Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	4a58
id	4a58
authors	Giddings R, Horne M
year	2002
title	Artists' Impressions in Architectural Design
source	Spon Press, London, ISBN 0-419-26200 (hbk) ISBN 0-419-23600-7 (pbk)
summary	This book analyses the ways in which architects have presented their designs for clients and the public, both historically and contemporarily. It spans a period from the 15th to the 21st century and places the technological developments of today in context with the rich heritage of the past.
keywords	Architectural Design, Representation, Historical Perspective
series	book
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2006/06/08 22:22

_id	ga0215
id	ga0215
authors	Kabala, Joanna
year	2002
title	The Side Effect of a Generative Experiment
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	This paper discusses the issue expressed in the call for the Generative Art 2002 conference that says: "GA is identifiable as one of the most advanced approaches in creative and design world." In this paper the value of Generative Art for the art, science and design worlds is described in the reference to a generative experiment. The experiment has been conducted in industrial environment with the aim of defining possibilities for natural interaction of humans with machines. In specific, the experiment examined an option for visual adaptation in accordance to user feedback. In the context of the experiment's outcome the issue of recognizability of Generative Art values is discussed. Generative Art can be identified but is not widely recognized as "one of the most advanced approaches in creative and design world". What makes it difficult for designers to switch to generative thinking and accept immediately Generative Art as the possible way of advancing traditional design methods? And what makes it promising to keep searching for ways of application of Generative Art in contemporary design? Some possible answers, proposed in this paper, aim at contributing to the discussion about the changing role of artists and designers in the contemporary society.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	cb9f
authors	Paterson, Inga and Natanson, Louis
year	2002
title	Context, Practice and Technique in the Development of a Creative Curriculum
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 39-42
summary	This paper explores ideas in relation to the design and delivery of a university level curriculum aimed at producing computer artists. Theessential principle is that the organisation of the film industry is a useful paradigm, and that the paradigm can be used as a tool in the designand delivery of this kind of curriculum. The education of graduates destined for the “new media” industries is complex. A particular problemis to achieve balance between development of technological skills on the one hand and artistic and creative development on the other. The challenge for educators is that many students are motivated by acquiring technical expertise and may not realise the importance of artistic and creative development. Comparisons with the world of film are used to address the problem of balance. The background to this approach is discussed and some preliminary results, in terms of student attitudinal change, are described.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:57

_id	ga0233
id	ga0233
authors	Sheridan, J.
year	2002
title	The Evolving Role of the Artist
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	For more than a decade the author has designed and used algorithmic systems to produce artworks that incorporate generative and evolutionary concepts, forms and processes. This work has demonstrated that algorithmic aesthetic processes and products can be effectively created and modulated by both human beings and non-human systems. However, this work has also raised important questions such as: - What role can the individual human artist play in a cultural economy based upon industrialized generative processes and non-human systems? - How can artists integrate standardized scientific languages and algorithmic processes into personal visions and expressive languages? - How can artists capture their personal creative processes and encapsulate these processes in industry standard systems and software; and should they do so? - How might the generative systems and products created by human and non-human artists function and evolve in the larger social context? To address these questions, in this paper the author uses examples taken from his past and present artwork to illustrate the opportunities and pitfalls presented by computerized generative aesthetic processes and tools. In addition, the author offers a set of conjectures intended to help clarify issues such as: the evolving role of the artist as a producer of knowledge and form, and the value and appropriate structure of personalized computer languages for artists.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	fd5a
authors	Snizek, Bernhard
year	2003
title	3dkroner.dk – An interactive, web based 4D public participation tool
source	CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary	In an intensive workshop from November 11th to November 18th 2002, five teams consisting of members of architectural offices, artists, planners, developers, citizens & students came forward with a series of ideas & designs at urban & landscape level for Trekroner Øst, a new neighbourhood in Roskilde, Denmark.. 3dkroner.dk1, an interactive, web based 4D public participation tool (PPT) was created and used for communicating the workshop’s results to a broader public on the one hand, and to start a two way communication process between planners and citizens on the other hand. In this paper I will rather describe the tool’s development, its implementation in the workshop and the experiences the project team made from this process than discuss public participation tools in general.
series	other
email
more	http://www.metascapes.dk
last changed	2003/03/11 20:39

_id	ddssar0202
id	ddssar0202
authors	Akin, Ömer and Özkaya, Ipek
year	2002
title	Models of Design Requirement
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	Case studies show that significant proportions of design errors and failures are linked to poor requirement specification during both early stages of design and as changes occur. Computational requirements engineering as a front-end to design iterations is a promising area addressing theseproblems. In other design disciplines, such as in software engineering, requirement engineering has given significant product improvements. In this paper, we present a state-space representation of requirement models for architectural design. The purpose of requirement modeling in design is tocreate a process by which requirements can be converted into working design solutions through frontend validation. We suggest three models of requirement specification, co-evolutionary [CoM], multiple domain [MDM] and single domain [SDM] models, that can facilitate this effort. Taken together all three models provide a full set of logical permutations of requirement-solution “worlds” and “operations.” We compare each model against the others in terms of facilitating change management and computability.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	046e
authors	Burry, Mark
year	2002
title	Rapid prototyping, CAD/CAM and human factors
source	Automation in Construction 11 (3) (2002) pp. 313-333
summary	CAD/CAM techniques for rapid prototyping, profile cutting, and form sculpting/routing/moulding are well-advanced for the vehicle and manufacturing industries. Although their migration to the building sector is readily achievable as a substitution for much of traditional construction, there are factors that work against this. Apart from the singular `one-off' nature of most architectural projects that limits ready exploitation of techniques derived in the main for mass-manufacture, there remains the problem of apprenticeship, and how to maintain a healthy lineage of skills for work otherwise less readily taken-up using automated manufacturing procedures. Continuing construction for Gaudí's Sagrada Família Church in Barcelona has provided a fertile test-bed for integrating rapid prototyping and CAD/CAM production where appropriate. Nevertheless, human factors such as maintaining the status quo with regard to apprenticeship and maintaining the skill lineage have provided some healthy insights into both the risks as well as the opportunities for greater involvement with CAD/CAM, and in particular, rapid prototyping in the building construction sector. This paper reports on and discusses the findings of case studies from the Sagrada Família Church project.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ddssup0210
id	ddssup0210
authors	Krempi, A.P., Brondino, N.C.M. and Silva, A.N.R.
year	2002
title	Evaluating Transportation Accessibility with Spatial Statistics Toolsin a GIS Environment
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	In several developing countries it is often assumed that low-income segments of the population living at the periphery of the cities are those affected the most by poor conditions of transportation accessibility. Inorder to gain a better understanding of the way transportation accessibility is distributed across different regions of an urban area, the main aim of this work is to analyze, making use of Spatial Statistics tools ina GIS (Geographical Information System) environment, the relationship between accessibility and geographical locations in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Data of an origin-destination (O-D) survey carried out in the city of Bauru, which brings information about four different transportation modes, were used in this study. Such data, grouped following the census tracts, were carefully examined in a Geographic Information System in order to look for spatial patterns of accessibility that are not visible inthe traditional approaches. One of the interesting outcomes of the application was the identification of regions with particular dynamics, which go against the pattern found in the overall urban area. This andother results of the case study clearly indicate that Spatial Statistics analyses in a GIS environment create a powerful tool to extend conventional transportation accessibility analysis.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	c7e0
id	c7e0
authors	Maria Gabriela Caffarena Celani
year	2002
title	BEYOND ANALYSIS AND REPRESENTATION IN CAD: A NEW COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO DESIGN EDUCATION
source	Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Architecture: Design & Computation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
summary	This thesis aims at changing students' attitude towards the use of computer-aided design (CAD) in architecture. It starts from the premise that CAD is used mostly for analysis and representation, and not as a real design aide, and that architecture students have a bias against learning computer programming. For this purpose, a prototypical instruction system that mixes computer-aided design and computational design theory was developed, based on a series of fundamental concepts that are common to both fields. This system was influenced by Mitchell's (1987) The Art of Computer Graphics Programming and Stiny's (1976) shape grammars. Despite being based on solid theoretical foundations, CAD has progressively become an exclusively practical tool, since its origins in the 50's and 60's, while computational design theories have been mostly restricted to the academic circles. This thesis proposes an inversion in the present situation: the study of CAD theory, and the application of computational design into practice. The system proposed provides a conceptual framework that can be adapted to different circumstances, including course formats and resources, as well as students' background and technical training. It is based on seven fundamental concepts from computational design theories that are also important to the study of shape grammars: symmetry, recursion, rule-based compositions, parameterization of shapes, generative systems, algorithmization of design procedures, and shape emergence. These concepts are introduced within a CAD context, where their practical implementation and experimentation are possible, focusing the understanding of the computational nature of design. During this research, the proposed system was tested in two case studies with students from schools that had contrary orientations in terms of the importance of CAD in the architectural curriculum. In these experimental courses, students' activities evolved from using a commercial CAD tool in an innovative way, to the use of programming techniques for creating meaningful tools. Despite not having a statistical reach, the fieldwork allowed drawing preliminary conclusions about the proposed system's efficacy, since virtually all the students reported changing their understanding of the role of CAD in architecture, while some also acknowledged a conceptual influence in other subjects and in the way they see architecture.
keywords	Symmetry
series	thesis:PhD
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.fec.unicamp.br/~celani/
last changed	2004/11/17 20:51

_id	6f10
authors	Petric, J., Maver, T.W., Conti, G. and Ucelli, G.
year	2002
title	Virtual Reality in the Service of User Participation
source	Distributing Knowledge in Building. Proceedings of CIB W78 Conference (Ed. K Agger et al), Aarhus, 217-224
summary	The normal application of Virtual Reality is to the simulation of environments which are in some way special - remote, hazardous or purely imaginary. This paper describes research and development work which changes the paradigm by simulating perfectly ordinary buildings for special people. Some of the population have some form of physical impairment - a proportion which is likely to rise in line with an ageing population. New legislation, such as the UK Disability Discrimination Act places additional responsibility on building owners to ensure adequate access for people with an impairment and this in turn will place additional responsibility on the architect. Current methods of auditing access for new building are primitive and require the auditor to interpret plans/sections of the proposed building against a checklist of requirements specific to the special need. This paper reports on progress in the use of an immersive VR facility to simulate access to buildings for two broad classes of user: i) those with a mobility impairment ii) those with a visual impairment In the former case, a wheelchair motion platform has been designed which allows the wheelchair user to navigate the virtual building; a brake and motor connected to the rollers on which the wheelchair sits facilitate the effects of slope and surface resistance.
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2015/02/20 11:24

_id	ddssup0218
id	ddssup0218
authors	Stouffs, R., Tunçer, B. and Sariyildiz, V.
year	2002
title	WoonWerf.nl Revisited: The Potential of Web-Based Design Communication with Future Clients
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	The web offers the means to reach out to potential customers and clients. It enables the establishment of a communication link that allows designers to probe the preferences of their customers, and potential clients to be heard in the design process. It can also serve as a communication platform for customers and other interested parties to share and express ideas and concerns. Opening up the design process to future stakeholders and other concerned parties is particularly accommodating in the aspiration to aconsensus model, as is the case in Dutch architecture. In this paper, we present an example of a Dutch residential development project in which the web served to reach out to potential clients. It involved visitors through a sequence of design “games” in the site planning process. Resulting data were analyzed and provided to the design team, and consequent design decisions found their way into subsequent games. By supporting additional communication among visitors and users, including the design team, visitors would be able to assess their own ideas against others, potentially improving the overall quality of contributions. Such support was envisioned though not implemented in the example. In this paper, we present the actual communication model adopted and consider its extension to support a virtual community for design communication with interested clients in a residential development project.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	8780
authors	Abdelhameed, W., Ozel, F., Addelatiff, M. and Daef, A.
year	2002
title	Assessment of the Impact of Digital-Manual Media Types on the Basic Design Capabilities of Architects: A Proposed Framework and Directive Measures
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 275-276
summary	The research attempts to defi ne and classify the design capabilities of architects into a basic framework. This defi nition will be useful in understanding and determining the types and nature of impact introduced by digital and manual media used during architecturaldesign process. The research consists of three parts. The First part reviews the main stages, tasks and activities of the architectural design process. The second part builds the proposed framework of design capabilities relating them to the specifi c tasks and activities conductedby the architect along the design process. The third part proposes some useful measures as to how to make use of the proposed framework in assessing the impact of media on the design capabilities of architects.
series	SIGRADI
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ddssar0201
id	ddssar0201
authors	Achten, H.H.
year	2002
title	Requirements for Collaborative Design in Architecture
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	The concept of collaborative design has recently come under renewed attention in the field of computer aided architectural design support. Although collaborative design deals with the same aspects of cooperation by various participants in the design process as previously studiedin, for example, concurrent engineering and multi-disciplinary design, it nevertheless puts a different research emphasis. Collaborative design looks at how the process can be improved in such a way that collaboration –working together in a manner to enhance each participants contribution to the design– emerges from the process. In engineering design practice, thismeans a shift forward in the design process where engineers are asked earlier for their input in the design solution. For CAAD research, the phenomenon of collaborative design poses the question how design tools and environments can be made in such a way that collaboration will occur. In this paper, the aims is to describe the concept of collaborative design in architecture, and to give an outline of the perceived requirements in the organisation of design and Computer Aided Design Support to achieve collaborative design.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	ba50
authors	Achten, Henri and Jessurun, Joran
year	2002
title	An Agent Framework for Recognition of Graphic Units in Drawings
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.246
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 246-253
summary	Architects use graphic conventions in their drawings that have meaningful content to the design task. In previous work, such well-defined sets of graphic entities have been identified and defined. These sets are called graphic units. In this paper, we discuss how graphic unit recognition in drawings can take place using a multi-agent systems approach. This approach seems promising as singular agents may specialize in graphic unit-recognition, and multi-agent systems can address problems of ambiguity through negotiation mechanisms. We present an agent framework for this purpose, how it connects to the theory of graphic units, and how agents for recognizing graphic units are defined. The paper ends with a discussion of current findings and future work.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	765f
authors	Adam, Holger
year	2002
title	Reinterpretation or replacement? The effects of the information and communication technologies on urban space
source	CORP 2002, Vienna, pp. 345-349
summary	The timid question “Virtual spaces or real places?” forms the core of many debates within the spatial sciences addressing theconsequences of the rapid development of information and communication technologies1 on existing spatial structures. So far several opinions rival each other for the interpretation of current and the prediction of future spatial developments. The spacelessness ofcomputer networks and the possibility to transmit data in real-time have lead visionaries to predict a far-reaching devaluation of timeand space, so questioning the future importance of traditional spatial structures: The “annihilation of distance and time constraints [incomputer networks] could undermine the very rationale for the existence of the city by dissolving the need for physical proximity”(Graham and Marvin 1996: 318). The disappearance of the city into the net, therefore, seems to become a distinct possibility.
series	other
email
more	www.corp.at
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	060b
authors	Af Klercker, J.
year	1997
title	A National Strategy for CAAD and IT-Implementation in the Construction Industry the Construction Industry
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1997.x.o8u
source	Challenges of the Future [15th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-3-0] Vienna (Austria) 17-20 September 1997
summary	The objective of this paper is to present a strategy for implementation of CAD and IT in the construction and building management#1 industry in Sweden. The interest is in how to make the best use of the limited resources in a small country or region, cooperating internationally and at the same time avoiding to be totally dominated by the great international actors in the market of information technology. In Sweden representatives from the construction and building management industry have put forward a research and development program called: "IT-Bygg#2 2002 - Implementation". It aims at making IT the vehicle for decreasing the building costs and at the same time getting better quality and efficiency out of the industry. The presented strategy is based on a seminar with some of the most experienced researchers, developers and practitioners of CAD in Sweden. The activities were recorded and annotated, analyzed and put together afterwards. The proposal in brief is that object oriented distributed CAD is to be used in the long perspective. It will need to be based on international standards such as STEP and it will take at least another 5 years to get established. Meanwhile something temporary has to be used. Pragmatically a "de facto standard" on formats has to be accepted and implemented. To support new users of IT all software in use in the country will be analyzed, described and published for a national platform for IT-communication within the construction industry. Finally the question is discussed "How can architect schools then contribute to IT being implemented within the housing sector at a regional or national level?" Some ideas are presented: Creating the good example, better support for the customer, sharing the holistic concept of the project with all actors, taking part in an integrated education process and international collaboration like AVOCAAD and ECAADE.
keywords	CAAD, IT, Implementation, Education, Collaboration
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ecaade/proc/afklerck/afklerck.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	6b70
authors	Af Klercker, Jonas and Pittioni, Gernot
year	2002
title	Architect and Structural Engineer in interactive design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.386
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 386-389
summary	We are convinced that an interactive design process involving engineers and architects will create values to a project. Looking back there have been some obstacles, like a week’s time for exchange of drawings with traditional postal services; manual calculation methods, which could not be spoiled on loose grounds like architect’s sketches; different media – architect’s drawings and engineer’s numbers in tables; attitudes and traditional roles, implemented already in education. Today most of these obstacles can be overcome and we have made a test. We have used ArchiCad by Graphisoft and FEM-design by SKANSKA IT Solutions to test to make an interactive design. Our conclusions are that exchange of information, drawings and other documents is more or less routine in praxis, and it works almost instantly. Computers make calculation faster and easier for the engineer. Though we would wish to have software which manages to do more rapid estimations. Even simulations such as of loads on a structure are practically possible. By using model based CAD the data can be used for transferring quantities for calculations as well as visualization of the design as a platform for collaborate analysis. The technique is developed and usable but to gain acceptance and make use of it is also a matter of attitudes and of application activities in education.
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	730e
authors	Af Klercker, Jonas
year	1997
title	Implementation of IT and CAD - what can Architect schools do?
source	AVOCAAD First International Conference [AVOCAAD Conference Proceedings / ISBN 90-76101-01-09] Brussels (Belgium) 10-12 April 1997, pp. 83-92
summary	In Sweden representatives from the Construction industry have put forward a research and development program called: "IT-Bygg 2002 -Implementation". It aims at making IT the vehicle for decreasing the building costs and at the same time getting better quality and efficiency out of the industry. A seminar was held with some of the most experienced researchers, developers and practitioners of CAD in construction in Sweden. The activities were recorded and annotated, analysed and put together afterwards; then presented to the participants to agree on. Co-operation is the key to get to the goals - IT and CAD are just the means to improve it. Co-operation in a phase of implementation is enough problematic without the technical difficulties in using computer programs created by the computer industry primarily for commercial reasons. The suggestion is that cooperation between software companies within Sweden will make a greater market to share than the sum of all individual efforts. In the short term, 2 - 5 years, implementation of CAD and IT will demand a large amount of educational efforts from all actors in the construction process. In the process of today the architect is looked upon as a natural coordinator of the design phase. In the integrated process the architect's methods and knowledge are central and must be spread to other categories of actors - what a challenge! At least in Sweden the number of researchers and educators in CAAD is easily counted. How do we make the most of it?
series	AVOCAAD
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	461b
authors	Ahmad Rafi, M.E. and Karboulonis, P.
year	2002
title	The Role of Advanced VR Interfaces in Knowledge Management and Their Relevance to CAD
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.277
source	CAADRIA 2002 [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X] Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, pp. 277-284
summary	This paper introduces knowledge management and computer aided visualisation as a key in establishing both valuation and value creation capabilities in the enterprise where dissemination of knowledge and effective sharing of information through collaboration spur creativity and stimulate business practices. The paper draws an original approach for the design and development of a universal information/knowledge visualisation tool and outlines the mechanics that enable the working prototype that focuses on CAD.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	12e3
authors	Ahmad Rafi, M.E., Che Zulkhairi, A. and Karboulonis, P.
year	2002
title	Interactive Storytelling and Its Role in the Design Process
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.151
source	CAADRIA 2002 [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X] Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, pp. 151-158
summary	Projects of ever increasing complexity and size have incited the need for new and robust design methodologies and tools in an effort to manage complexity, lower costs, ascertain quality and reduce risk. Technology convergence through the growing availability of networked computers, rapid progress in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and information management have encouraged the undertaking of even more complex designs that demand high degrees of interaction, collaboration and the efficient sharing and dissemination of information. It is suggested that interactive storytelling and interactive design (Rafi and Karboulonis, 2001) techniques that use non-linear information mapping systems can be deployed to assist users as they navigate information that is structured to address localized needs as they arise. The design process is a collaborative effort that encompasses diverse knowledge disciplines and demands the management and utilization of available resources to satisfy the needs of a single or set of goals. It is thought that building industry specialists should work close together in an organised manner to solve design problems as they emerge and find alternatives when designs fall short. The design process involves the processing of dynamic and complex information, that can be anything from the amount of soil required to level lands - to the needs of specific lightings systems in operation theatres. Other important factors that affect the design process are related to costs and deadlines. This paper will demonstrate some of our early findings in several experiments to establish nonlinear storytelling. It will conclude with a recommendation for a plausible design of such a system based on experimental work that is currently being conducted and is reaching its final stages. The paper will lay the foundations of a possible path to implementation based on the concept of multi-path animation that is appropriate for structuring the design process as used in the building industry.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

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