Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	sigradi2023_428
id	sigradi2023_428
authors	Armagno, Ángel
year	2023
title	The spatial discourse of Power Architectures in Kurt Wimmer's film "Equilibrium".
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 1421–1432
summary	This article explores the correlation between the language of cinema and the architectural spatial discourse of power depicted in the film Equilibrium (Wimmer, 2002). This connection is examined through a discursive approach to communication studies. To analyze a specific sequence from the chosen film, a two-stage multimodal analysis was conducted. Initially, the visual analysis method proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006) designed for the representation of social actors, was employed. Subsequently, in the second stage, sociological and conceptual associations were drawn from the diverse semiotic resources identified in the first phase. The analyzed case revealed several intertextual relationships, among them; Hitler's figure recontextualized as an exemplifying archetype; the panopticon concept representing the spatial power dynamics; the presence of the German zeppelin symbolizing dominance and spreading propaganda through loudspeakers; the religious iconographic influence, its forms and symbols, contributing to a cultural identity inseparable from the history of the Western world.
keywords	Cinema, Power Architectures, Critical discourse analysis, Multimodality, Intertextuality
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:08

_id	ff26
authors	Paglini, Milena
year	2002
title	Mandalas y Fractales: Morfologías de la Naturaleza [Mandalas and Fractals: Nature Morphologies ]
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 212-215
summary	The research on the different morphological representations of Nature throughout History is only a general analysis of forms. In this case, the concepts of mandala and fractals will be found in different productions distant from one another both in time and culture. In the relationship between Art and Geometry, the mandala stands out as a way of representing nature, the one and the multiple, diversity and unity; a study of its manifestations in astrological calendars, in the rose windows of the Gothic cathedrals and the Tibetan images. The Theory of Fractals, in its differences from the Euclidean concept of dimension, will lead us to an interpretation of the “among”, the fractional, the sinuous, a continuos manifestation in nature itself; besides, bearing in mind the internal homothety, a pythagorical concept of the harmony of forms. A general look into the different modalities of representation of the same subject. The act of thinking, the reasoning on a process of geometrization on which man has always placed himself; an attempt to understand as well as to imitate what surrounds him.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:57

_id	7683
authors	Healy, C.G. and Enns, J.T.
year	2002
title	Perception and Painting: A Search for Effective, Engaging Visualizations
source	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Journal, March / April
summary	Scientific visualization represents information as images that allow us to explore, discover, analyze, and validate large collections of data. Much of the research in this area is dedicated to the design of effective visualizations that support specific analysis needs. Recently, we have become interested in a new idea: Is a visualization beautiful? Can a visualization be considered a work of art? One might expect answers to these questions to vary widely depending on the individual and their interpretation of what it means to be artistic. We believe that the issues of effectiveness and aesthetics may not be as independent as they might seem at first glance, however. Much can be learned from a study of two related disciplines: human psychophysics, and art theory and history. Perception teaches us how we "see" the world around us. Art history shows us how artistic masters captured our attention by designing works that evoke an emotional response. The common interest in visual attention provides an important bridge between these domains. We are using this bridge to produce visualizations that are both effective and engaging. This article describes our research, and discusses some of the lessons we have learned along the way.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	2c5b
authors	Leach, Neil
year	2002
title	Designing for a Digital World
source	John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York
summary	This volume brings together some of the world's leading voices from digital theory, technology and design to address this question. Offers a snapshot of informed opinion at a crucial juncture in the history of the discipline.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	bf54
authors	Vásquez De Velasco, Guillermo
year	2002
title	The Computer is to Blame - The Disruptive Potential of a CAD Curriculum in an Architecture / Curriculum
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 50-54
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.050
summary	In 2001 “DesignIntelligence” and the “Almanac of Architecture and Design” conducted a survey in which they interviewed over 800 leading U.S. architecture firms. The fundamental question was: “In your firm’s hiring experience within the past five years, which schools do you feel have best prepared students for the architecture profession?” This survey produces one of the most respected rankings of schools of architecture in the U.S., but in addition to that critical question, the survey gathers data on a number of additional parameters that are of fundamental importance on why some schools are doing better than others. If we compare current figures with figures of previous years we see that our students are improving in their computer skills at the same time that they are loosing ground in other skills and fields of knowledge. For a non-inquisitive mind the reason is simple: “Our students are too busy working on the computer and are failing to put attention to other important stuff”. This paper makes an attempt to understand the problem from a fair perspective and highlight ways in which our growth in the field of CAD, and the pervasive presence of computer technology in our classrooms, can be used to enhance our teaching / learning capabilities in fields that are currently failing to achieve excellence.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	ba50
authors	Achten, Henri and Jessurun, Joran
year	2002
title	An Agent Framework for Recognition of Graphic Units in Drawings
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 246-253
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.246
summary	Architects use graphic conventions in their drawings that have meaningful content to the design task. In previous work, such well-defined sets of graphic entities have been identified and defined. These sets are called graphic units. In this paper, we discuss how graphic unit recognition in drawings can take place using a multi-agent systems approach. This approach seems promising as singular agents may specialize in graphic unit-recognition, and multi-agent systems can address problems of ambiguity through negotiation mechanisms. We present an agent framework for this purpose, how it connects to the theory of graphic units, and how agents for recognizing graphic units are defined. The paper ends with a discussion of current findings and future work.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	9c41
authors	Ahmad Rafi, M.E., Chee W.K., Mai, N., Ken, T.-K. N. and Sharifah Nur, A.S.A. (Eds.)
year	2002
title	CAADRIA 2002 [Conference Proceedings]
source	Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X / Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, 370 p.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.
summary	Evolution of trends in the realm of computer aided architectural design (CAAD) has seen the convergence of technologies – complementing traditional tools with emerging sciences like Information Technology (IT) and multimedia applications. This appliqué of technologies has not just expanded the scope and enhanced the realm of CAAD research and practice, but is also breaking new frontiers. This creative nexus will be realised at the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research In Asia (CAADRIA 2002) to be held at the Faculty of Creative Multimedia, Multimedia University, Malaysia, between 18th-20th April, 2002. CAADRIA 2002’s theme, "Redefining Content", seeks to recognise and infuse these emerging components in the field of architecture and design with a holistic approach towards online, digital and interactive systems. The 41 papers compiled were selected through a blind review process conducted by an international review panel. To reflect the multi-disciplinary nature of this year's conference, the chapters are arranged topically to facilitate the in-depth study of key components. The component sessions include: // Web Design, Database and Networks // CAD, Modelling and Tools // Collaborative Design, Creative Design and Case Reasoning // Simulation and Prototyping // Virtual Environment and Knowledge Management // Design Education, Teaching and Learning /// We believe that this specialised approach will provide a deeper and more illuminating feel of the various components and their critical convergence in the field of architecture and design.
series	CAADRIA
email
more	www.caadria.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ddssar0214
id	ddssar0214
authors	Al Hassan, F., Trum, H.M.G.J. and Rutten, P.G.S.
year	2002
title	Strategic Briefing A Conceptual Process Model for Building Design
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	Nowadays building design problems are divided in partial discipline related sub-problems. Through targeted and focused attention to sub problems however the awareness of the whole is lost. Each designparticipant gives his sub-problem first priority. In contrast in the past the master builder saw the whole problem as his problem first. Thus the process of seeing the design problem as a whole, as a result ofprioritizing, considering constraints, or strategizing, is lost in today’s practice, basically because this process is a mental and implicit process, that occurred in the brain of the multi-disciplinary master builder.In most cases it is the task of no one in a design team today. The aim of this paper is modeling this conceptual mental implicit process design using System Theory and Cognitive Psychology, trying to determine the structure of the design problem as it occurs intuitively in the brain. The result will provide us with a mechanism that enables us each time to refine a unique common design problem representation. This leads to more effective use of design team capabilities, and forms an essential basis for organizing efforts toward collaborative solutions. Also some kind of clarity is provided as to how proposed solutions are to be judged.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	f321
authors	Ataman, Osman and Bermudez, Julio
year	2002
title	ACADIA'99: media effect on architectural design
source	Automation in Construction 11 (2) (2002) pp. 131-134
summary	The idea of this conference arose from various discussions between us in various different places.We decided to put a proposal together for bothpositions—Technical Chairs and Site Organizers. This was unprecedented and we were anxious. We really wanted to run this conference and run it in Salt Lake City. Our theme AMedia and Design ProcessB was a timely topic and both of us were working on and around it. We thought it was interesting and challenging to define the terms and to establish the relationships between architecture, representation andmedia. In fact, all throughout the history of architecture, representation, media and design have beenrecognized to have a close relationship. Interpretations as to what exactly this relationship is or meanshave been subject to debate, disagreement and changealong the ages. Whereas much has been said about the dialectics between representation and design, little has been elaborated on the relationship between media and design. Perhaps, it is not until now, surrounded by all kinds of media at the turn of the millennium, as Johnson argues, that we have enough context to be able to see and address the relationship between media and human activities with some degreeof perspective.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	2044
authors	Barros, Diana Rodríguez and Mandagaran, María
year	2002
title	Sistemas Hipermediales y descentramiento temático [Hyper medial Systems and thematic decentralized]
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 190-192
summary	Hipermedia lead to a non- linear organization of information, where the user decides the path to follow and the relations among the different information blocks. They constitute starting points for establishing both social and sin gu lar “sense genealogies”. Sense production by means of mutimedia access and the resignifying of information correspond, within the Theory of Science Didactics, to the concept of thematic decentering. This concept refers to fl exibility and transference modes, opposed toseg men ta tion and which enable to explore, approach and relate different topics and complexities. It is supposed to generate more cultivated individuals by broadly linking science, technology and art. Within this theoretic frame work, the work presents the de vel op ment of a hipermedium on the Villa Victoria Cultural Center, which aims at a didactic treat ment of cultural spaces as object of knowl edge.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ddssar0206
id	ddssar0206
authors	Bax, M.F.Th. and Trum, H.M.G.J.
year	2002
title	Faculties of Architecture
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	In order to be inscribed in the European Architect’s register the study program leading to the diploma ‘Architect’ has to meet the criteria of the EC Architect’s Directive (1985). The criteria are enumerated in 11 principles of Article 3 of the Directive. The Advisory Committee, established by the European Council got the task to examine such diplomas in the case some doubts are raised by other Member States. To carry out this task a matrix was designed, as an independent interpreting framework that mediates between the principles of Article 3 and the actual study program of a faculty. Such a tool was needed because of inconsistencies in the list of principles, differences between linguistic versions ofthe Directive, and quantification problems with time, devoted to the principles in the study programs. The core of the matrix, its headings, is a categorisation of the principles on a higher level of abstractionin the form of a taxonomy of domains and corresponding concepts. Filling in the matrix means that each study element of the study programs is analysed according to their content in terms of domains; thesummation of study time devoted to the various domains results in a so-called ‘profile of a faculty’. Judgement of that profile takes place by committee of peers. The domains of the taxonomy are intrinsically the same as the concepts and categories, needed for the description of an architectural design object: the faculties of architecture. This correspondence relates the taxonomy to the field of design theory and philosophy. The taxonomy is an application of Domain theory. This theory,developed by the authors since 1977, takes as a view that the architectural object only can be described fully as an integration of all types of domains. The theory supports the idea of a participatory andinterdisciplinary approach to design, which proved to be awarding both from a scientific and a social point of view. All types of domains have in common that they are measured in three dimensions: form, function and process, connecting the material aspects of the object with its social and proceduralaspects. In the taxonomy the function dimension is emphasised. It will be argued in the paper that the taxonomy is a categorisation following the pragmatistic philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce. It will bedemonstrated as well that the taxonomy is easy to handle by giving examples of its application in various countries in the last 5 years. The taxonomy proved to be an adequate tool for judgement ofstudy programs and their subsequent improvement, as constituted by the faculties of a Faculty of Architecture. The matrix is described as the result of theoretical reflection and practical application of a matrix, already in use since 1995. The major improvement of the matrix is its direct connection with Peirce’s universal categories and the self-explanatory character of its structure. The connection with Peirce’s categories gave the matrix a more universal character, which enables application in other fieldswhere the term ‘architecture’ is used as a metaphor for artefacts.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	263a
authors	Bermúdez, Julio
year	2002
title	Implicaciones Arquitectónicas de La Naturaleza del Hacer en Ambientes Digitales [Architectonic Implications of the Nature of the Digital Atmosphere ]
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 142-145
summary	Architectural Implications of the Nature of Making in Digital Environments There exists an a-priori relationship between the basic structural constrains of an environment and the types of construction that may evolve there. For instance, the inexorable laws of nature have caused architecture to develop as a physical, stable, containing and inert object. Hence there are good reasons to study how cyberspace with its different ontological foundations may define the architecture to be built there. This examination may be best accomplished by concentrating in how what is structurally unique to the cyber impacts architectural design This paper investigates the ontology of construction in cyberspace by analyzing ordinary digital laws that defy reality. The findings both challenge our traditional conceptions of architecture and guide us toward totally unprecedented design potentials. The goal is to begin building a fundamental theory of architectural space, design and construction applicable to cyberspace.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	59ca
authors	Bhavnani, S.K. and Bates, M.J.
year	2002
title	Separating the Knowledge Layers: Cognitive Analysis of Search Knowledge Through Hierarchical Goal Decompositions
source	Proceedings of the ASIST'2002 (2002), 204-213
summary	Hierarchical goal decompositions have proved to be a useful method to make explicit the knowledge required by users to perform tasks in a wide range of applications such as computeraided drafting (CAD) systems. This analysis method progressively decomposes a given task starting from the task layer on the top of the decomposition, to the keystroke layer at the bottom. The analysis enables a close inspection of the knowledge required to perform the task at each layer of the decomposition. In this paper we show how the method of hierarchical goal decomposition can be used to understand more precisely the knowledge that is required to perform information search tasks. The analysis pinpoints: (1) the critical strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge that are known by experts searchers; (2) why such knowledge is difficult to acquire by novice searchers; (3) how the analysis provides testable predictions of behavior based on the acquisition of different types of knowledge. We conclude by discussing the advantages provided by hierarchical goal decompositions, and how such an approach can lead to the design of systems and training.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	c1f5
authors	Blaszczyszyn, Maciej
year	2002
title	Day-to-day Reality of Web-based Collaboration - Tools among European Architect Professionals
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 110-113
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.110
summary	On behalf of phenomenal advantages of project extranet technology You can believe in improving communication among professionals in design and construction industry. But until now, the reality appears not as good. It is technological irony, as evidenced in below presented survey, that advanced solutions for a better collaboration may set up unbreakable barriers. Therefore knowledge of everyday reality in the field of webbased collaboration tools use is critical to all participants of this process, commercial as well academic ones. It is especially important to all European professionals, who are aware of consequences of extending in nearest future borders of European Union, the second biggest market in the world.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ee65
authors	Bourdakis, Vassilis and Charitos, Dimitris
year	2002
title	Teaching Virtual Environment Design
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 42-49
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.042
summary	In a previous paper, the authors considered the design and development of virtual environments (VEs) pointing out the need for a new direction within architectural education, leading towards a generation of VE architects. It was suggested that there is an urgent need for educating practitioners who will contribute to the design of 3D content for multimedia and virtual reality applications. This paper focuses on the application of these principles and ideas into the structure and methodology of three VE design courses, taught by the authors. These courses are by no means suggested as exhaustive examples of teaching this subject. They are seen as preliminary approaches, adapting to the educational context they are integrated within. Bearing in mind the problems relating to teaching large numbers of students with a design studio approach, difficult concepts, resources availability, fighting misconceptions, techno-phobia the following areas are discussed in the hope that they will contribute to VE design curricula in the near future.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2003_092
id	sigradi2003_092
authors	Castañé, D., Tessier, C. and Deho, C.
year	2003
title	Prácticas educativas: su impacto y riesgo en las tecnologías digitales (Educational Practices: Their impact and risk in digital technologies)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	Based on the latest didactic teaching theories, this project presents a critical analysis of dynamic educational practices, which have been actively utilized through the last decade by the department of research and instruction in the School of Architecture at the University of Buenos Aires. This work proposes a journey through the landmarks that recognize the impact of technology on teaching best practices, mainly contained in a technical course. It presents the didactic theories of Bruner (90), Perkins, Gardner (93), Burbules (2001), E. Litwin (2002) and others. Crucial representative work developed by students has been taken to introduce criteria and construct practical reflections to arrive at an enriching proposition.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	fcc3
authors	Castañé, Dora
year	2002
title	Tilcara, de usina a museo: Recuperación y reconstrucción virtual de un significativo patrimonio arquitectónico industrial [Tilcara, from a "Usina" to a Museum: Recovery and Virtual Reconstruction of a Significant Industrial Architectonic Patrimony]
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 71-74
summary	This project introduces the recovery, value, and adaptation of a new way of utilizing an important patrimony of industrial arquitecture. The proposal involves the transformation of the hydraulic power plant of Tilcara, located in San Salvador de Jujuy, into a museum. This power plant was built in 1934 with the purpose of providing electrical power to the neighboring towns in the quebrada of Humahuaca, Argentina, and also highlight the scenery and enhance the surrounding architecture. Our goal is to share the findings of the research being conducted that supports the transformation of this turistic area. Additionally, this upholds the idea of blending the conservation of this landmark and the history of Tilcara as a twentieth century patrimony, which has additional archeological sites, such as the pucará and other places from colonial times in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. An agreement between CEDODAL (Latin America Center of Architecture), in Buenos Aires, and EJESA, in San Salvador de Jujuy, (both located in Argentina) is allowing the recovery of this masterpiece.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	6440
authors	Chang, Y.L., Lee, Y.Z. and Liu, Y.T.
year	2002
title	Construction of Digital City in Physical City: Cyberspatial Cognition Approach to the Project of Hsin-Chu Digital City in Taiwan
source	CAADRIA 2002 [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X] Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, pp. 109-116
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.109
summary	The cyberspace upon physical space forms a new spatial structure to increase the influence on the urban fabric and the concept of space in architecture. Today, digital cities are being developed all over the world. By using a city metaphor, digital cities integrate urban information and create public spaces. How do digital cities directly connect to physical cities and become an imaginable city? Therefore, we argue that a new spatial analysis theory must be established for digital city, comparing with theories of disciplines, to find the explicitly spatial structures and relations in digital city upon physical city.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	c82f
authors	Chang, Yu-Li
year	2002
title	Exploring syntax and semantics of spatial structure - A study on Traditional Taiwanese City form in Chi’i’ng Dynasty
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 412-416
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.412
summary	Abstract. In this paper, we want to figure out the relations of complex semantics and syntax on five traditional Taiwanese cities in Chi’i’ng Dynasty by using a language approach. The issues of traditional Taiwanese central city in Chi’ing Dynasty had been interpreting by historical, social, and cultural research but had lacked the explicit construction of spatial structure on semantics-syntax. Therefore, we use a data modeling on knowledge level to describe the relationship between syntax and semantics. Through the research of Chi’ing Dynasty‘s history, we find out the spatial relations of Taiwanese traditional city to establish the functional categories of spatial structures. Then the language of semantics components and the meaning’s attributes are coded as logical statements to map the elements of syntax on architectural form, political vocabularies, spatial layout, and spatial myth. We argue that using this approach several social and spatial structures of cities can be clearly defined and understood.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	1ac6
authors	Cheng, Min-Yuan and Chen, Jiann-Chyun
year	2001
title	Integrating barcode and GIS for monitoring construction progress
source	Automation in Construction 11 (1) (2002) pp. 23-33
summary	This study focuses on developing an automated schedule monitoring system for precast building construction. Erection of prefabricated structural components is the major critical activity for precast building construction. An efficient lifting schedule and control plan can significantly reduce construction conflicts and project delay. In this research, the system ArcSched was developed to assist engineers in controlling and monitoring the erection process in a real time basis. ArcSched is composed of a Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with a database management system. Through systematic monitoring of the construction process and representation of the erection progress in graphics and colors, the scheduled components for erection are repetitively tracked and well controlled to implement the lifting schedule as planned.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

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