Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ga0123
id	ga0123
authors	Coates P., Appels, T. Simon, C. and Derix, C.
year	2001
title	Current work at CECA
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	The centre for environment computing and architecture continues to experiment with new ways to form, and this paper presents three recent projects from the MSc programme. The three projects all share underlying assumptions about the use of generative algorithms to constructform, using fractal decomposition, lindenmayer systems and the marching cubes algorithm respectively to construct three dimensional "architectural" objects. The data needed to drive the morphology however ranges from formal proportional systems and Genetic L systems programming through swarming systems to perceptive self organising neural nets. In all cases, the projects pose the question what is architectural form. While after Stanford Anderson (Anderson 66) we know it is simplistic to say that it is an automatic outcome of a proper definition of the brief, it is also difficult to accept that the form of a building is an entirely abstract geometrical object existing without recourse to social or contextual justification. In anattempt to resolve these issues we have turned to the study of systems and general system theory as a way of understanding the mechanics of emergence and morphogenesis generally, and the
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	b31a
authors	Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R.
year	2001
title	Mapping Cyberspace
source	Routledge, London and New York
summary	A ground-breaking book, Mapping Cyberspace provides an understanding of what cyberspace looks like and the social interactions that take place there. Written by and inter-disciplinary team of scholars this study explores the impacts of cyberspace on cultural, political and economic relations. Information on a companion website is also included.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	81b8
authors	Kolarevic, Branko
year	2001
title	Digital Fabrication: Manufacturing Architecture in the Information Age
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.268
source	Reinventing the Discourse - How Digital Tools Help Bridge and Transform Research, Education and Practice in Architecture [Proceedings of the Twenty First Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-10-1] Buffalo (New York) 11-14 October 2001, pp. 268-278
summary	This paper addresses the recent digital technological advances in design and fabrication and the unprecedented opportunities they created for architectural design and production practices. It investigates the implications of new digital design and fabrication processes enabled by the use of rapid prototyping (RP) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies, which offer the production of small-scale models and full-scale building components directly from 3D digital models. It also addresses the development of repetitive non-standardized building systems through digitally controlled variation and serial differentiation, i.e. mass-customization, in contrast to the industrial-age paradigms of prefabrication and mass production. The paper also examines the implications of the recent developments in the architectural application of the latest digital design and fabrication technologies, which offer alternatives to the established understandings of architectural design and production processes and their material and economic constraints. Such critical examination should lead to a revised understanding of the historic relationship between architecture and its means of production.
keywords	Digital Fabrication, Computer-Aided Manufacturing, Digital Construction
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	avocaad_2001_21
id	avocaad_2001_21
authors	Martijn Stellingwerff
year	2001
title	Visual Cues in the CYBER-REAL Complex
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	Current Computer Aided Architectural Design deals with issues of complexity in creation and interpretation of the built environment, complexity of the computer systems and complexity of the representations of the design object. The term ‘CYBER-REAL Complex’ in this paper is defined as the whole (un)conscious state of the architectural design project in the heads of the design-group and as how it is maintained in CAAD systems. The ‘CYBER-REAL Complex’ contains the design, its context and all related information such as planning, product specifications and design ideas. An Intranet is an interesting means for storage and approach of such complex project-data. However the knowledge and data of the project participants remains in their heads and new methods have to be developed in order to get each participant to share his or her personal information about the project. Meetings and intense data retrieval by an Intranet can establish a useful ‘CYBER-REAL Complex’. Then, as a designer wants to approach and change the information in the ‘CYBER-REAL Complex’, a very good set of tools, methods and media has to be at hand. The complexity of all the information can be overwhelming and it can take much effort to re-understand and re-interpret the information before new decisions and design-steps can be made. Currently, the understanding of CAAD representations by the designer and the deliberate execution of operations on increasingly complex datasets through increasingly complex user interfaces takes too much time and effort. An enhanced way of representation in the ‘CYBER-REAL Complex’ could help the approach and understanding of the information. Therefore the visual language of information systems needs further research and development. This paper explores several limits of human perception and ways to adhere to the human way of visual thinking in order to find and add new visual cues in CAAD, VR interfaces and in the ‘CYBER-REAL Complex’ as a whole. Successively the perceptive aspects of complex information, the role of visual cues in complex information and several examples of visual cues in research tests are presented. The paper draws from knowledge of the Gestalt Theory, Perception Research and findings of a PhD research project about Visual Language for Context Related Architectural Design. Findings of this research show that designers use distinct views to get overview and insight in the project data and that different kinds of data representation are needed for different phases in the design process. Finally it showed that abstract represented and filtered information can be very useful for remaining focus in the otherwise overwhelming dataset.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	4664
authors	Russell, Peter
year	2001
title	Visualising Non-Visual Building Information
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.546
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 546-551
summary	Architecture can be understood as a process and as an object. In both forms, it consists of a complex of mass, monetary, energy and information flows that occur over time scales ranging from hours and days to centuries. The parts or elements making up buildings and the processes involved in producing, maintaining, using and disposing of them are highly intertwined and multi-dimensional. The field of Architecture can range from complete building stocks down to individual buildings, their elements, and the materials and processes making up these elements. What is more, it is also necessary to introduce time as a dimension in order to model the complete life cycle of buildings. Current CAD systems concentrate primarily on the replication of the traditional drawing process (sometimes in three dimensions) and the visualisation of the finished building. While these models describe the geometry and visual appearance of buildings, the bulk of the information about the building remains unseen. Recently developed systems such as the German LEGOE system have combined a materials database with specification and CAD systems, which allows for a more comprehensive description of the building. However, this additional information is displayed either rudimentarily or as lists of numbers. The information describing the position or visual quality of building elements is, in fact, minuscule in comparison to that describing the properties of the materials involved, their production methods, the energy needed to produce, transport and install the elements, and information concerning toxicology and environmental issues. What is more, these materials are not simply in situ, but can be considered to flow through the building. These flows also occur at widely varying rates according to the type of material and the type of building. The view is taken that buildings are actually temporary repositories of various “flows” which occupy the building during its lifetime. Thus seen, the various aspects of a building at a certain stage of its life are taken to be the total sum of its inputs and outputs at any given time. Currently, its complexity and the lack of cognitive assistance in its presentation limit the understanding of this information. The author postulates that to better understand this information, visual displays of this “non-visual” building information are needed, at least for those who, like architects, are more visually inclined. The paper describes attempts made to go beyond conventional two-dimensional charts, which have tended to only complicate understanding. This is partly due to the need to display a high number of dimensions in one space. Examples are shown of experimental visual displays using three-dimensional graphs created in VRML as well as a “remodelling” of the building based on statistical rather than spatial information to form a building “artefact”. The remodelled artefacts are based on a null-value three-dimensional form and are then modified according to the specific database information without changing their topology. These artefacts are initially somewhat idiosyncratic, but become more useful when a large enough population has been created. With sufficient numbers, it is possible to compare and classify the artefacts according to their visually discernible attributes. The classification of the artefacts is useful in understanding building types independent of their formal “architectural” or spatial qualities, particularly with age-use-classes. The paper also describes initial attempts to create building information landscapes that unfold from the artefacts allowing detailed views of the summarised information displayed by the individual artefacts.
keywords	Building Information, Visualisation, VRML, Life Cycle Analysis
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	802d
authors	Tweed, Christopher
year	2001
title	The social context of CAAD in practice
source	Automation in Construction 10 (5) (2001) pp. 617-629
summary	The term 'application domain' crops up in many CAAD research papers and yet seldom is the domain described in any detail. In the absence of a detailed understanding of the application domain, CAAD research often substitutes a typical `designer' or `architect' as the end-user of developed systems. The end-user's beliefs, norms, values, history and other concrete characteristics are rarely fleshed out beyond a stereotypical, totalising view, which serves as an `ideal-type' that offers a psychological economy, avoiding the need for us to think too deeply about individual CAAD users. But, as anyone who has taught architecture or worked in practice will be aware, despite many shared interests and attitudes among a given group of designers, there is considerable variation across individuals, not just in skills but in general disposition or `styles' of comportment, which shape how individuals go about designing. Design research has mostly been blind to such variations. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to begin to fashion a set of questions that will enrich our knowledge and to suggest a framework that can be used to answer them.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	6756
authors	Butler, K.S., Rincón, H., Maria Lane, K. and Brand, R.
year	2001
title	Construyendo una ciudad sostenible en la frontera: planificación de la ciudad de Colombia, Nuevo León, México [Constructing A Sustainable City In the Border: Planning of the City of Colombia, Nuevo León, Mexico ]
source	2da Conferencia Venezolana sobre Aplicación de Computadores en Arquitectura, Maracaibo (Venezuela) december 2001, pp. 194-203
summary	The policy rationale for promotion of urban development in the Mexico-Texas borderland of Nuevo León is likely to be sustained and even strengthened. The University of Texasí participation in new town planning for Colombia spans at least three hierarchical levels with students, faculty members, practitioners and government officials joining efforts. At the ìstudio levelî, students completed a comprehensive landscape assessment for portions of the future city using GPS surveying and GIS database and modeling. Graduate students, using field data, updated 2000 maps/shapefiles, and spatial modeling as an analysis tool, created a series of spatial models to produce useful information about the study areaís inherent suitability for agriculture, human settlement and preservation. This work culminated in a research symposium, planning charrette, refinement of land use and infrastructure assumptions, and the development of masterplan elements for the future city. In contrast to the professional firm, the project provides unique opportunities for intensive learning and applied research that contribute to the ecological, social and economic well-being of new cities and developing regions,
keywords	USA-Mexico Border; Sustainable Development; Regional Planning; Arch View
series	other
email
last changed	2003/02/14 08:29

_id	diss_duarte
id	diss_duarte
authors	Duarte, J. P.
year	2001
title	Customizing mass housing: a discursive grammar for Siza’s Malagueira houses
source	PhD dissertation, Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
summary	This thesis proposes a process of providing mass-customized housing based on computer-aided design and production systems. It focuses on the design part, which mainly consists of an interactive system for the generation of design solutions based on a mathematical model called discursive grammar. A discursive grammar includes a shape grammar, a description grammar, and a set of heuristics. The shape grammar provides the rules of formal composition, whereas the description grammar describes the design from other relevant viewpoints. The set of heuristics is used to guide the generation of designs by comparing the description of the evolving design with the description of the desired house. The generation of a design proceeds first by producing a design brief from the user-prompted requirements and then by finding a solution that satisfies this brief. Search is largely deterministic, which decreases the amount of time required to find a solution, thereby making it reasonable to develop Web-based implementations. The proposed model enables an enduring designer's dream, that of the mass customization of housing. The model is illustrated with a case study that includes a shape grammar developed for the houses designed by the architect Alvaro Siza at Malagueira, a description grammar based on the Portuguese housing regulations, and a set of heuristics inferred after a set of experiments. In these experiments, designers were asked to generate houses based on the Malagueira grammar for specific clients. It is argued that this discursive grammar provides a rigorous method for understanding and teaching Siza's design process and that similar grammars could be developed for other styles. A Web page for explaining the grammar and generating new designs on-line was developed as a prototype.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 12:58

_id	afe6
authors	Funkhouser, Thomas
year	2001
title	Modeling acoustics in virtual environments using the uniform theory of diffraction
source	Siggraph 2001
summary	Realistic modeling of reverberant sound in 3D virtual worlds provides users with important cues for localizing sound sources and understanding spatial properties of the environment. Unfortunately, current geometric acoustic modeling systems do not accurately simulate reverberant sound. Instead, they model only direct transmission and specular reflection, while diffraction is either ignored or modeled through statistical approximation. However, diffraction is important for correct interpretation of acoustic environments, especially when the direct path between sound source and receiver is occluded. The Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) extends geometrical acoustics with diffraction phenomena: illuminated edges become secondary sources of diffracted rays that in turn may propagate through the environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient way for computing the acoustical effect of diffraction paths using the UTD for deriving secondary diffracted rays and associated diffraction coefficients. Our main contributions are: 1) a beam tracing method for enumerating sequences of diffracting edges efficiently and without aliasing in densely occluded polyhedral environments; 2) a practical approximation to the simulated sound field in which diffraction is considered only in shadow regions; and 3) a real-time auralization system demonstrating that diffraction dramatically improves the quality of spatialized sound in virtual environments.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	caadria2003_b6-1
id	caadria2003_b6-1
authors	Howe, A.S., Kang, P. and Nasari, Omid
year	2003
title	Digiosk Digital Design to Robotic Deployment in Two Months
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.811
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 811-826
summary	In this paper, we discuss Kit-of-parts Theory and how it applies to the design, manufacture, and operation of a small robotic deployable demonstration structure called the Digiosk (Howe, 2001). "Kit-of-parts Theory" refers to the study and application of objectoriented building techniques, where building components are predesigned / pre-engineered / pre-fabricated for inclusion in joint-based (linear element), panel-based (planar element), module-based (solid element), and deployable (time element) construction systems. The Digiosk is an exposition display kiosk that was designed and manufactured digitally, and brought from concept to robotic functionality in a short period of time. Using kinematic mechanisms the cylinder opens up and deploys into a 2.7m cubical display booth complete with integral power and network connections. The kiosk was designed using a solid modeler, from which data was extracted to drive digital manufacturing processes. Owing to the well-developed understanding of Kit-of-parts Theory and the new "kinematic architecture" principles, the paperless process yielded a working prototype only eight weeks after initial conceptualization. The paper concludes with a discussion of how these concepts can be applied to large-scale projects and design processes.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ecaade2023_221
id	ecaade2023_221
authors	Imam, Chowdhury Ali and Ligler, Heather
year	2023
title	3D Voxel Grammar of Mangalabas (Goodwill House)
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.2.441
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 2, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 441–450
summary	Mangalabas (Goodwill House) is a historic multi-court mansion in Farashganj, Old Dhaka, Bangladesh. The spatial layout combines multiple courtyards, demonstrating how the courtyard is an integral part of traditional Bengali houses and vernacular buildings. During the British colonial period, Mangalabas and many other multi-court mansions were built in Dhaka by combining the native spatial organization of courtyard buildings with imported European elements (Rahmam and Haque, 2001). This typology is unique to Bangladesh and offers configurations with spatial, social, and environmental values that are often missing from contemporary housing in Dhaka. This paper revisits the vernacular essence of Bengali courtyard-based living and presents a 3D voxel-based interpretation of Mangalabas to promote the potential of this building form. The research focuses on inferring shape rules of the volumetric composition to understand the programmatic relations between the courtyards and overall massing. Voxels are used to represent these relationships in a straightforward way and to strategize for the computer implementation of grammar in future work. The current study sets a foundation for understanding this Bengali housing type and the logic of its building form as a basis for designing new housing prototypes that learn from this vernacular.
keywords	Shape Grammar, Voxel Grammar, Courtyard, Colonial Architecture
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	c176
authors	Jain, R.
year	2001
title	Digital Experience
source	Communications of the ACM, 44(3), pp. 38-40
summary	We experience our physical environment through our natural senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Combined with the models of the world each of us develops through learning, they allow us to experience and function in the physical and social worlds. The history of civilization follows the development of our understanding of experience" and how to share it with our fellow humans immediately, as well as with those who will follow in future generations (see the Symbolic Timeline). Experience is fundamental to human existence. The desire to share it will continue to be the motivating factor in the development of exciting multimedia technology in the foreseeable future. Data is observed facts or measurements; information is derived from data in a specific context. Experience is the direct observation or participation in an event. A look at history reveals how human society has evolved into an information society and is on its way to being an experience society. "
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	521e
authors	Klein, M., Sayama, H., Faratin, P. and Bar-Yam, Y.
year	2001
title	What Complex Systems Research Can Teach Us About Collaborative Design
source	Proceedings of International Workshop on CSCW in Design, London, Ontario, Canada, pp. 5-12
summary	Collaborative design is challenging because strong interdependencies between design issues make it difficult to converge on a single design that satisfies these dependencies and is acceptable to all participants. Complex systems research has much to offer to the understanding of these dynamics. This paper describes some insights from the complex systems perspective.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	3826
authors	Kolarevic, Branko
year	2001
title	Designing and Manufacturing Architecture in the Digital Age
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.117
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 117-123
summary	The paper describes and examines the implications of the recent developments in the architectural application of the latest digital design and fabrication technologies, which offer alternatives to the established understandings of architectural design and production processes and their material and economic constraints. It offers a possibility of a revised understanding of the historic relationship between architecture and its means of production.
keywords	Digital Design, Digital Fabrication, CAD/CAM
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	72fb
authors	Koutamanis, Alexander
year	2001
title	On the Management of Visual Design Documentation
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.124
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 124-130
summary	One of the most significant consequences of computerization in design practice is a spectacular increase in the amount and complexity of information produced for the specification, analysis and communication of design decisions and products. Computerization is intended to have a positive effect on such subjects but offers no builtin guarantees. The complexity, redundancy and amount of information that is generated on a variety of media has accentuated the problems of archiving, indexing and retrieving design documentation, either in the same project or in related ones. The shortcomings of visual information processing derive from a number of inherent problems: lack of integration in information carriers and kinds; organizational uncertainty, especially with respect to archiving and retrieval; superficial replication of analogue practices; limited understanding of information utility; chronic underestimates of automation potential coupled to overestimates of costs. A progressive improvement of design documentation should focus on: (1) the integration of information kinds and carriers in a single representation (in the direction of virtual prototyping); (2) correlation of information registration and processing with information utility; (3) structural rather than opportunistic or deterministic integration of utility requirements in design representations; (4) recognition of informatization and information management as a new specialization that complements existing roles in the design and management of the built environment
keywords	Computerization, Management, Visual Representation, Integration
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	a760
authors	Laurini, R.
year	2001
title	Information Systems for Urban Planning
source	Taylor & Francis London and New York
summary	Urban planners who need to design information systems require an understanding of systems analysis, data acquisition and GIS. Planners have moved beyond drawing land use plans, to examining the evolution of urban activities to monitor and analyze urban societal and environmental problems. Novel tools, like using multimedia information systems and GIS, will become an increasingly important, eventually essential part of the job. Both practitioners and students will find this book useful, provided they have an adequate grounding in computing, data analysis and GIS and they are looking to use and design computer systems for developing maps and written statements for city planning.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	05f6
authors	Maver; T.W.
year	2001
title	Virtual Heritage: Reconstructing the Past: Reconfiguring the Future
source	Enhanced Realities: Augmented and Unplugged. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multi-media, Berkeley, 168-176
summary	This paper attempts an overview of the contribution which emerging information technologies - viz CAD, Multimedia, Virtual Reality and the Internet - can make to the presentation, understanding and preservation of the rich architectural heritage which exists in almost every cultural context.
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2015/02/20 11:22

_id	5b1e
authors	Stellingwerff, Martijn
year	2001
title	The concept of Carrying in Collaborative Virtual Environments
source	Stellingwerff, Martijn and Verbeke, Johan (Eds.), ACCOLADE - Architecture, Collaboration, Design. Delft University Press (DUP Science) / ISBN 90-407-2216-1 / The Netherlands, pp. 195-208 [Book ordering info: m.c.stellingwerff@bk.tudelft.nl]
summary	Collaborative Architectural Design can take place within a virtual environment with a team of remote but virtually present people. However, in most virtual environments, the ability to perform actions is still limited to the availability of some interactive objects and a set of tools for the specific purposes of the system. As the interface of most systems is designed for unshared use, the graphic feedback signals are limited to local information about the state of objects and tools. If multiuser interaction is added to such Virtual Environments, many new possibilities and problems emerge. Users of shared applications should not only be informed about the state of local objects, tools and their own actions, they should also be made aware of what the other users undertake. Aspects, which are in daily life so obvious, should be restudied thoroughly for the application within Virtual Environments for Collaborative Design. Much research has to be undertaken in order to make such virtual places as intuitively interactive as ordinary shared working places. The 'concept of carrying', which is proposed and explained in this paper, is expected to become a useful metaphoric mechanism for solving several issues related to Spatial User Interfaces (SUI's) and Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVE's). The visual feedback from 'carrying-events' should provide more mutual understanding about ongoing processes in shared applications and it should add a more 'natural' interface for processes concerning people, tools and content in virtual and digitally augmented environments. At the start of this paper some basic human action patterns for tasks on a 2Ddesktop are compared to tasks in a 3D-environment. These action patterns are checked for their implementation in Windows Icons Menus and Pointer (WIMP) interfaces and Virtual Reality systems. Carrying is focused upon as an important interactive event in Virtual Environments. Three carrying actions related to Collaborative Architectural Design are explained by means of prototypes in Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). Finally the usefulness of a general carrying concept as part of a new Visual Language is considered. The research at hand is in its first exploring phases and draws from a running PhD research about SUI's for Context Related Architectural Design and from recent experiences in CVE's.
series	other
email
last changed	2001/09/14 21:30

_id	24db
authors	Tang, Tsien-Hui
year	2001
title	Exploring the Roles of Exploring the roles of Sketches and Knowledge in the Design Process
source	The University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture
summary	The needs of computational tools provide the motivation to have a better understanding of the roles of knowledge and sketches in the design process. The inadequacies of current computer-aided conceptual design tools result from our vague comprehension of the nature of the design process. The hypothesis of this study is that the design process involves interlocked and multi-mode processes in which design knowledge and sketches interact with each other to advance the design process. These interactions make current computer-aided design systems unsatisfactory in the conceptual design process. The understanding of these interactions would provide the foundation of more useful computational tools and potentially play a role in developing better pedagogical methods. This research utilized both process-oriented and content-oriented coding schemes to examine different aspects of the design process. Concurrent and retrospective protocols were analyzed to determine their utility in revealing the design processes. Retrospective protocols and the content-oriented coding scheme were selected for design cognition studies in this research, and the procedures of experiments and analyses were described in detail. The results of encoded protocols were presented in terms of segments, levels, and instances. They represented the design process in a way that enabled us to observe the interactions among sketches, knowledge, and different cognitive levels. The examination of the conceptual design process demonstrated its features of interlinked levels and multiple modes; even one snippet of the process contained various modes and sub-processes. The shifting speed of intentions and the vagueness of sketches and functional references were also shown. The study of the meditated roles of the sketches and knowledge in the design process shows the following. First, sketches are the affordances of perceptual and functional instances while designing. Most of the sketches made by designers are multi-functionally bounded. Second, design knowledge plays various roles in the conceptual design process. The ubiquitous designerly way of knowing demonstrates the differences between active developing and passive utilizing design knowledge. Finally, one of the roles of design sketches and knowledge is shown to be the connector among different cognitive levels in the design process. The unpredictability of the design process is demonstrated in the results. Design knowledge provides previously generated solutions for the problem at hand, and design situatedness describes the phenomenon that a designer uses his/her experience to produce novelty and innovation. A method to measure the design innovation through an encoded protocol is proposed based on the concept of situated creativity. The implications for future computer-aided design systems are presented based on the roles of sketches, knowledge, and situatedness in the interlinked and multimode design process. The concept of cognition-oriented CAD is proposed to provide empirical clues to improve current CAD systems.
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/05/06 11:35

_id	ga0126
id	ga0126
authors	van Loocke, Philip
year	2001
title	Organic visualisation of high-dimensional objects: exploration of a world of forms based on the heart transform
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	The paper starts with a brief motivation for the present type of work. The ecological argument, the world view argument and the argument in terms of understanding intuition are summarized. Then, a particular approach to the generative construction of organic forms is developed. The forms are based on variations of the ‘heart transform’. These variations allowone to construct two- and three dimensional visualizations of high-dimensional objects. The resulting forms can be described as ‘organic’ and complex, but some basic features, such as the requirement that a construction should be broader at its basis than at its top, or that itshould be more fractal at its boundary than at its center, can be controlled. The representations of some sets of high-dimensional points are aesthetically more attractive than the representations of other sets. It is discussed how this leads to the possibility of an aesthetic - instead of an algorithmic- basis for decisions on class-membership, and how this may shed light on the difference between algorithms and intuition.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

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