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fifth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Nijkerk, the Netherlands)
summary	In this paper we describe our current research into an object-oriented approach to the recording and managing of design decision-making in the processes of building design. The Advanced Design Support for the Construction Design Process (ADS) project, funded under the Innovative Manufacturing Initiative by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), aims to exploit and demonstrate the benefits of a CAD-based Design Decision Support System. The research focuses on how to provide designers with tools for recording and managing the group dynamics of design decision making in a project's life time without intruding too much on the design process itself. In collaboration with Building Design Partnership, a large multidisciplinary construction design practice, we look at design projects that require decision-making on an extraordinarily wide range of complex issues, and many different professional consultants were involved in making and approving these decisions. We are interested in developing an advanced CAD tool that will facilitate capturing designers' rationales underlying their design decision making throughout the project. The system will also enable us to explore how a recorded project history of decision-making can be searched and browsed by members of the project team during and after design development.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	988d
authors	Russell, Peter and Forgber, Uwe
year	2000
title	The E-Talier: Inter-university Networked Design Studios
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.045
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 45-50
summary	The widespread infiltration of internet based variations of traditional areas of society (e-commerce, e-business, e-mail etc.) will not spare the halls of academia in its propagation. The term courseware is well nigh 20 years old and considerable research and development has been done in bringing network based distributed courses to university consortiums including those in architecture and civil engineering. Indeed, the European Commission has recently approved funding for a 3-year web-based virtual university of architecture and construction technology: the WINDS project led by the University of Ancona. Such attempts to create e-courses are largely an extension of typical courseware where the syllabus is quantified and divided into lessons for use by the students alone or in conjunction with their tutors and professors. This is quite adequate in conveying the base knowledge of the profession. However, the tenants of being an architect or engineer involve the deft use of that unwieldy named and deliciously imprecise tool called "design". Teaching design sooner or later involves the design studio: a pedagogically construed environment of simulation intended to train, not teach the skills of designing. This is fundamentally different from normal courseware. A network based design studio (Etalier) must be able to reflect the nature of learning design. Design studios typically involve specifically chosen design problems, researched supporting information to assist design decisions, focussed discussions, individual consultation and criticism, group criticism, public forums for presentation discussion and criticism as well as a myriad of informal undocumented communication among the students themselves. So too must an Etalier function. Essentially, it must allow collaboration through communication. Traditional barriers to collaboration include language, culture (both national and professional) and distance. Through the internet's capricious growth and the widespread use of English as a second language, the largest hurdle to attaining fruitful collaboration is probably cultural. In the case of an Etalier in a university setting, the cultural difficulties arise from administrative rules, the pedagogical culture of specific universities and issues such as scheduling and accreditation. Previous experiments with virtual design studios have demonstrated the criticality of such issues. The proposed system allows participating members to specify the degree and breadth with which they wish to partake. As opposed to specifying the conditions of membership, we propose to specify the conditions of partnership. Through the basic principal of reciprocity, issues such as accreditation and work load sharing can be mitigated. Further, the establishment of a studio market will allow students, tutors and professors from participating institutions to partake in studio projects of their choosing in accordance with their own constraints, be they related to schedule, expertise, legal or other matters. The paper describes these mechanisms and some possible scenarios for collaboration in the Etalier market.
keywords	e-Studio, Virtual Design Studio, Courseware, CSCW
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	15e4
authors	Sariyildiz, S., Stouffs, R. and Tunçer, B.
year	2000
title	Vision on ICT Developments for the Building Sector
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.011
source	Eternity, Infinity and Virtuality in Architecture [Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / 1-880250-09-8] Washington D.C. 19-22 October 2000, pp. 11-18
summary	The building sector is entering a new era. Developments in information and communication technology have an impact throughout the entire life cycle of a building, not only from a process and technical point of view but also from a creative design point of view. As a result of developments of advanced modeling software for architectural design, the gap between what the architect can envision and what the building technician or product architect can materialize is enlarging. Internet technology has already started to provide a closer link between the participants in the building process, their activities, knowledge, and information. Concurrent and collaborative engineering will be the future of building practice in respect to efficiency and quality improvement of this sector. The nature of the building process is complex, not only from a communication point of view, but also from the information of the number of participants, the spatial organization and the infrastructure etc. In the near future, soft computing techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms will make contributions to the problem solving aspects of the complex design process. This paper provides an overview of these and other future developments of information and communication technology (ICT) within the building sector.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	f8a3
authors	Tuzmen, Ayca
year	2000
title	Collaborative Building Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.093
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 93-99
summary	Studies on team performance have observed that some teams at the same stage in their development perform better than other teams, even of the same composition. Why is this? One of the main reasons is found to be a good team process. Researchers argue that collaborative process is an ideal case through which parties who see different aspects of a problem can constructively explore their differences and search for solutions that go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible. Much attention is now being paid to improvement of the design team process by establishing a collaborative environment in building design practice. Many scholars have prescribed various techniques and technology as ways of achieving collaboration in building design practice. A combination of these prescriptions does support design teams by facilitating one or more of the following: (a) team internal communication, (b) team external communication, (c) information sharing, and (d) decision making. Only recently have there been studies that have provided the strategies for integrating these techniques and technology for the establishment of a collaborative work environment. Researchers from various areas of research have this intention. This includes studies in Business Process Management (BPM), Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR), Total Quality Management (TQM), Project Management (PM), Workflow Management (WfM). All of these studies share one common feature. They all contribute to the study of the management of the team process. Despite the power of the concept and the history of successful application of process management techniques in building practice, the process management strategies are not a panacea. Rather it is a tool which, when properly used under appropriate circumstances, can aid design teams in the achievement of a collaborative design environment. The successful implementation or enactment of process management strategies in building design practice requires a mediator, a facilitator, or a project manager with a variety of managerial skills. However, it is not only enough to support major facilitators in the implementation or in the enactment of a design process that is planned for that teamwork. The performance of a design process should not only be depended on the skills or capabilities of tools that managers use to enact design processes. In order to achieve a collaborative design environment, members of the design team should also be given the support for monitoring and implementing of a collaborative design process. Team members should also have the ability to define, implement and track their personal subprocesses. Team members should also be able to monitor the process and be able to resolve the conflicts between their actions and other members' actions. A distributed process management environment is required in order to facilitate the management and control of the enactment of a collaborative design process. Such an environment should enable the control and monitoring of the enactment of a process and the resources required for its enactment. This paper presents the conceptual model of a process management environment that is developed in order to establish such a process management environment. It also discusses the findings of a study that is conducted for the validation and verification of this conceptual model.
keywords	Collaborative Design, Process Management, Workflow Management
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	7ee9
authors	Wood, J. B. and Chambers, Tom
year	2000
title	CAD - Enabled by the Organisation of Science and the Poetics of a Visual Language
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.327
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 327-329
summary	CADET, CAD education and training, a research unit with the Department of Architecture and Building Science (Faculty of Engineering, University of Strathclyde) promotes an integrated approach to the built environment, seeking to bring together the rational and expressive modes of thought by teaching design through IT and CAD. In recent years this has been introduced as a pilot project within the primary and secondary school sector as well as Year 1 and Year 2 of the Building Design Engineering (BDE). The presentations discussed in this paper demonstrate recent projects in a social context - modelling possible spaces via virtual reality on behalf of clients in education and social work environments. The motivation for such a creative and participatory dialogue in a community context acknowledges that, in the wake of post industrialisation, the reconstruction of our urban environments demands that we develop the tools required for a meaningful participation in the design process. The nature of a participatory process demands a demystification of the design process, which is a reality made possible by CAD.
keywords	Teaching, Organisation, Participation, Knowledge and Demystification
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	2190
authors	Yan-chuen, L., Phil, M. and Gilleard, John D.
year	2000
title	Refurbishment of building services engineering systems under a collaborative design environment
source	Automation in Construction 9 (2) (2000) pp. 185-196
summary	In this paper hypermedia is suggested as a suitable paradigm to represent the design processes associated with a shopping center refurbishment project. In addition, by adopting a collaborative design model, the paper makes reference to such factors as synchronous vs. asynchronous and active vs. passive modeling. Concepts in complex problem solving are also explored such as the soft system methodology as well as the application of agent-based decision support systems. Identification of primary information elements and analysis of the relations between these elements indicates that the flow of design information may be readily represented in hypermedia which features nonlinear characteristics in organizing information. The justification of developing a hypermedia tool to cope with changing conditions of a complex design problem instead of providing a solution for a predetermined problem is also argued. The paper illustrates the complex nature of collaborative design process with reference to a case study associated with the building services systems design for a Hong Kong Housing Authority refurbishment project.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	avocaad_2001_16
id	avocaad_2001_16
authors	Yu-Ying Chang, Yu-Tung Liu, Chien-Hui Wong
year	2001
title	Some Phenomena of Spatial Characteristics of Cyberspace
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	"Space," which has long been an important concept in architecture (Bloomer & Moore, 1977; Mitchell, 1995, 1999), has attracted interest of researchers from various academic disciplines in recent years (Agnew, 1993; Benko & Strohmayer, 1996; Chang, 1999; Foucault, 1982; Gould, 1998). Researchers from disciplines such as anthropology, geography, sociology, philosophy, and linguistics regard it as the basis of the discussion of various theories in social sciences and humanities (Chen, 1999). On the other hand, since the invention of Internet, Internet users have been experiencing a new and magic "world." According to the definitions in traditional architecture theories, "space" is generated whenever people define a finite void by some physical elements (Zevi, 1985). However, although Internet is a virtual, immense, invisible and intangible world, navigating in it, we can still sense the very presence of ourselves and others in a wonderland. This sense could be testified by our naming of Internet as Cyberspace -- an exotic kind of space. Therefore, as people nowadays rely more and more on the Internet in their daily life, and as more and more architectural scholars and designers begin to invest their efforts in the design of virtual places online (e.g., Maher, 1999; Li & Maher, 2000), we cannot help but ask whether there are indeed sensible spaces in Internet. And if yes, these spaces exist in terms of what forms and created by what ways?To join the current interdisciplinary discussion on the issue of space, and to obtain new definition as well as insightful understanding of "space", this study explores the spatial phenomena in Internet. We hope that our findings would ultimately be also useful for contemporary architectural designers and scholars in their designs in the real world.As a preliminary exploration, the main objective of this study is to discover the elements involved in the creation/construction of Internet spaces and to examine the relationship between human participants and Internet spaces. In addition, this study also attempts to investigate whether participants from different academic disciplines define or experience Internet spaces in different ways, and to find what spatial elements of Internet they emphasize the most.In order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the spatial phenomena in Internet and to overcome the subjectivity of the members of the research team, the research design of this study was divided into two stages. At the first stage, we conducted literature review to study existing theories of space (which are based on observations and investigations of the physical world). At the second stage of this study, we recruited 8 Internet regular users to approach this topic from different point of views, and to see whether people with different academic training would define and experience Internet spaces differently.The results of this study reveal that the relationship between human participants and Internet spaces is different from that between human participants and physical spaces. In the physical world, physical elements of space must be established first; it then begins to be regarded as a place after interaction between/among human participants or interaction between human participants and the physical environment. In contrast, in Internet, a sense of place is first created through human interactions (or activities), Internet participants then begin to sense the existence of a space. Therefore, it seems that, among the many spatial elements of Internet we found, "interaction/reciprocity" Ñ either between/among human participants or between human participants and the computer interface Ð seems to be the most crucial element.In addition, another interesting result of this study is that verbal (linguistic) elements could provoke a sense of space in a degree higher than 2D visual representation and no less than 3D visual simulations. Nevertheless, verbal and 3D visual elements seem to work in different ways in terms of cognitive behaviors: Verbal elements provoke visual imagery and other sensory perceptions by "imagining" and then excite personal experiences of space; visual elements, on the other hand, provoke and excite visual experiences of space directly by "mapping".Finally, it was found that participants with different academic training did experience and define space differently. For example, when experiencing and analyzing Internet spaces, architecture designers, the creators of the physical world, emphasize the design of circulation and orientation, while participants with linguistics training focus more on subtle language usage. Visual designers tend to analyze the graphical elements of virtual spaces based on traditional painting theories; industrial designers, on the other hand, tend to treat these spaces as industrial products, emphasizing concept of user-center and the control of the computer interface.The findings of this study seem to add new information to our understanding of virtual space. It would be interesting for future studies to investigate how this information influences architectural designers in their real-world practices in this digital age. In addition, to obtain a fuller picture of Internet space, further research is needed to study the same issue by examining more Internet participants who have no formal linguistics and graphical training.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	946b
authors	Zhou, Q., Krawczyk, R.J. and Schipporeit, G.
year	2002
title	From CAD to IAD: A Working Model of the Internet-based Engineering Consulting in Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.073
source	CAADRIA 2002 [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X] Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, pp. 073-80
summary	Information technology has become so powerful that what is conventionally called CAD might evolve into iAD (Internet Aided Design) in the near future (Zhou 2000). For Internet applications in the AEC industry, most of the efforts and success have been concentrated on project management and collaboration, while in the design and engineering consulting area, limited progress has been made. During the period of Internet development, the nature of the fragmentation of the AEC industry has not been changed. Based on previous research of surveys of development of Internet applications in the AEC industry (Zhou 2001), and the study of information technology both available today and in the near future, we propose a general abstracted model of an Internet-based consulting system by integrating a variety of disciplines and functions of design and construction processes. This model will cover a range of design phases, such as, information gathering, automatic remote consultation, specific problem solving, and collaboration. Finally, in future follow up research, we will apply the proposed model to steel construction in architectural design, and develop a prototype simulation by selecting one type of structural system.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	41e5
authors	Abendroth, M., Decock, J. and Mestaoui, N.
year	2000
title	O_1:// the hypertextu(r)al matrix
source	SIGraDi’2000 - Construindo (n)o espacio digital (constructing the digital Space) [4th SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 85-88027-02-X] Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 25-28 september 2000, pp. 75-76
summary	Founded in 1995 LAB[au], laboratory for architecture and urbanism, links theoretic research LAB[a+u] to concrete works of conception and realisations LA.BAU. LAB[au] elaborates a “hyperdesign” investigating the implications of new technologies of communication and computation in spatiotemporal and social processes and their forms of representation as architecture and urbanism. The transposition of the hypertext model to architectural and urban concepts question the mutation of the spatial and semantic construct of space. The definition of architecture as a code is based on “glocal” systems according to the processes of computation and communication.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ddssar0001
id	ddssar0001
authors	Achten, Henri and Leeuwen, Jos van
year	2000
title	Towards generic representations of designs formalised as features
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fifth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Nijkerk, the Netherlands)
summary	Feature-Based Modelling (FBM) is an information modelling technique that allows the formalisation of design concepts and using these formal definitions in design modelling. The dynamic nature of design and design information calls for a specialised approach to FBM that takes into account flexibility and extensibility of Feature Models of designs. Research work in Eindhoven has led to a FBM framework and implementation that can be used to support design.. Feature models of a design process has demonstrated the feasibility of using this information modelling technique. To develop the work on FBM in design, three tracks are initiated: Feature model descriptions of design processes, automated generic representation recognition in graphic representations, and Feature models of generic representations. The paper shows the status of the work in the first two tracks, and present the results of the research work.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

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