CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id 5a98
authors Huang, Ching-Hui
year 2001
title A preliminary study of spatializing cyberspace
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2001.027
source CAADRIA 2001 [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 1-86487-096-6] Sydney 19-21 April 2001, pp. 27-37
summary The spatial nature of cyberspace has not yet fully defined. This paper presents both analogous and comparative approach to reveal the spatial nature of cyberspace based on a conventional architecture theory, Space Syntax. Two types of city, the physical and the virtual, are compared in order to realize the configurational properties of cyberspace. The findings of this study indicate that the theoretical assumptions of existing architecture theories need to be altered so that cyberspace can be well interpret and understand.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id 0c14
authors Huang, Ching-Hui
year 2001
title A Preliminary Study of Spatializing Cyberspace - A Cognitive Approach
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.511
source Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 511-516
summary The purpose of this study is to reveal some aspects of the spatial nature of cyberspace by applying a cognitive approach, which is to decode cyberspatial cognition generated from the spatial experiences of an architectural designer. Two types of cities, the physical and the virtual, are compared in order to further realize the spatial knowledge of cyberspace. The results of this research indicate that understanding spatial characteristics of virtual environment can base upon investigating cognitive sketches. In addition, architectural designers might benefit from the findings of this study.
keywords Cyberspace, Physical City, Virtual City, Cyberspatial Cognition
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id de98
authors Wong, C.-H. , Liu, Y.-T., Chen, S.-C., Chang, K.-W., Lai, T., Lee, H.L. and Chang, Y.-Y.
year 2001
title Is cyberspace a space? A preliminary exploration of the spatial phenomena in the internat
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2001.189
source CAADRIA 2001 [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 1-86487-096-6] Sydney 19-21 April 2001, pp. 189-194
summary This study attempts to join the current interdisciplinary discussion on the issue of ëëspaceíí, and to obtain new definition as well as insightful understanding of "space". As a preliminary exploration, the main objective of this study is to discover the elements involved in Internet space creation and to examine the relationship between human participants and Internet spaces. In addition, this study also attempts to investigate whether participants from different academic disciplines define or experience Internet spaces in different ways, and to find what spatial elements of Internet they emphasize the most. We hope that our findings would ultimately be also useful for contemporary architectural designers and scholars in their designs in the real world and virtual world.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id avocaad_2001_16
id avocaad_2001_16
authors Yu-Ying Chang, Yu-Tung Liu, Chien-Hui Wong
year 2001
title Some Phenomena of Spatial Characteristics of Cyberspace
source AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary "Space," which has long been an important concept in architecture (Bloomer & Moore, 1977; Mitchell, 1995, 1999), has attracted interest of researchers from various academic disciplines in recent years (Agnew, 1993; Benko & Strohmayer, 1996; Chang, 1999; Foucault, 1982; Gould, 1998). Researchers from disciplines such as anthropology, geography, sociology, philosophy, and linguistics regard it as the basis of the discussion of various theories in social sciences and humanities (Chen, 1999). On the other hand, since the invention of Internet, Internet users have been experiencing a new and magic "world." According to the definitions in traditional architecture theories, "space" is generated whenever people define a finite void by some physical elements (Zevi, 1985). However, although Internet is a virtual, immense, invisible and intangible world, navigating in it, we can still sense the very presence of ourselves and others in a wonderland. This sense could be testified by our naming of Internet as Cyberspace -- an exotic kind of space. Therefore, as people nowadays rely more and more on the Internet in their daily life, and as more and more architectural scholars and designers begin to invest their efforts in the design of virtual places online (e.g., Maher, 1999; Li & Maher, 2000), we cannot help but ask whether there are indeed sensible spaces in Internet. And if yes, these spaces exist in terms of what forms and created by what ways?To join the current interdisciplinary discussion on the issue of space, and to obtain new definition as well as insightful understanding of "space", this study explores the spatial phenomena in Internet. We hope that our findings would ultimately be also useful for contemporary architectural designers and scholars in their designs in the real world.As a preliminary exploration, the main objective of this study is to discover the elements involved in the creation/construction of Internet spaces and to examine the relationship between human participants and Internet spaces. In addition, this study also attempts to investigate whether participants from different academic disciplines define or experience Internet spaces in different ways, and to find what spatial elements of Internet they emphasize the most.In order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the spatial phenomena in Internet and to overcome the subjectivity of the members of the research team, the research design of this study was divided into two stages. At the first stage, we conducted literature review to study existing theories of space (which are based on observations and investigations of the physical world). At the second stage of this study, we recruited 8 Internet regular users to approach this topic from different point of views, and to see whether people with different academic training would define and experience Internet spaces differently.The results of this study reveal that the relationship between human participants and Internet spaces is different from that between human participants and physical spaces. In the physical world, physical elements of space must be established first; it then begins to be regarded as a place after interaction between/among human participants or interaction between human participants and the physical environment. In contrast, in Internet, a sense of place is first created through human interactions (or activities), Internet participants then begin to sense the existence of a space. Therefore, it seems that, among the many spatial elements of Internet we found, "interaction/reciprocity" Ñ either between/among human participants or between human participants and the computer interface Ð seems to be the most crucial element.In addition, another interesting result of this study is that verbal (linguistic) elements could provoke a sense of space in a degree higher than 2D visual representation and no less than 3D visual simulations. Nevertheless, verbal and 3D visual elements seem to work in different ways in terms of cognitive behaviors: Verbal elements provoke visual imagery and other sensory perceptions by "imagining" and then excite personal experiences of space; visual elements, on the other hand, provoke and excite visual experiences of space directly by "mapping".Finally, it was found that participants with different academic training did experience and define space differently. For example, when experiencing and analyzing Internet spaces, architecture designers, the creators of the physical world, emphasize the design of circulation and orientation, while participants with linguistics training focus more on subtle language usage. Visual designers tend to analyze the graphical elements of virtual spaces based on traditional painting theories; industrial designers, on the other hand, tend to treat these spaces as industrial products, emphasizing concept of user-center and the control of the computer interface.The findings of this study seem to add new information to our understanding of virtual space. It would be interesting for future studies to investigate how this information influences architectural designers in their real-world practices in this digital age. In addition, to obtain a fuller picture of Internet space, further research is needed to study the same issue by examining more Internet participants who have no formal linguistics and graphical training.
series AVOCAAD
email
last changed 2005/09/09 10:48

_id 9d10
authors Anders, Peter and Livingstone, Daniel
year 2001
title STARS: Shared Transatlantic Augmented Reality System
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.350
source Reinventing the Discourse - How Digital Tools Help Bridge and Transform Research, Education and Practice in Architecture [Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-10-1] Buffalo (New York) 11-14 October 2001, pp. 350-355
summary Since October 2000 the authors have operated a laboratory, the Shared Transatlantic Augmented Reality System (STARS), for exploring telepresence in the domestic environment. The authors, an artist and an architect, are conducting a series of experiments to test their hypotheses concerning mixed reality and supportive environments. This paper describes these hypotheses, the purpose and construction of the lab, and preliminary results from the ongoing collaboration.
keywords Mixed Reality, Cybrid, Art, Cyberspace, CAiiA-STAR
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id b31a
authors Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R.
year 2001
title Mapping Cyberspace
source Routledge, London and New York
summary A ground-breaking book, Mapping Cyberspace provides an understanding of what cyberspace looks like and the social interactions that take place there. Written by and inter-disciplinary team of scholars this study explores the impacts of cyberspace on cultural, political and economic relations. Information on a companion website is also included.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id 1af4
authors Kalay, Yehuda E. and Marx, John
year 2001
title Architecture and the Internet: Designing Places in Cyberspace
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.230
source Reinventing the Discourse - How Digital Tools Help Bridge and Transform Research, Education and Practice in Architecture [Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-10-1] Buffalo (New York) 11-14 October 2001, pp. 230-241
summary Cyberspace, as the information space is called, has become accessible in the past decade through the World Wide Web. And although it can only be experienced through the mediation of computers, it is quickly becoming an alternative stage for everyday economic, cultural, and other human activities. As such, there is a potential and a need to design it according to place-like principles. Making places for human inhabitation is, of course, what architects, landscape architects, town planners, and interior designers have been doing in physical space for thousands of years. It is curious, therefore, that Cyberspace designers have not capitalized on the theories, experiences, and practices that have been guiding physical place-making. Rather, they have adopted the woefully inadequate ‘document metaphor’: instead of ‘web-places’ we find ‘web-pages.’ 3D environments that closely mimic physical space are not much better suited for making Cyber-places: they are, by and large, devoid of essential characteristics that make a ‘place’ different from a mere ‘space,’ and only rarely are they sensitive to, and take advantage of, the peculiarities of Cyberspace. We believe that this state of affairs is temporary, characteristic of early adoption stages of new technologies. As the Web matures, and as it assumes more fully its role as a space rather than as means of communication, there will be a growing need to design it according to place-making principles rather than document-making ones. By looking at physical architecture as a case study and metaphor for organizing space into meaningful places, this paper explores the possibility of organizing Cyberspace into spatial settings that not only afford social interaction, but, like physical places, also embody and express cultural values. At the same time, because Cyberspace lacks materiality, is free from physical constraints, and because it can only be ‘inhabited’ by proxy, these ‘places’ may not necessarily resemble their physical counterparts.
keywords Place, Internet, Cyberspace
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id 470c
authors Kuenstle, Michael W.
year 2001
title COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC APPLICATIONS IN WIND ENGINEERING FOR THE DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES IN WIND HAZARD PRONE AREAS (Computational Flow Dynamic Applications in Wind Engineering for the Design of Building Structures in Wind Hazard Prone Urban Areas)
source SIGraDi biobio2001 - [Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics / ISBN 956-7813-12-4] Concepcion (Chile) 21-23 november 2001, pp. 67-70
summary This paper documents an initial study investigating the integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation modeling into wind mitigation design for building structures located in wind hazard prone areas. Some of the basic principles and theoretical concepts of fluid flow and wind pressure as well as their translation into design criteria for structural analysis and design are reviewed, followed by a discussion of a CFD application case study for a simulated hurricane force wind flow over a low rectangular building using the k-epsilon turbulence model. The techniques and parameters for development of the simulation are discussed and some preliminary interpretations of the results are evaluated by comparing its predictions against existing experimental and analytical data, with special attention paid to the American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ACSE 7-98 and the Uniform Building Code .
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:54

_id 5df9
authors Liu, Y.-T., Chang, Y.-Y. and Wong, C.-H.
year 2001
title Someone Somewhere Some Time in the Middle of Nowhere: Some Observations of Spatial Sense Formation in the Internet
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.037
source Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 37-41
summary Following a previous study which investigated the verbal and visual elements of cyberspace, this study examines the relationship different academic training and the perceptions of the verbal and visual elements found in the previous study. The results of this study seems to indicate that the perception of the verbal elements is not relative to the subject’s academic training while the perception of the visual elements is.
keywords Keywords. Theory Of Space, Virtual Reality, Virtual Space, Web-Based Design, Visual Perception
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id 6006
authors Liu, Yu-Tung and Bai, Rui-Yuan
year 2001
title The Hsinchu experience: a computerized procedure for visual impact analysis and assessment
source Automation in Construction 10 (3) (2001) pp. 337-343
summary This paper examines the procedure of visual impact analysis and assessment (VIAA) proposed by Rahman and reviews the use of computer-aided design (CAD) applications in urban projects in the real world. A preliminary computerized procedure for VIAA is proposed. An experiment was conducted in our laboratory to verify the preliminary procedure. In order to further study the revised procedure in real urban projects, it was also applied into the renew project of The Eastern Gate Plaza located in the center of Hsinchu, Taiwan from 1996 to 1998. Based on the face-to-face discussions with Hsinchu habitants, government officials, and professional designers, a final computerized procedure for VIAA is concluded.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id d7d5
authors Schnabel, Marc Aurel and Kvan, Thomas
year 2001
title Design communication in immersive virtual environments: An initial exploration
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.472
source Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 472-478
summary Using Virtual Environment (VE) to visualize ideas from the initial steps of design, the architect is challenged to deal with perception of space, solid and void, without translations to and from a two dimensional media. In this moment, we may expect new forms of design expression. The goal of our study was to identify how designers use and communicate early design ideas by using immersive three-dimensional VEs. We explored initial intentions of 3Dimmersive design schemes, textual descriptions and collaborations within immersive VE. We set-up a series of experiments including navigation- and perception-tasks, designing in immersive VE, transcription of design, remote communication between design partners and controlled observations. The paper describes these experiments. Finally we summarize observations from this research, for instance the simplicity to interconnect design-ideas cross platforms, conclude with possible future directions of our investigation, initiating a broader research including other disciplines.
keywords Virtual Reality, Design Processes, Communication Methods, Preliminary Design, Evaluation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id 268b
authors Shih, N.-J., Lai, J-T., Tsai Y.-L. and Chang, H.-Y.
year 2001
title An Application of Panoramic Site Supervision System in Interior Remodeling
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.047
source Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 47-53
summary This study shows a preliminary application of a panorama video device PanoDome in architecture-related supervision of interior renovation. This is a PC-based system that takes 360 degree of scenes for recording or analysis purposes. The setup enables an installation almost at any location. This study proposes the application of the supervision system in three categories: a construction monitoring system, an application pattern, and exemplification. The application can be used in supervision recording, coordination, review, process inspection, and process rebuild in construction.
keywords Panoramas, Construction Supervision, CAAD
series eCAADe
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id 6794
authors Tosello, María Elena
year 2001
title DISEÑANDO LO INVISIBLE (Designing the Invisible)
source SIGraDi biobio2001 - [Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics / ISBN 956-7813-12-4] Concepcion (Chile) 21-23 november 2001, pp. 254-256
summary The topic of this thesis project is the design, construction and experimentation of digital environments. The project intends to contribute to the evolution of cyberspace by investigating what can be particular expressions of the virtual universe. Cyberspace has a different essence from physical space and therefore it needs a different conceptualization and a new design strategy. The main goal of this project is to exploit the qualities, properties and characteristics that are unique to cyberspace. To reach this experimental study of cyberspace, I use physiological data in numerical format, as the building material to design, build and transform digital spaces.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:01

_id 1f37
authors Alpha, Lee W.K. and Iki, Kazuhisa
year 2001
title Moving Architecture and Transiting Landscape. Interactive Rendering System for Animated Assessment
source Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 0-7923-7023-6] Eindhoven, 8-11 July 2001, pp. 739-752
summary In this paper, an Interactive Rendering System for Animated Assessment (IRSA2) is proposed. Using IRSA2, different to the usual process that the respondents are allowed only to select alternatives designed by planners, they are allowed to participate in the design process and create alternatives as proposals in a web-based collaborative environment. This gives roads to an autonomous process in landscape planning and design. The system efficiency was verified by a case study of its use in a wind farm project in Japan.
keywords Collaborative Design, Utilization Of Internet, Overall Design Strategy,
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2006/11/07 07:22

_id sigradi2003_076
id sigradi2003_076
authors Armesto, Tristán
year 2003
title Producción Digital de un Auditorio (Digital Production of an Auditorium)
source SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary In the middle of the year 2001, we had the opportunity to project an Auditory in the particular building of our School of Architecture. The chance to produce the entire project an all the technical documentation was given; using only digital tools. The use of this tools let us to calculate illumination, isolation study, sound an thermical conditioning with a real time visualization of the three dimensional model.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id 0bef
authors Ataman, Osman and Wingert, Kate
year 2001
title DEVELOPING AN INTERACTIVE URBAN MODEL PROTOTYPE
source SIGraDi biobio2001 - [Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics / ISBN 956-7813-12-4] Concepcion (Chile) 21-23 november 2001, pp. 300-303
summary The application of new digital media provides a methodology for reconstructing and analyzing certain architectural elements from the past. In this paper, a research project is described to develop a prototype system to represent and manipulate information in urban settings. In general, our research is aimed at developing a prototype urban database model and Philadelphia is chosen as a case study. An emphasis is placed on identification, categorization and representation of information in a way that is useful for urban researchers for analysis.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id 2a2d
authors Baesler, F.A., Sepúlveda, J., Thompson, W., García, R.A., Pezo, M.B. and Rodríguez, P.M.
year 2001
title EL USO DE SIMULACIÓN EN EL ANÁLISIS DEL FLUJO DE PACIENTES EN SISTEMAS DE SALUD (The Use of Simulation in the Analysis of the Flow of Patients in Health Systems)
source SIGraDi biobio2001 - [Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics / ISBN 956-7813-12-4] Concepcion (Chile) 21-23 november 2001, pp. 86-88
summary This paper presents the results of three research projects developed by the authors oriented to the use of simulation as a tool for process improvement at the emergency room and cancer treatment center of the Orlando Regional Health Care Systems Hospital in the USA. The results obtained showed that simulation is as powerful tool for reducing patients waiting time. A second phase of this study presents the idea of integrating simulation and virtual reality techniques. This methodology would allow to explore digitally new alternatives for architectonic design linked to the development of activities over time.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id caadria2010_043
id caadria2010_043
authors Barker, Tom and M. Hank Haeusler
year 2010
title Urban digital media: facilitating the intersection between science, the arts and culture in the arena of technology and building
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.457
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 457-466
summary The research presented in this paper investigates ways of providing better design applications for technologies in the field of Urban Digital Media (UDM). The work takes an emergent approach, evolving a design strategy through the early engagement of stakeholders. The paper discusses research in a design-led creative intersection between media technology, culture and the arts in the built environment. The case study discusses opportunities for the enhancement of a university campus experience, learning culture and community, through the provision of an integrated digital presence within campus architecture and urban spaces. It considers types of information architecture (Manovich, 2001) and designs for use in urban settings to create communication-rich, advanced and interactive designed spaces (Haeusler, 2009). The presented research investigates how to create a strategy for display technologies and networked communications to transform and augment the constructed reality of the built environment, allowing new formats of media activity.
keywords Urban design; outdoor digital media; information architecture; multidisciplinary design; augmented reality; media facades
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 6559
authors Barrionuevo, Luis F. and Borsetti, Ricardo
year 2001
title LA POTENCIALIDAD ESPACIAL DE LOS "SPIROLATERALS" EN LA ARQUITECTURA (The Spacial Potential of the "Spirolaterals" in Architecture)
source SIGraDi biobio2001 - [Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics / ISBN 956-7813-12-4] Concepcion (Chile) 21-23 november 2001, pp. 74-76
summary “Spirolaterals” (Odds, 1973) are mathematical entities created by drawing a set of lines, the first at a unit length, then each additional line increasing by a value of certain longitude while turning a constant or variable direction. (Krawczyk, 2000) The objective of this work is to propose the use of spirolaterals as a geometric support to produce preliminary alternatives for architectural layouts. A computation program is implemented to demonstrate the automatic production of spatial spirolaterals: spirospace, and images of results are exposed.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id 1b10
id 1b10
authors Bay, Joo-Hwa
year 2001
title Cognitive Biases - The case of tropical architecture
source Delft University of Technology
summary This dissertation investigates, i) How cognitive biases (or illusions) may lead to errors in design thinking, ii) Why architects use architectural precedents as heuristics despite such possible errors, and iii) Develops a design tool that can overcome this type of errors through the introduction of a rebuttal mechanism. The mechanism controls biases and improves accuracy in architectural thinking. // The research method applied is interdisciplinary. It employs knowledge from cognitive science, environmental engineering, and architectural theory. The case study approach is also used. The investigation is made in the case of tropical architecture. The investigation of architectural biases draws from work by A. Tversky and D. Kahneman in 1982 on “Heuristics and biases”. According to Tversky and Kahneman, the use of heuristics of representativeness (based on similarity) and availability (based on ease of recall and imaginability) for judgement of probability can result in cognitive biases of illusions of validity and biases due to imaginability respectively. This theory can be used analogically to understand how errors arise in the judgement of environmental behaviour anticipated from various spatial configurations, leading to designs with dysfunctional performances when built. Incomplete information, limited time, and human mental resources make design thinking in practice difficult and impossible to solve. It is not possible to analyse all possible alternative solutions, multiple contingencies, and multiple conflicting demands, as doing so will lead to combinatorial explosion. One of the ways to cope with the difficult design problem is to use precedents as heuristic devices, as shortcuts in design thinking, and at the risk of errors. This is done with analogical, pre-parametric, and qualitative means of thinking, without quantitative calculations. Heuristics can be efficient and reasonably effective, but may not always be good enough or even correct, because they can have associated cognitive biases that lead to errors. Several debiasing strategies are discussed, and one possibility is to introduce a rebuttal mechanism to refocus the designer’s thinking on the negative and opposite outcomes in his judgements, in order to debias these illusions. The research is carried out within the framework of design theory developed by the Design Knowledge System Research Centre, TUDelft. This strategy is tested with an experiment. The results show that the introduction of a rebuttal mechanism can debias and improve design judgements substantially in environmental control. The tool developed has possible applications in design practice and education, and in particular, in the designing of sustainable environments.
keywords Design bias; Design knowledge; Design rebuttal; Design Precedent; Pre-parametric design; Tropical architecture; Sustainability
series thesis:PhD
type normal paper
email
last changed 2006/05/28 07:42

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