Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	avocaad_2001_05
id	avocaad_2001_05
authors	Alexander Koutamanis
year	2001
title	Analysis and the descriptive approach
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	The rise of consciousness concerning the quality of working and living conditions has been a permanent though frequently underplayed theme in architecture and building since the reconstruction period. It has led to an explosive growth of programmatic requirements on building behaviour and performance, thus also stimulating the development of design analysis. The first stage of development was characterized by the evolution of prescriptive systems. These reversed the structure of pre-existing proscriptive systems into sequences of known steps that should be taken in order to achieve adequate results. Prescriptive systems complemented rather than replaced proscriptive ones, thereby creating an uncertain mixture of orthodoxy and orthopraxy that failed to provide design guidance for improving design performance and quality.The second stage in the development of design analysis focuses on descriptive methods and techniques for analyzing and supporting evaluation. Technologies such as simulation and scientific visualization are employed so as to produce detailed, accurate and reliable projections of building behaviour and performance. These projections can be correlated into a comprehensive and coherent description of a building using representations of form as information carriers. In these representations feedback and interaction assume a visual character that fits both design attitudes and lay perception of the built environment, but on the basis of a quantitative background that justifies, verifies and refines design actions. Descriptive analysis is currently the most promising direction for confronting and resolving design complexity. It provides the designer with useful insights into the causes and effects of various design problems but frequently comes short of providing clear design guidance for two main reasons: (1) it adds substantial amounts of information to the already unmanageable loads the designer must handle, and (2) it may provide incoherent cues for the further development of a design. Consequently the descriptive approach to analysis is always in danger of been supplanted by abstract decision making.One way of providing the desired design guidance is to complement the connection of descriptive analyses to representations of form (and from there to synthesis) with two interface components. The first is a memory component, implemented as case-bases of precedent designs. These designs encapsulate integrated design information that can be matched to the design in hand in terms of form, function and performance. Comparison between precedents with a known performance and a new design facilitate identification of design aspects that need be improved, as well as of wider formal and functional consequences. The second component is an adaptive generative system capable of guiding exploration of these aspects, both in the precedents and the new design. The aim of this system is to provide feedback from analysis to synthesis. By exploring the scope of the analysis and the applicability of the conclusions to more designs, the designer generates a coherent and consistent collection of partial solutions that explore a relevant solution space. Development of the first component, the design case-bases, is no trivial task. Transformability in the representation of cases and flexible classification in a database are critical to the identification and treatment of a design aspect. Nevertheless, the state of the art in case-based reasoning and the extensive corpus of analysed designs provide the essential building blocks. The second component, the adaptive generative system, poses more questions. Existing generative techniques do not possess the necessary richness or multidimensionality. Moreover, it is imperative that the designer plays a more active role in the control of the process than merely tweaking local variables. At the same time, the system should prevent that redesigning degenerates into a blind trial-and-error enumeration of possibilities. Guided empirical design research arguably provides the means for the evolutionary development of the second component.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	2178
authors	Chevrier, C. and Perrin, J.P.
year	2001
title	Interactive 3D reconstruction for urban areas. An image based tool
source	Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-7023-6] Eindhoven, 8-11 July 2001, pp. 753-765
summary	Urban applications (for example arrangement, new buildings, virtual sightseeing and walkthrough) require a three dimensional (3D) geometrical model of town areas. However, most of them do not need an accurate model of reality. Such model would occupy a considerable memory space and would be too slow to handle. Architects, urban designers and civil engineers can find in our tool a medium to conceive their projects. Some types of software exist but they do not correspond exactly to our needs. Consequently we have conceived and developed an interactive tool for virtual 3D rough reconstruction of buildings. The software development has been performed in the Maya environment (ALIAS Wavefront) with C++ language and MEL (Maya Embedded Language). A constraint we set for ourselves was the use of only light devices (for easy transportation) at low price (everybody can buy such devices). The principle is to overlay on the scanned photograph of the area we want to deal with, the two dimensional (2D) cadastral plan displayed from the same viewpoint as the picture. Then each building body can be extruded from its ground polygon and the roof can be created from what the user sees on the picture. A constraint is the flatness of the polygonal surfaces. Our application context was the town of Nancy in France for which some areas have been reconstructed. Some pictures have been used as textures for polygonal surfaces, giving more reality effect to the simulation.
keywords	Geometrical Modelling, Architecture, Urban Area, Virtual Visit
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:22

_id	avocaad_2001_07
id	avocaad_2001_07
authors	Stefan Wrona, Adam Gorczyca
year	2001
title	Complexity in Architecture - How CAAD can be involved to Deal with it. - "Duality"
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	“Complexity “ is for us a very ambigous notion. It may be understood in two contexts.1.Thorough solution of a problem.Complexity means full recognition of design area, followed by appropriate work. That work must be thorough and interdisciplinary – if necessary, separated to different co-operatives. These trade designers reqiure a branch coordination and – the most important- all of them must have a „common denominator”. Such as a proper CAAD platform and office standards. That will reduce costs of changes, improve an interplay between designers and somtimes enable to face up a new challenge.Nowadays architects are no longer “solitary” individualists working alone – they must concern a team – they become a member, a part of a huge design machine. “Import/export”, compatibility, interplay – these words must appear and we have to put a stress on them. How to organize work for different trade-designers? How to join in common database architectural design ,engineering design, HVAC design, electricity design, technology design, computer network design and all other trades ?...A key to solve this range of problems is in good work organization. Universal prescription does not exist, but some evergreen rules can be observed. We are going to present a scheme of work in CAAD application ALLPLAN FT v.16 with a Group manager , which starts to conquest polish market and is widely spread in Germany. “Golden rules” of ALLPLAN FT There is one database – it is placed on server. It includes all projects. There is a well-developed office standard. It must be created at the beginning of collaboration, although it is possible to improve it later. It consist of hatches, fonts, symbols, macros, materials, pen-widths, and – the most important –layers . A layer set – predefined structure divided into functional groups – e.g. drafting, text, dimensioning, architecture, HVAC, engineering, urban design, etc.That stucture is a part of an office standard – all workers use a relevant part of it. No name duplicates, no misunderstandings... If however design extends, and a new group of layers is required, it can be easily added, e.g. computer networks, fireguard systems. Administrator of ALLPLAN network defines different users and gives them different permitions of access. For example – an electrician will be able to draft on layer “electricity”, but he won’t modify anything at layer “architecture – walls”, and he won’t even see a layer “engineering- slabs”, because he doesn’t need it..At the same time our electrician will be able to see , how architect moves some walls and how HVAC moved and started to cross with his wires. Every user is able to see relevant changes, after they are saved by author. Two different users can not access at the same time the same file. That excludes inconsistent or overlapping changes . All users operate on a 3D model. While putting some data into a model, they must remember about a “Z” coordinate at work-storey. But at the same time all create a fully-integrated, synchronous database, which can be used later for bills of quantities, specifications, and – of course – for visuaisation. That method can be described as “model-centric”. To simplify complex structure of architectural object -ALLPLAN offers files. Usually one file means one storey, but at special designs it might become a functional part of a storey, or whatever you wish. Files connected with layers easy enable to separate certain structural elements, e.g. if we want to glance only at concrete slabs and columns in the building – we will turn on all files with “layer filter” – “slabs” and “columns”. ALLPLAN is of course one of possible solutions. We described it , because we use it in our workshop. It seems to be stretchy enough to face up every demand and ever-increasing complexity of current projects. The essence of the matter, however, is not a name or version of application – it is a set of features, we mentioned above, which allows to deal with EVERY project. The number of solutions is infinite.2. Increasing difficulties during design process. It may be associated with more and more installations inside of new buildings, especially some “high-tech” examples. The number of these installations increases as well as their complexity. Now buildings are full of sensors, video-screens, computer networks, safety-guard systems... Difficulties are connected with some trends in contemporary architecture, for example an organic architecture, which conceives “morphed” shapes, “moving” surfaces, “soft” solids. This direction is specially supported by modelling or CAD applications. Sometimes it is good – they allow to realize all imaginations, but often they lead to produce “unbuildable” forms, which can exist only in virtual world.Obstacles appear, when we design huge cubatures with “dense” functional scheme. Multi-purposed objects, exhibition halls, olimpic stadium at Sydney – all of them have to be stretchy, even if it requires sliding thousands pound concrete blocks! Requirements were never so high.The last reason, why designs become so complex is obvious - intensifying changes due to specific requirements of clients/developers.We could say “ signum tempori” – everything gets more and more complicated , people have to become specialists, to face up new technology. But how CAAD can help us with it? How?! We have already answered that question. Sometimes CAAD is the only way to imagine and sketch something, to visualize something, to compute a construction , to prepare a simulation... So that human must “only” interprete ready solutions. Sometimes CAAD help us to notify a problem. It works exactly in the same way, as spy-glasses does. For example – without a real-time visualization we we would have never realised (until finished!) some strange interference of solids, which have occured in the upper roof part of our new appartment-house.ConclusionsTemporary CAAD is an integral part of design process – not only as a tool, but sometimes as an inspiration. It helps to organize our work, to define problems, to filter relevant elements and to render our visions. It becomes an integral part of our senses – and that will be a real complexity in architecture...
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	6ddf
authors	Bessone, B., Mantovani, G. and Galuzzi, S.
year	2001
title	SEIS AÑOS DE EXPERIENCIA ENTRE LO ANÁLOGO Y LO DIGITAL (Six Years of Experience Between the Analogue and the Digital)
source	SIGraDi biobio2001 - [Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics / ISBN 956-7813-12-4] Concepcion (Chile) 21-23 november 2001, pp. 179-182
summary	This paper intends to contribute Architecture I Experimental Workshops for a basis of knowledge, coming up from experimenting and investigating on pedagogical strategies, during the last decades of technological media changes. A temporal cutting sustained by two specific situations is proposed. Students´ processes: Beginners in ´96 are thesists now and learning result are evaluated. Educators´ processes: An interdisciplinary group including different subjects and skills was formed. A “Preliminary Test” checking methodological instruments was considered. After having done appropiate changes, traditional design processes were compared with new ones in order to continue with the Investigating Program.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	36f5
authors	Burry, M., Burry, J. and Faulí, J.
year	2001
title	Sagrada Família Rosassa: Global Computeraided Dialogue between Designer and Craftsperson (Overcoming Differences in Age, Time and Distance)
source	Reinventing the Discourse - How Digital Tools Help Bridge and Transform Research, Education and Practice in Architecture [Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-10-1] Buffalo (New York) 11-14 October 2001, pp. 076-086
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.076
summary	The rose window (‘rosassa’ in Catalan) recently completed between the two groups of towers that make up the Passion Façade of Gaudí’s Sagrada Família Church in Barcelona measures eight metres wide and thirty-five metres in height [Figure 1]. There were four phases to the design based in three distinct geographical locations. The design was undertaken on site, design description in Australia some eighteen thousand kilometres distant, stone-cutting a thousand kilometres distant in Galicia, with the completion of the window in March 2001. The entire undertaking was achieved within a timeframe of fifteen months from the first design sketch. Within this relatively short period, the entire team achieved a new marriage between architecture and construction, a broader relationship between time-honoured craft technique with high technology, and evidence of leading the way in trans-global collaboration via the Internet. Together the various members of the project team combined to demonstrate that the technical office on site at the Sagrada Família Church now has the capacity to use ‘just-in-time’ project management in order to increase efficiency. The processes and dialogues developed help transcend the tyranny of distance, the difficult relationship between traditional craft based technique and innovative digitally enhanced production methods, and the three generational age differences between the youngest and more senior team members.
keywords	Digital Practice, Global Collaboration, Rapid Prototyping
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ga0121
id	ga0121
authors	Collins, N. M.
year	2001
title	Further Automatic Breakbeat Cutting Methods
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	Following the invention of an automatic breakbeat cutting algorithm in the style of early 90s jungle, further experiments are described. These are namely, the use of more advanced techniques to control choices in the original algorithm, and new algorithms for cutting including methods based on campanology and recursion. Automatic breakbeat cutting can reduce the effort of working by hand in a sequencer with MIDI triggering of a sampler. Furthermore, the parameterisation of the process concedes newtechniques that can be awkward to implement with a sequencer, for example, cutting in septuplet demisemiquavers. To improve the original algorithm, states, whether offsets, cut sizes or repetition counts, canbe governed by Charles Ames' method of statistical feedback. Weight distributions can be changed during a phrase to give more control of cut sequence structure. These processes are investigated in the light of the output pacing and variation of cut sequences. Campanology, or change ringing, is based on a small subset of a permutation group consistingof permutations that can only swap adjacent elements in distinct pairs. When acting upon offsets into the source a fluid series of undulating cuts can be produced. Recursive cutting is an analytical test of second order cutting. It takes a base sequence of [cut length, offset] pairs and further cuts them up, producing variations on a given cut sequence. The Warp Cutter is inspired by the thought of constant stutters and rolls. Probabilities control the likelihood of simple blocks, even rolls or geometric accelerating rolls, usually at very fast repetition rates. All methods have been implemented as SuperCollider patches and classes, and publiclyreleased to accompany this paper in the BBCut Library.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	7e02
authors	Elger, Dietrich and Russell, Peter
year	2002
title	The Virtual Campus: A new place for (lifelong) learning?
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 472-477
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.472
summary	472 eCAADe 20 [design e-ducation] Modeling Real and Virtual Worlds Session 13 In the early spring of 2001 a collection of German universities founded a virtual faculty of architecture, which was named „Liquid Campus“. Current thinking about future forms of education in the field of architecture combined with over 4 years of experience with net-based design studios, led to questions about the future of existing universities, their buildings and their use. This problem was put to 43 students in the form of a design exercise to create a place for a virtual university. In the current situation, in which the administration of knowledge is more and more located on the internet, and even the so-called meeting places themselves can be virtualised through the help of video-conference-software, the exercise was to design a virtual campus in the framework and to carry out this design work in a simulation of distributed practice. Initial criticism of the project came from the students in that exemplary working methods were not described, but left for the students to discover on their own. The creation of a concept for the Liquid Campus meant that the participants had to imagine working in a world without the face to face contacts that form the basis (at present) of personal interaction. Additionally, the assignment to create or design possible links between the real and the virtual was not an easy task for students who normally design and plan real physical buildings. Even the tutors had difficulties in producing focused constructive criticism about a virtual campus; in effect the virtualisation of the university leads to a distinctive blurring of its boundaries. The project was conducted using the pedagogical framework of the netzentwurf.de; a relatively well established Internet based communication platform. This means that the studio was organised in the „traditional“ structure consisting of an initial 3 day workshop, a face to face midterm review, and a collective final review, held 3,5 months later in the Museum of Communication in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. In teams of 3 (with each student from a different university and a tutor located at a fourth) the students worked over the Internet to produce collaborative design solutions. The groups ended up with designs that spanned a range of solutions between real and virtual architecture. Examples of the student’s work (which is all available online) as well as their working methods are described. It must be said that the energy invested in the studio by the organisers of the virtual campus (as well as the students who took part) was considerably higher than in normal design studios and the paper seeks to look critically at the effort in relation to the outcomes achieved. The range and depth of the student’s work was surprising to many in the project, especially considering the initial hurdles (both social and technological) that had to overcome. The self-referential nature of the theme, the method and the working environment encouraged the students to take a more philosophical approach to the design problem. The paper explores the implications of the student’s conclusions on the nature of the university in general and draws conclusions specific to architectural education and the role of architecture in this process.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ef9e
authors	Harris, Robert
year	2001
title	The Digital Sandbox: Integrating Design and Analysis in a new Earth-forming Tool
source	University of Washington, Design Machine Group
summary	The design solution of the typical high-tech firm bombards its employees with the same signs and sleek coded information that they are designing, instead of addressing their innate biological needs. In the workplace specifically, the change in technology has a pernicious result when its relationships are deployed society-wide as subsitutes for face-to face interactions, which are inherently richer than mediated interactions. This thesis presents a design of a media firm that engages build environment with lighting and natural and a CD-Rom digital sketchbookof the design process.
series	thesis:MSc
email
more	http://dmg.caup.washington.edu/xmlSiteEngine/browsers/stylin/publications.html
last changed	2004/06/02 19:12

_id	avocaad_2001_08
id	avocaad_2001_08
authors	Ivanka Iordanova, Temy Tidafi
year	2001
title	Design assistance by complexity-supporting precedents' modelling
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	Architectural design processes imply complexity at every stage of the development of a project. On one hand, this complexity is rarely taken into consideration by the currently used CAD programs. On the other hand, recent theoretical researches indicate that a large proportion of architectural design processes are based on precedents as a source of inspiration or as a basis for reflection. A precedent is usually seen as a sketch, as a picture, as a drawing or as a visual memory of an architectural object or space. Recent research enlarges this concept into at least two directions: (1) precedents are looked for not only in the architectural space, and (2) it’s not only the visual aspect of a precedent that is important, but also its internal logic and structure, the know-how associated to it, and the actions needed for its creation. Usually, architectural design knowledge is implicitly presented by precedents. This design knowledge is applied to design-objects having various levels of generality, at different states of detailing and expected to be dynamically transformed during the following stages of design. Having in mind these characteristics of precedents called for during the architectural design process, we propose to join their visual representation with a description of their most important characteristics: structural organisation, way of production, functional organisation, spatial composition, etc. These can be either described or modelled by the original author, or interpreted by the precedent’s ‘user’. These design-knowledge models can be of use in several ways: (1) providing a library for search of precedents by semantic analogy, (2) offering ready-to-use capsules of design knowledge for new design situations, (3) enriching the ‘design world’ of the user-architect. We have implemented the proposed method of complexity-supporting precedents’ modelling by the means of the functional programming SGDL-Scheme language. The models (a programming function or a structure of programming functions) describe the actions necessary for the creation of an object (or its digital representation) and the structural organisation between the models in order to generate new, more complex ones. The concept of describing actions instead of shapes, provides a multi-level applicability of the models. Visual presentations (digital maquettes, images or animations) of newly generated objects can be stored in a visual-library of the assistant, thus creating a new ‘precedent’ that can be referred to in future by visual analogy. The design-knowledge that has generated the new object, is stored and linked to the image. Thus, the visual stimulus of a precedent can be joined with functional characteristics, production procedures and/or semantic meaning of the object. The paper will present the ‘engine’ of the proposed assistant, its organisation, as well as digital models of precedents that have served as a basis for the design of new architectural objects or structures. The assistant is conceived as an open, complexity supporting structure that can be further developed by the ‘user-architect’. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the proposed assistant.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	554e
authors	Koutamanis, Alexander
year	2001
title	3 x 2 Approaches to Design Management
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 220-225
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.220
summary	Following the arguably successful introduction of building, project and real estate management to traditional architectural areas, design management is emerging as the new hot issue. One of the main arguments for it is the alleged low performance of the architect in the face of the technical complexity and operational intricacy that characterizes current design problems. In this respect, management is seen as the missing link in the architect’s methodical and operational framework. The paper suggests that this link derives more from the constraints of the domain and its subject matter rather than a management perspective. Design management refers to two main dimensions of architectural design, these of design method and of design subject. With respect to the first dimension we distinguish between three main categories: proscriptive, prescriptive and descriptive approaches. In the second dimension the distinction is between the coordination of the design process and that of the design product. The 3x2 matrix defined by these two dimensions stresses the significance of descriptive approaches for the informatization of the representation and communication of the design product. In this framework design information management emerges as an applied area of (computational) design theory that facilitates the amphidrome development of a design, i.e. not only from brief to postoccupancy but also from detail, case and precedent to design idea and solution, as well as the identification and management of critical moments, i.e. moments characterized by convergence of activities and hence extensive and intensive communication.
keywords	Method, Management, Descriptive, Informatization
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	avocaad_2001_03
id	avocaad_2001_03
authors	M.K.D. Coomans, J.P. van Leeuwen, H.J.P. Timmermans
year	2001
title	Abstract but Tangible, Complex but Manageable
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	In the VR-DIS research program, an innovative design-information modelling technique has been proposed that is based on features. In this modelling technique, the designer is invited not only to model the form and spatial aspects of his or her design, but also to model the structure of the data behind the design. The designer is offered a way to control how abstract design data is structured and stored. In this way, the designer is given the power to model concepts like conformity, contrast, and scale on the formal data level, and this for both graphical and non-graphical design characteristics. Further, the designer is invited to input formal descriptions of own design concepts, and use these personal concepts during the design process. With this new information modelling technique, we expect that the designers will be better capable to handle the complexity of linking diverse kinds of information involved in a design process. This new way of computer aided design offers a unique design freedom: any design concept becomes addressable. On the other hand, this technique also puts the responsibility for the content of the CAD database entirely in the hands of the designer. In order to be able to enjoy the design freedom fully and at the same time handle the responsibility over the design database, a computer tool is needed that shows the precise content of the database, and that is easy and quick to interact with. Only with such a tool, the designer will be capable of keeping the complex data model in pace with his or her design reasoning. To realise this requirement, a “feature browser” has been developed with a 3D graphical user interface. It shows the data objects as 3D blocks, mutually linked by rubber-band arrows that closely reflect the database structure. The whole forms an interactive 3D graph. The intuitiveness and user friendliness of the interface was improved by adding features like the visualisation of the browsing history, the visualisation of link-semantics, and animated visual feedback effects. The hardware part of the interface is worked out as a Fish Tank VR set-up. This hardware configuration improves the experienced realism of the displayed 3D objects up to a feeling of physical presence. The interface as a whole therefore provides a highly attractive display of the abstract design data; abstract but tangible. It is a tool in which complex data structures can be explored and controlled: complex but manageable.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	7655
authors	Okeil, Ahmad and El Araby, Mostafa
year	2003
title	Realism vs. Reality in Digital Reconstruction of Cities
source	CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary	The digital reconstruction of existing cities using virtual reality techniques is being increasingly used. For consultants, municipalities and planning departments these models provide decision support through visual simulations (El Araby, 2001). For academia they provide a new tool for teaching students urban design and planning (Okeil, 2001). For authorities they provide a tool for promoting the city on the world wide web trying to attract more businesses and tourists to it. The built environment is very rich in detail. It does not only consist of open spaces surrounded by abstract buildings but it also includes many smaller objects such as street furniture, traffic signs, street lights, different types of vegetation and shop signs for example. All surfaces in the built environment have unique properties describing color, texture and opacity. The built environmentis dynamic and our perception is affected by factors such as pedestrian movement, traffic, environmental factors such as wind, noise and shadows. The built environment is also shaped by the accumulation of changes caused by many influences through time. All these factors make the reconstruction of the built environment a very complex task. This paper tries to answer the question: how realistic the reconstructed models of urban areas can be. It sees “Realism“ as a variable floating between three types of realties. The reality of the physical environment which we are trying to represent. The reality of the digital environment which will host the digitally reconstructed city. And the reality of the working environment which deals with the problem of limitation of resources needed to digitally reconstruct the city. A case study of building a 3D computer model of an urban area in the United Arab Emirates demonstrates that new time-saving techniques for data acquisition can enhance realism by meetingbudget limitations and time limitations.
keywords	Virtual Reality; Photo Realism; Texture Maps; 3D Modeling; Urban Design
series	other
email
last changed	2003/03/11 20:39

_id	cd47
authors	Park, Hyeonsoo
year	2001
title	Distributed Representation of an Architectural Model
source	Harvard University
summary	This thesis proposes a new strategy for design representation that uses dynamically decentralized design objects, distributed over the web and instantiated just-in-time, instead of the traditional centralized, static and local CAD model. It addresses the problem of coping with dynamic information changes that architects face when designing with increasingly time-sensitive product information from multiple suppliers. The dissertation describes the new distributed architecture for design representation, and outlines a corresponding new process model to address the needs of AEC (Architectural, Engineering and Construction) industries' architectural designers during design and procurement phases. The feasibility of the process was tested in a prototype system that combines existing state-of-the-art technologies. The prototype integrates the direct manipulation functionality of Autodesk's i-Drop technology with the Internet communication protocols HTTP and TCP/IP, and a VBA macro running from within AutoCAD 2000i. In the proposed model, libraries of AEC objects, representing suppliers' products, are located in multiple suppliers' databases and are made available to CAD designers remotely over the Web. Suppliers using the system are expected to produce product information as XML documents. This standardizes the interface with the remote designers.
keywords	Architecture; Design and Decorative Arts; Agriculture; Wood Technology
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	bf19
id	bf19
authors	Rafi, A
year	2001
title	Design computing: A new challenge for creative synergy
source	In Saito, N. (Ed.), Creative digital media: Its impact on the new century (pp. 132-136), Japan: Keio University Press
summary	As content becomes increasingly significant in giving ‘face’ to information technology (IT), the need to train and produce content designers has also become more and more important. The development of powerful computer technologies and the complexity of design have demanded designers to re-examine the design process and consider the adaptation of tools that will provide for creativity, improve the overall design process and, at the same time, reveal new insights (Rafi and Karboulonis, 2000). This paper gives an overview of the relationship between art and science through the ages, and discusses their relatively recent re-convergence. This text further argues that a re-convergence between art and science is currently occurring, highlighting the need to accelerate the process. It is suggested that re-convergence is a result of new technologies being researched, namely related to effective visualisation and communication of ideas and concepts, subsequently adopted by practitioners. Such elements, with tools that offer increased power and new abilities, are widely found today in the multimedia and the Virtual Environment (VE) as scientists and designers venture into each other’s domain. This paper also argues that content designers of the future must not only be both artist and technologist, but artist and technologist that are aware of the context in which content is being developed. The presentation will be a showcase of our exploration at the Faculty of Creative Multimedia, Multimedia University for the last 4 years, in integrating design and computer skills – the synergy that we called DESIGN COMPUTING.
keywords	design computing, creativity, content, design
series	book
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2007/09/13 03:43

_id	34d2
authors	Rottensteiner, Franz
year	2001
title	Semi-automatic extraction of buildings based on hybrid adjustment using 3D surface models and management of building data in a TIS
source	Vienna University of Technology
summary	A new method for semi-automatic building extraction together with a concept for storing building models alongside with terrain data in a topographical information system (TIS) is presented. A user interface based on Constructive Solid Geometry is combined with an internal data structure completely based on boundary representation. Each building can be de-composed into a set of simple primitives which are reconstructed individually. After selecting a primitive from a data base of common building shapes, the primitive parameters can be modified by interactive measurement in digital images in order to provide approximate values for automatic fine measurement. In all phases, the properties of the boundary models are directly connected to parameter estimation: the parameters of the building primitives are determined in a hybrid adjustment of camera co-ordinates and fictitious observations of points being situated on building faces. Automatic fine measurement is an application of a general framework for object surface reconstruction using hierarchical feature based object space matching. The integration of object space into the matching process is achieved by the new modeling technique. The management of both building and terrain data in a TIS is based on a unique principle. Meta data are managed in a relational data base, whereas the actual data are treated as binary large objects. The new method is evaluated in a test project (image scale: 1:4500, 70 % overlap, 50 % side lap). The automatic tool gives results with an accuracy of +-2-5 cm in planimetric position and +-5-10 cm in height.
keywords	Building Extraction; Semi-automatic building extraction; Object modelling; 3D City models; Data acquisition; Spatial Information Systems; Image matching; Photogrammetry
series	thesis:PhD
email
more	http://www.ipf.tuwien.ac.at/fr/buildings/diss/node5.html
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	7702
authors	Roy, U., Pramanik, N., Sudarsan, R., Sriram, R.D. and Lyons, K.W.
year	2001
title	Function-to-form mapping: model, representation and applications in design synthesis
source	Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 33 (10) (2001) pp. 699-719
summary	Design of a new artifact begins with incomplete knowledge about the final product and the design evolves as it progresses from the conceptual design stage to a moredetailed design. In this paper, an effort has been made to give a structural framework, through a set of generic definitions, to product specification, functionalrepresentation, artifact representation, artifact behavior and tolerance representation. A design synthesis process has been proposed for evolution of a product from theproduct specification. The proposed design synthesis method is a mapping from the functional requirements to artifacts, with multi-stage constrained optimization duringstages of design evolution. Provisions have been kept to augment and/or modify the product specification and domain knowledge during stages of development to guidethe design process. The effectiveness of the proposed design process has been illustrated with a simple design example based on a sample artifact library. An overalldesign scheme has been presented.
keywords	Design Synthesis, Function-To-Form Mapping, CAD, Object-Oriented Representation, Conceptual Design
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/05/15 21:33

_id	5bcd
authors	Rügemer, Jörg
year	2001
title	Computer Generated Architectural Design: 160 custom-made Architectural data flow from schematic design into Computer Aided Manufacturing
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 288-292
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.288
summary	The paper constitutes the introduction of a new approach into architectural design methods at the Institute for Architectural Design and CAD. It describes the experience with regard to the learning process and explains the design studio experiment ‘160 custom-made’. The design method has been developed from different actual building procedures. ‘160 custom-made’ provokes the contradiction between a modernistic architectural approach (industrialized parts and series manufacturing) and computer based design and manufacturing processes which promise the realization of almost every imaginable architectural shape at no extra cost. The students visited several Companies in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, who demonstrated state-of-the-art-technology-manufacturing methods on various materials. This Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) process then became the basis for discovering a new way to speculate about solutions to a design problem. The project was described into computer aided modeling starting early in the design. In the beginning participants were asked to design an object using terms, images and ideas, entirely detached from architectural thinking and without the knowledge of the actual architectural goal. ‘Maya’, a three-dimensional modeling software, was introduced at the same time, which allowed participants to translate the analog data of their models into a digital model description. In the last project phase this knowledge was used to visualize the models with the computer; a programmatic task was added to the design as the students proceeded with the further development stages of the project. The group searched for ways to translate the produced data structures and to drive the Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) process. The easy building of quick models with this technology proved to be more difficult than expected. ‘160 custom-made’ participants were confronted with an entirely new method of designing due to the unusual procedures needed to handle digital data information in order to receive the desired output.
keywords	Computer Aided Manufacturing, Rapid Prototyping, Design Education, Digital Design Development, Data Structures
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	5166
authors	Sass, Larry
year	2001
title	Reconstructing Palladio’s Villas: A computational analysis of Palladio’s villa design and construction process
source	Reinventing the Discourse - How Digital Tools Help Bridge and Transform Research, Education and Practice in Architecture [Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-10-1] Buffalo (New York) 11-14 October 2001, pp. 212-226
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.212
summary	This project is ongoing research focused on finding a method of reconstruction, using computational devices to build, represent and evaluate Palladio’s un-built villas in three-dimensions. The first of The Four Books of Architecture contains text and images explaining Palladio’s design and construction systems in the form of rules. These rules were written for masons and craftsmen of the 16th century, offering one and two-dimensional data on each of Palladio’s villas, palaces and churches. The Four Books offers a general treatment of the villas; however, it is missing most of the physical construction data needed to execute a full reconstruction of an un-built building. Many architects and historians have attempted to reconstruct Palladio’s work in drawings, wooden models and computer imagery. This project presents a new method of reconstruction through the definition of construction rules, in addition to shape and proportional rules defined by previous scholars. In also uses 3D printing and texture mapped renderings as design tools. This study uses the Villa Trissino in Meledo as a test case for the process. The end product is a presentation of a method for reconstruction in the form of a three-dimensional analysis of Palladio’s design and construction rules. The goal is to recreate all 24 of the villas found in the Four Books with the same method and rules as a demonstration of qualitative and quantitative input and output from a computational device.
keywords	Palladio, Computer Modeling, 3D Printing, Computer Rendering
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ac8e
authors	Schiller, Inge and Ferschin, Peter
year	2001
title	Planning.under.ground a concept and three dimensional visualization as part of the planning process of the underground city labin, croatia
source	CORP 2001, Vienna, pp. 211-214
summary	Urban agglomerations in the world metropolis demand new solutions to face the economical, social, ecological and physicalproblems. Many ideas concentrate mainly to above ground to either vertical and/or horizontal extension in the cities, with higherskyskrapers or even cities in the ocean.But what about using underground space?Fighting with the attributes of unpleasent surrounding, images of darkness, dampness and sickness, a lot of people don‘t feelsympathy for living underground. But the concept to live in depth, caves, catacombs or even cities below the surface is pretty old.Supported by literary and mystic traditions like travel to the underworld, a vision is initiated, to think more about these possibilitiesand a new direction of thinking for planners. The advantages of using the underground are obvious. In metropolitan cities inNetherlands, Israel or Japan, which have to face growing population, agricultural as well as open green spaces have to be protected.With the immense population growth, costs of land use increase and the climate in the cities deteriorates.The transfer of the essential utilization below ground surface can help to reduce the visual impacts of big cities, as well as preserveand create open green spaces and change the image of modern cities.Especially in Japan there is an increasing interest in going underground. The idea to build a whole city in an abandoned coalminehowever is new.In this specific case, the underground city is planned to be realized 200m below the surface in the abandoned tunnels of the formercoalmine in Labin, Croatia. An underground city with all the amenities of a city above ground, but with a completely new characterand atmosphere, which could be just artificially created above ground. Realized under the city of Labin, which has to fight against thehighest unemployment rate in the whole region of Istria.The visualization methods used in this project do not aim to communicate a detailed concept, but tend towards a virtual travelthrough a city in a mine, with its qualities, possibilities as well as limitations which will lead to a completely new direction ofcreating ideas for planning.
series	other
email
more	www.corp.at
last changed	2002/12/19 12:18

_id	9ea4
authors	Serrato-Combe, Antonio
year	2001
title	From Aztec Pictograms to Digital Media - The Case of the Aztec Temple Square
source	Reinventing the Discourse - How Digital Tools Help Bridge and Transform Research, Education and Practice in Architecture [Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-10-1] Buffalo (New York) 11-14 October 2001, pp. 034-043
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.034
summary	Virtual archaeology or re-creating ancient worlds digitally is not a new item. While the virtual reconstructions of Cahokia on the Mississippi or the Royal Cemetery at Ur in Iraq have provided us with glimpses of how those ancient sites might have looked, the ‘quality’ of the digital end product has been lacking. This is because virtual archaeology is in its infant stages. This paper makes the point that in order to truly develop the bases of a new cognitive science, virtual archaeology has to incorporate a willingness to achieve higher digital modeling and rendering qualities. In other words, our ability to explore, to interpret and to appropriately use digital tools needs to aspire to greater and more penetrating abilities to reconstruct the past. This paper presents the case of the digital reconstruction of the Aztec Temple Square. This is a unique project because, unlike other sites in antiquity where there is a substantial amount of archaeological evidence, the Aztec site contains little or almost no evidence. Most of what we know of the case comes from Indian manuscripts and Spanish chronicles.
keywords	Virtual Archaeology, Reconstruction, History
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

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