Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	9bc4
authors	Bhavnani, S.K. and John, B.E.
year	2000
title	The Strategic Use of Complex Computer Systems
source	Human-Computer Interaction 15 (2000), 107-137
summary	Several studies show that despite experience, many users with basic command knowledge do not progress to an efficient use of complex computer applications. These studies suggest that knowledge of tasks and knowledge of tools are insufficient to lead users to become efficient. To address this problem, we argue that users also need to learn strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge lying between tasks and tools. These strategies are (a) efficient because they exploit specific powers of computers, (b) difficult to acquire because they are suggested by neither tasks nor tools, and (c) general in nature having wide applicability. The above characteristics are first demonstrated in the context of aggregation strategies that exploit the iterative power of computers.Acognitive analysis of a real-world task reveals that even though such aggregation strategies can have large effects on task time, errors, and on the quality of the final product, they are not often used by even experienced users. We identify other strategies beyond aggregation that can be efficient and useful across computer applications and show how they were used to develop a new approach to training with promising results.We conclude by suggesting that a systematic analysis of strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge can lead not only to more effective ways to design training but also to more principled approaches to design systems. These advances should lead users to make more efficient use of complex computer systems.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	a9b0
authors	Cha, Myung Yeol and Gero, John
year	1999
title	Style Learning: Inductive Generalisation of Architectural Shape Patterns
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.629
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 629-644
summary	Art historians and critics have defined the style as common features appeared in a class of objects. Abstract common features from a set of objects have been used as a bench mark for date and location of original works. Common features in shapes are identified by relationships as well as physical properties from shape descriptions. This paper will focus on how the computer recognises common shape properties from a class of shape objects to learn style. Shape representation using schema theory has been explored and possible inductive generalisation from shape descriptions has been investigated.
keywords	Style, Inductive Generalisation, Knowledge Representation, Shape
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	0dc3
authors	Chambers, Tom and Wood, John B.
year	1999
title	Decoding to 2000 CAD as Mediator
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.210
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 210-216
summary	This paper will present examples of current practice in the Design Studio course of the BDE, University of Strathclyde. The paper will demonstrate an integrated approach to teaching design, which includes CAD among other visual communication techniques as a means to exploring design concepts and the presentation of complex information as part of the design process. It will indicate how the theoretical dimension is used to direct the student in their areas of independent study. Projects illustrated will include design precedents that have involved students in the review and assessment of landmarks in the history of design. There will be evidence of how students integrate DTP in the presentation of site analysis, research of appropriate design precedents and presentation of their design solutions. CADET underlines the importance of considering design solutions within the context of both our European cultural context and of assessing the environmental impact of design options, for which CAD is eminently suited. As much as a critical method is essential to the development of the design process, a historical perspective and an appreciation of the sophistication of communicative media will inform the analysis of structural form and meaning in a modem urban context. Conscious of the dynamic of social and historical influences in design practice, the student is enabled "to take a critical stand against the dogmatism of the school "(Gadamer, 1988) that inevitably insinuates itself in learning institutions and professional practice.
keywords	Design Studio, Communication, Integrated Teaching
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	4915
authors	Counsell, J.A. and Marshall, D.J.
year	2000
title	Computer Based Quizzes to Test Understanding of Videos on Building Construction and the BEATL Project
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.117
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 117-120
summary	BEATL (Built Environment Appropriate Technology for Learning) is a research project based on a process of module pairing and collaboration between Built Environment Faculties. It is more about how one can embed technology in pedagogically sound ways than about the technology itself. This paper describes a case study of innovative self-paced diagnostic on-line illustrated Quizzes introduced at the University of the West of England (UWE) last year and now partnered by the University of Westminster (WU). It focuses on the development of the innovation, embedding it in teaching at UWE, its transfer to WU, and the support of “Educational Technology Officers” (ETO) in each. The methodologies used for evaluating the costs and benefits of this innovation are discussed.
keywords	Formative Assessment, CAL, Video, BEATL, Embedment
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	0cc1
authors	Dave, Bharat and Danahy, John
year	2000
title	Virtual study abroad and exchange studio
source	Automation in Construction 9 (1) (2000) pp. 57-71
summary	The digital design studio has an area of application where conventional media are incapable of being used; collaboration in learning, design and dialogue with people in places other than where one lives. This distinctive opportunity has lead the authors to explore a form of design brief and virtual design studio (VDS) format not well addressed in the literature. Instead of sharing the same design brief, students in this alternative format design a project in the other students' city and do not collaborate on the same design. Collaboration with other students takes the form of teaching each other about the city and culture served by the design. The authors discovered these studios produce a focus on site context that serves our pedagogical objectives – a blend of architectural, landscape architectural and urban design knowledge. Their students use a range of commercial CAD and computer supported collaborative work (CSCW) software common to that used in many VDS experiments reported on in the literature.However, this conventional use of technology is contrasted with a second distinctive characteristic of these studios, the use of custom software tools specifically designed to support synchronous and asynchronous three-dimensional model exchange and linked attribute knowledge. The paper analyzes some of the virtual design studio (VDS) work between the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the University of Toronto, and the University of Melbourne. The authors articulate a framework of VDS dimensions that structures their teaching and research.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ga0021
id	ga0021
authors	Eacott, John
year	2000
title	Generative music composition in practice - a critical evaluation
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	This critical evaluation will discuss 4 computer based musical works which, for reasons I shall explain, I describe as non-linear or generative. The works have been constructed by me and publicly performed or exhibited during a two year period from October 1998 to October 2000. ‘In the beginning…’ interactive music installation, strangeAttraction, Morley Gallery, London. July 1999 ‘jnrtv’ live generative dance music May 1999 to Dec 2000 ‘jazz’ interactive music installation, another strangeAttraction Morley Gallery, London. July 2000-09-26 ‘the street’ architectural interactive music installation, University of Westminster Oct 2000 Introduction I have always loved the practice of composing, particularly when it means scoring a work to be played by a live ensemble. There is something about taking a fresh sheet of manuscript , ruling the bar lines, adding clefs, key and time signatures and beginning the gradual process of adding notes, one at a time to the score until it is complete that is gratifying and compensates for the enormous effort involved. The process of scoring however is actually one distinct act within the more general task of creating music. Recently, the notion of ‘composing’ has met challenges through an increased interest in non-linear compositional methods. It is actually the presence of Chaotic or uncontrolable elements which add real beauty to music and many if not all of the things we value. If we think of a sunset, waves lapping on the shore, plants, trees a human face and the sound of the human voice, these things are not perfect and more importantly perhaps, they are transient, constantly changing and evolving. Last year and again this year, I have organised an exhibition of interactive , non-linear music installations called 'strangeAttraction'. The title refers to what Edward Lorenz called a ‘strange attractor’ the phenomenon that despite vast degrees of Chaos and uncertainty within a system, there is a degree of predictability, the tendency for chaotic behaviour to ‘attract’ towards a probable set of outcomes. Composition that deals with 'attractors' or probable outcomes rather than specific details which are set in stone is an increasingly intriguing notion.
series	other
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	ea7a
authors	Gero, J.S.
year	2000
title	Research methods for design science research: Computational and cognitive approaches
source	D. Durling and K. Friedman (Eds.), Doctoral Education in Design, Staffordshire University Press, Stoke-on-Trent, pp.143-162
summary	Reasoning by analogy, applied into designing, is investigated from the perspective of situated cognition. This cognitive paradigm emphasizes the importance of the environment in which a particular cognitive task is performed. The paper describes a computational system for situated analogy in designing
keywords	Analogy, Situated Cognition
series	other
email
last changed	2003/04/06 09:10

_id	c2df
authors	Gero, John S. and Kulinski, Jaroslaw M.
year	2000
title	A Situated Approach to Analogy in Designing
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2000.225
source	CAADRIA 2000 [Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 981-04-2491-4] Singapore 18-19 May 2000, pp. 225-234
summary	Reasoning by analogy, applied into designing, is investigated from the perspective of situated cognition. This cognitive paradigm emphasizes the importance of the environment in which a particular cognitive task is performed. The paper describes a computational system for situated analogy in designing.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	1076
authors	Gero, John S. and Saunders, Robert
year	2000
title	Constructed Representations and Their Functions in Computational Models of Designing
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2000.215
source	CAADRIA 2000 [Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 981-04-2491-4] Singapore 18-19 May 2000, pp. 215-224
summary	This paper re-examines the conclusions made by Schön and Wiggins in 1992 that computers were unable to reproduce processes crucial to designing. We propose that recent developments in artificial intelligence and design computing put us in a position where we can begin to computationally model designing as conceived by Schön and Wiggins. We present a computational model of designing using situated processes that construct representations. We show how constructed representations support computational processes that model the different kinds of seeing reported in designing. We also present recently developed computational processes that can identify unexpected consequences of design actions using adaptive novelty detection.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	sigradi2007_af13
id	sigradi2007_af13
authors	Granero, Adriana Edith; Alicia Barrón; María Teresa Urruti
year	2007
title	Transformations in the educational system, Influence of the Digital Graph [Transformaciones en el sistema educacional, influencia de la Gráfica Digital]
source	SIGraDi 2007 - [Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, pp. 182-186
summary	The educative proposal was based on the summary attained through experiences piled up during the 2 last semester courses, 2/2006-1/2007. This proposal corresponds to a mix of methodology (by personal attendance / by internet). Founding on the Theory of the Game (Eric Berne 1960) and on different theories such as: Multiple intelligences (Haward Gardner 1983), Emotional Intelligence (Peter Salowey and John Mayer 1990, Goleman 1998), Social Intelligence (Goleman 2006), the Triarchy of Intelligence (Stemberg, R.J. 1985, 1997), “the hand of the human power”, it´s established that the power of the voice, that of the imagination, the reward, the commitment and association produce a significant increase of the productivity (Rosabeth Moss Kanter 2000), aside from the constructive processes of the knowledge (new pedagogical concepts constructivista of Ormrod J.E. 2003 and Tim O´Reilly 2004).
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	53c6
authors	Mardaljevic, John
year	2000
title	Daylight Simulation: Validation, Sky Models and Daylight Coefficients
source	De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
summary	The application of lighting simulation techniques for daylight illuminance modelling in architectural spaces is described in this thesis. The prediction tool used for all the work described here is the Radiance lighting simulation system. An overview of the features and capabilities of the Radiance system is presented. Daylight simulation using the Radiance system is described in some detail. The relation between physical quantities and the lighting simulation parameters is made clear in a series of progressively more complex examples. Effective use of the inter-reflection calculation is described. The illuminance calculation is validated under real sky conditions for a full-size office space. The simulation model used sky luminance patterns that were based directly on measurements. Internal illuminance predictions are compared with measurements for 754 skies that cover a wide range of naturally occurring conditions. The processing of the sky luminance measurements for the lighting simulation is described. The accuracy of the illuminance predictions is shown to be, in the main, comparable with the accuracy of the model input data. There were a number of predictions with low accuracy. Evidence is presented to show that these result from imprecision in the model specification - such as, uncertainty of the circumsolar luminance - rather than the prediction algorithms themselves. Procedures to visualise and reduce illuminance and lighting-related data are presented. The ability of sky models to reproduce measured sky luminance patterns for the purpose of predicting internal illuminance is investigated. Four sky models and two sky models blends are assessed. Predictions of internal illuminance using sky models/blends are compared against those using measured sky luminance patterns. The sky model blends and the Perez All-weather model are shown to perform comparably well. Illuminance predictions using measured skies however were invariably better than those using sky models/blends. Several formulations of the daylight coefficient approach for predicting time varying illuminances are presented. Radiance is used to predict the daylight coefficients from which internal illuminances are derived. The form and magnitude of the daylight coefficients are related to the scene geometry and the discretisation scheme. Internal illuminances are derived for four daylight coefficient formulations based on the measured luminance patterns for the 754 skies. For the best of the formulations, the accuracy of the daylight coefficient derived illuminances is shown to be comparable to that using the standard Radiance calculation method. The use of the daylight coefficient approach to both accurately and efficiently predict hourly internal daylight illuminance levels for an entire year is described. Daylight coefficients are invariant to building orientation for a fixed building configuration. This property of daylight coefficients is exploited to yield hourly internal illuminances for a full year as a function of building orientation. Visual data analysis techniques are used to display and process the massive number of derived illuminances.
series	thesis:PhD
email
more	http://www.iesd.dmu.ac.uk/~jm/thesis/
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	e345
authors	Marx, John
year	2000
title	A proposal for alternative methods for teaching digital design
source	Automation in Construction 9 (1) (2000) pp. 19-35
summary	Computers have the potential to radically change the process of architectural design, and match more closely the formal aspirations of contemporary designers. What, then, should be the direction educators take in response to the opportunities created by the use of computers in the design process? There are, perhaps, two obvious methods of teaching Digital Design at a university level; a course adjunct to a design studio, or a course offered independently of a design studio.The computer is a facilitator of design ideas, but by itself, is not a creator of content. The primary responsibility of the design studio is the creation of content. It is the implementation of theory and critical analysis which should be the core concern of studio instruction. Given the limited time students are exposed to design studio it would seem appropriate, then, that the digital tools, which facilitate the design process, be taught separately, so as not to dilute the design studios importance. Likewise, this separation should allow the student to concentrate attention on Digital Design as a comprehensive process, beginning with initial massing studies and ending with high resolution presentation drawings. The burden of learning this new process is difficult as well as time consuming. Students are generally struggling to learn how to design, much less to design on the computer. In addition, the current lack of digital skills on the part of design faculty makes it difficult to create a level of consistency in teaching digital design. Compounding these problems is the cost to architectural departments of providing hardware and software resources sufficient to have a computer on every studio desk.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	e5ea
authors	Maver, T. and Petric, J.
year	1999
title	The Future Will Be Just Like the Past: Only More So: A Tribute to the Late John Lansdown
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.003
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 3-5
summary	The contribution made by the late John Lansdown (1929 - 1999) to the application of computers to a range of creative disciplines, including architecture is outstanding. This paper attempts to capture the essence of his contribution, to celebrate its impact and to conjecture on the trajectory of his vision.
keywords	Future, Polymath, Visionary, Inspiration, Legacy
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	acadia20_574
id	acadia20_574
authors	Nguyen, John; Peters, Brady
year	2020
title	Computational Fluid Dynamics in Building Design Practice
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.574
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 574-583.
summary	This paper provides a state-of-the-art of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the building industry. Two methods were used to find this new knowledge: a series of interviews with leading architecture, engineering, and software professionals; and a series of tests in which CFD software was evaluated using comparable criteria. The paper reports findings in technology, workflows, projects, current unmet needs, and future directions. In buildings, airflow is fundamental for heating and cooling, as well as occupant comfort and productivity. Despite its importance, the design of airflow systems is outside the realm of much of architectural design practice; but with advances in digital tools, it is now possible for architects to integrate air flow into their building design workflows (Peters and Peters 2018). As Chen (2009) states, “In order to regulate the indoor air parameters, it is essential to have suitable tools to predict ventilation performance in buildings.” By enabling scientific data to be conveyed in a visual process that provides useful analytical information to designers (Hartog and Koutamanis 2000), computer performance simulations have opened up new territories for design “by introducing environments in which we can manipulate and observe” (Kaijima et al. 2013). Beyond comfort and productivity, in recent months it has emerged that air flow may also be a matter of life and death. With the current global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, it is indoor environments where infections most often happen (Qian et al. 2020). To design architecture in a post-COVID-19 environment will require an in-depth understanding of how air flows through space.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	36dc
authors	Reffat, Rabee M. and Gero, John S.
year	1999
title	Situatedness: A New Dimension for Learning Systems in Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.252
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 252-261
summary	In this paper we adopt the approach that designing is a series of situated acts, ie designing cannot be pre-planned to completion. This is based on ideas from situated cognition theory that claims that what people perceive, how they conceive and what they do develop together and are adapted to the environment. For a system to be useful for human designers it must have the ability to associate what is learned to its environment. In order for a system to do that such a system must be able to acquire knowledge of the environment that a design constructs. Therefore, acknowledging the notion of situatedness is of importance to provide a system with such capability and add on a new dimension to existing learning systems in design. We will call such a learning system within the design domain a Situated Learning Design System (SLDS). A SLDS should be able to create its own situational categories from its perceptual experiences and modify them if encountered again to link the learned knowledge to its corresponding situation. We have chosen architectural shapes as the vehicle to demonstrate our ideas and used multiple representations to build a platform for a SLDS to learn from. In this paper the notion of situatedness and its role in both designing and learning is discussed. The overall architecture of a SLDS is introduced and how the potential outcome of such a system will support human designers while designing is discussed.
keywords	Designing, Situated Knowledge, Multiple Representations, Situated Learning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	e995
authors	Reffat, Rabee M., and Gero, John S.
year	2000
title	Towards Active Support Systems for Architectural Designing
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.143
source	Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 143-147
summary	This paper proposes the application of a situated learning approach in designing integrated with a conventional CAD system. The approach is implemented in SLiDe (Situated Learning in Designing) and integrated as SLiDe-CAAD, to provide interactive support in designing exemplified within the composition of architectural shapes. SLiDe-CAAD is proposed to assist in maintaining the integrity of shape semantics or desired design concepts of interest in the design composition. SLiDe-CAAD is introduced to provide a collaboration between the designer and the computer during the process of designing.
keywords	CAAD Systems, Active Designing Support, Situatedness.
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	bf97
authors	Roberts, Andrew and Counsell, John
year	1999
title	The BEATL Project: Embedding Appropriate CAL in the Teaching of Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.334
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 334-340
summary	This paper is based upon the premise that Computer Aided Learning (CAL) has been poorly integrated into schools of Architecture and it identifies some of the barriers that have prevented this. The Built Environment Appropriate Technology for Learning (BEATL) project aims to promote a climate of change within which these barriers can be crossed. The focus of BEATL is on providing a framework within which technology assisted teaching can be adopted for particular elements of taught courses through a process of module pairing, and collaboration between Built Environment faculties at three UK Universities. The paper discusses the early stages of the Project and outlines the methodologies developed for embedding and transferring innovations between institutions, the support of 'Educational Technology Officers' and the evaluation strategies being utilised. Early results indicate the benefits of a focus on a individual element rather than a whole module and that generic innovations tend to be more successfully transferred than 'off the shelf' Computer Aided Learning products.
keywords	CAL, Integration, Transferability, Collaboration
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	44cd
authors	Tang, Hsien-Hui and Gero, John S.
year	2000
title	A Content-Oriented Coding Scheme for Protocol Analysis and Computer-Aided Architectural Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2000.265
source	CAADRIA 2000 [Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 981-04-2491-4] Singapore 18-19 May 2000, pp. 265-275
summary	In this paper we introduce a content-oriented scheme for protocol studies of designers and demonstrate its benefit for CAAD research. The structure of the coding scheme is described. We discuss how this method can benefit CAAD research and its differences from the process-oriented method used previously. With this method we analyze data to describe the design process as the combination of sensor-driven and process-driven processes. The results emphasize the importance of the sensor-driven processes in the design process. As a consequence we are able to propose some areas for CAAD tools that are based on the cognitive behaviours of designers.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	9e47
authors	Tovey, Michael and Owen, John
year	2000
title	Sketching and direct CAD modelling in automotive design
source	Design Studies 21 (6) (2000) pp. 569-588
summary	This paper examines two methods of computer-based car styling: texture mapping and direct computer modelling. An overview of current activity in the field precedes a comparison and evaluation of the methods within a typical framework for automobile concept design. Three case studies illustrate the direct modelling method, showing differences of computer use in each case. Further developments of texture mapping are reported, with a proposal for iterative combining of texture mapping and direct modelling.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/05/15 21:45

_id	6078
authors	Wilkins, Brian and Barrett, John
year	2000
title	The virtual construction site: a web-based teaching/learning environment in construction technology
source	Automation in Construction 10 (1) (2000) pp. 169-179
summary	Site visits form an important component in teaching/learning in many aspects of civil engineering education. However, due to scheduling and access difficulties, and the overriding need for safety, real time site visits may not be possible, and alternative approaches need to be investigated. One approach, described in this paper, is the creation of multimedia databases of actual buildings under construction. This material, suitably structured, can then be delivered through the World Wide Web or from a CD-ROM, thus creating "virtual construction sites." The web site described in this paper forms part of a much larger group of web sites developed by four Universities in Hong Kong over the past 2 years and now approaching completion. This large series of linked web sites is known as CIVCAL and provides a comprehensive teaching/learning environment for students in many aspects of civil engineering. This paper describes the web site being developed by City University within CIVCAL. The City University web site is known as the Virtual Building & Construction Environment and is designed specifically to support teaching/learning in building construction technology.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

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