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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	sigradi2006_e028c
id	sigradi2006_e028c
authors	Griffith, Kenfield; Sass, Larry and Michaud, Dennis
year	2006
title	A strategy for complex-curved building design:Design structure with Bi-lateral contouring as integrally connected ribs
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 465-469
summary	Shapes in designs created by architects such as Gehry Partners (Shelden, 2002), Foster and Partners, and Kohn Peterson and Fox rely on computational processes for rationalizing complex geometry for building construction. Rationalization is the reduction of a complete geometric shape into discrete components. Unfortunately, for many architects the rationalization is limited reducing solid models to surfaces or data on spread sheets for contractors to follow. Rationalized models produced by the firms listed above do not offer strategies for construction or digital fabrication. For the physical production of CAD description an alternative to the rationalized description is needed. This paper examines the coupling of digital rationalization and digital fabrication with physical mockups (Rich, 1989). Our aim is to explore complex relationships found in early and mid stage design phases when digital fabrication is used to produce design outcomes. Results of our investigation will aid architects and engineers in addressing the complications found in the translation of design models embedded with precision to constructible geometries. We present an algorithmically based approach to design rationalization that supports physical production as well as surface production of desktop models. Our approach is an alternative to conventional rapid prototyping that builds objects by assembly of laterally sliced contours from a solid model. We explored an improved product description for rapid manufacture as bilateral contouring for structure and panelling for strength (Kolarevic, 2003). Infrastructure typically found within aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, bilateral contouring is an organized matrix of horizontal and vertical interlocking ribs evenly distributed along a surface. These structures are monocoque and semi-monocoque assemblies composed of structural ribs and skinning attached by rivets and adhesives. Alternative, bi-lateral contouring discussed is an interlocking matrix of plywood strips having integral joinery for assembly. Unlike traditional methods of building representations through malleable materials for creating tangible objects (Friedman, 2002), this approach constructs with the implication for building life-size solutions. Three algorithms are presented as examples of rationalized design production with physical results. The first algorithm [Figure 1] deconstructs an initial 2D curved form into ribbed slices to be assembled through integral connections constructed as part of the rib solution. The second algorithm [Figure 2] deconstructs curved forms of greater complexity. The algorithm walks along the surface extracting surface information along horizontal and vertical axes saving surface information resulting in a ribbed structure of slight double curvature. The final algorithm [Figure 3] is expressed as plug-in software for Rhino that deconstructs a design to components for assembly as rib structures. The plug-in also translates geometries to a flatten position for 2D fabrication. The software demonstrates the full scope of the research exploration. Studies published by Dodgson argued that innovation technology (IvT) (Dodgson, Gann, Salter, 2004) helped in solving projects like the Guggenheim in Bilbao, the leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, and the Millennium Bridge in London. Similarly, the method discussed in this paper will aid in solving physical production problems with complex building forms. References Bentley, P.J. (Ed.). Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, 1-73 Celani, G, (2004) “From simple to complex: using AutoCAD to build generative design systems” in: L. Caldas and J. Duarte (org.) Implementations issues in generative design systems. First Intl. Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, July 2004 Dodgson M, Gann D.M., Salter A, (2004), “Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving: Lessons from High Profile Public Projects,” Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, 2004 Dristas, (2004) “Design Operators.” Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2004 Friedman, M, (2002), Gehry Talks: Architecture + Practice, Universe Publishing, New York, NY, 2002 Kolarevic, B, (2003), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, UK, 2003 Opas J, Bochnick H, Tuomi J, (1994), “Manufacturability Analysis as a Part of CAD/CAM Integration”, Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, 261-292 Rudolph S, Alber R, (2002), “An Evolutionary Approach to the Inverse Problem in Rule-Based Design Representations”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 329-350 Rich M, (1989), Digital Mockup, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1989 Schön, D., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professional Think in Action. Basic Books. 1983 Shelden, D, (2003), “Digital Surface Representation and the Constructability of Gehry’s Architecture.” Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003 Smithers T, Conkie A, Doheny J, Logan B, Millington K, (1989), “Design as Intelligent Behaviour: An AI in Design Thesis Programme”, Artificial Intelligence in Design, 293-334 Smithers T, (2002), “Synthesis in Designing”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 3-24 Stiny, G, (1977), “Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs” Environmental and Planning B, volume 4, pp. 89-98
keywords	Digital fabrication; bilateral contouring; integral connection; complex-curve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	349e
authors	Durmisevic, Sanja
year	2002
title	Perception Aspects in Underground Spaces using Intelligent Knowledge Modeling
source	Delft University of Technology
summary	The intensification, combination and transformation are main strategies for future spatial development of the Netherlands, which are stated in the Fifth Bill regarding Spatial Planning. These strategies indicate that in the future, space should be utilized in a more compact and more efficient way requiring, at the same time, re-evaluation of the existing built environment and finding ways to improve it. In this context, the concept of multiple space usage is accentuated, which would focus on intensive 4-dimensional spatial exploration. The underground space is acknowledged as an important part of multiple space usage. In the document 'Spatial Exploration 2000', the underground space is recognized by policy makers as an important new 'frontier' that could provide significant contribution to future spatial requirements.In a relatively short period, the underground space became an important research area. Although among specialists there is appreciation of what underground space could provide for densely populated urban areas, there are still reserved feelings by the public, which mostly relate to the poor quality of these spaces. Many realized underground projects, namely subways, resulted in poor user satisfaction. Today, there is still a significant knowledge gap related to perception of underground space. There is also a lack of detailed documentation on actual applications of the theories, followed by research results and applied techniques. This is the case in different areas of architectural design, but for underground spaces perhaps most evident due to their infancv role in general architectural practice. In order to create better designs, diverse aspects, which are very often of qualitative nature, should be considered in perspective with the final goal to improve quality and image of underground space. In the architectural design process, one has to establish certain relations among design information in advance, to make design backed by sound rationale. The main difficulty at this point is that such relationships may not be determined due to various reasons. One example may be the vagueness of the architectural design data due to linguistic qualities in them. Another, may be vaguely defined design qualities. In this work, the problem was not only the initial fuzziness of the information but also the desired relevancy determination among all pieces of information given. Presently, to determine the existence of such relevancy is more or less a matter of architectural subjective judgement rather than systematic, non-subjective decision-making based on an existing design. This implies that the invocation of certain tools dealing with fuzzy information is essential for enhanced design decisions. Efficient methods and tools to deal with qualitative, soft data are scarce, especially in the architectural domain. Traditionally well established methods, such as statistical analysis, have been used mainly for data analysis focused on similar types to the present research. These methods mainly fall into a category of pattern recognition. Statistical regression methods are the most common approaches towards this goal. One essential drawback of this method is the inability of dealing efficiently with non-linear data. With statistical analysis, the linear relationships are established by regression analysis where dealing with non-linearity is mostly evaded. Concerning the presence of multi-dimensional data sets, it is evident that the assumption of linear relationships among all pieces of information would be a gross approximation, which one has no basis to assume. A starting point in this research was that there maybe both linearity and non-linearity present in the data and therefore the appropriate methods should be used in order to deal with that non-linearity. Therefore, some other commensurate methods were adopted for knowledge modeling. In that respect, soft computing techniques proved to match the quality of the multi-dimensional data-set subject to analysis, which is deemed to be 'soft'. There is yet another reason why soft-computing techniques were applied, which is related to the automation of knowledge modeling. In this respect, traditional models such as Decision Support Systems and Expert Systems have drawbacks. One important drawback is that the development of these systems is a time-consuming process. The programming part, in which various deliberations are required to form a consistent if-then rule knowledge based system, is also a time-consuming activity. For these reasons, the methods and tools from other disciplines, which also deal with soft data, should be integrated into architectural design. With fuzzy logic, the imprecision of data can be dealt with in a similar way to how humans do it. Artificial neural networks are deemed to some extent to model the human brain, and simulate its functions in the form of parallel information processing. They are considered important components of Artificial Intelligence (Al). With neural networks, it is possible to learn from examples, or more precisely to learn from input-output data samples. The combination of the neural and fuzzy approach proved to be a powerful combination for dealing with qualitative data. The problem of automated knowledge modeling is efficiently solved by employment of machine learning techniques. Here, the expertise of prof. dr. Ozer Ciftcioglu in the field of soft computing was crucial for tool development. By combining knowledge from two different disciplines a unique tool could be developed that would enable intelligent modeling of soft data needed for support of the building design process. In this respect, this research is a starting point in that direction. It is multidisciplinary and on the cutting edge between the field of Architecture and the field of Artificial Intelligence. From the architectural viewpoint, the perception of space is considered through relationship between a human being and a built environment. Techniques from the field of Artificial Intelligence are employed to model that relationship. Such an efficient combination of two disciplines makes it possible to extend our knowledge boundaries in the field of architecture and improve design quality. With additional techniques, meta know/edge, or in other words "knowledge about knowledge", can be created. Such techniques involve sensitivity analysis, which determines the amount of dependency of the output of a model (comfort and public safety) on the information fed into the model (input). Another technique is functional relationship modeling between aspects, which is derivation of dependency of a design parameter as a function of user's perceptions. With this technique, it is possible to determine functional relationships between dependent and independent variables. This thesis is a contribution to better understanding of users' perception of underground space, through the prism of public safety and comfort, which was achieved by means of intelligent knowledge modeling. In this respect, this thesis demonstrated an application of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) as a partner in the building design process by employing advanced modeling techniques. The method explained throughout this work is very generic and is possible to apply to not only different areas of architectural design, but also to other domains that involve qualitative data.
keywords	Underground Space; Perception; Soft Computing
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	ecaade2024_230
id	ecaade2024_230
authors	Fekar, Hugo; Novák, Jan; Míèa, Jakub; Žigmundová, Viktória; Suleimanova, Diana; Tsikoliya, Shota; Vasko, Imrich
year	2024
title	Fabrication with Residual Wood through Scanning Optimization and Robotic Milling
source	Kontovourkis, O, Phocas, MC and Wurzer, G (eds.), Data-Driven Intelligence - Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2024), Nicosia, 11-13 September 2024, Volume 1, pp. 25–34
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2024.1.025
summary	The project deals with the use of residual wood of tree stumps and roots through scanning, optimization and robotic milling. Wood logging residue makes up to 50 percent of the trees harvested biomass. (Hakkila and Parikka 2002). Among prevailing strategies is leaving residue on site, and recovering residue for bioenergy. (Perlack and others 2005). The project explores the third strategy, using parts of the logging residue for fabrication, which may reduce the overall amount of wood logging volume. Furthermore approach aims for applying residue in its natural form and taking advantage of specific local characteristics of wood (Desch and Dinwoodie 1996). The project applies the strategy on working with stump and roots of an oak tree. Due to considerations of scale, available milling technics and available resources, chosen goal of the approach is to create a functioning chair prototype. Among the problems of the approach is the complex shape of the residue, uneven quality of wood, varying humidity and contamination with soil. After cleaning and drying, the stump is scanned and a 3D model is created. The 3D model od a stump is confronted with a 3D modelled limits of the goal typology (height, width, length, sitting surface area and overal volume of a chair) and topological optimization algorithm is used to iteratively reach the desired geometry. Unlike in established topological optimization proces, which aims for a minimal volume, the project attempts to achieve required qualities with removing minimal amount of wood. Due to geometric complexity of both stump and goal object, milling with an 6axis industrial robotic arm and a rotary table was chosen as a fabrication method. The object was clamped to the board (then connected to a rotary table) in order to provide precise location and orientation in 3D space. The milling of the object was divided in two parts, with the seating area milled in higher detail. Overall process of working with a residual wood that has potential to be both effective and present aesthetic quality based on individual characteristics of wood. Further development can integrate a generative tool which would streamline the design and fabrication proces further.
keywords	Robotic arm milling, Scanning, Residual wood
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	1a42
authors	Fjeld, M., Lauche, K., Bichsel, M., Voorhorst, F., Krueger, H., Rauterberg, M.
year	2002
title	Physical and Virtual Tools: Activity Theory Applied to the Design of Groupware
source	Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Kluwer
summary	Activity theory is based on the concept of tools mediating between subjects and objects. In this theory, an individual's creative interaction with his or her surroundings can result in the production of tools. When an individual's mental processes are exteriorized in the form of tools - termed objectification - they become more accessible to other people and are therefore useful for social interaction. This paper shows how our understanding of activity theory has shaped our design philosophy for groupware and how we have applied it. Our design philosophy and practice is exemplified by a description of the BUILD-IT system. This is an Augmented Reality system we developed to enhance group work; it is a kind of graspable groupware which supports cooperative planning. The system allows a group of people, co-located around a table, to interact, by means of physical bricks, with models in a virtual three-dimensional (3D) setting. Guided by task analysis, a set of specific tools for different 3D planning and configuration tasks was implemented as part of this system. We investigate both physical and virtual tools. These tools allow users to adjust model height, viewpoint, and scale of the virtual setting. Finally, our design practice is summarized in a set of design guidelines. Based on these guidelines, we reflect on our own design practice and the usefulness of activity theory for design.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	sigradi2006_e149b
id	sigradi2006_e149b
authors	Kendir, Elif
year	2006
title	Prêt-à-Construire – An Educational Inquiry into Computer Aided Fabrication
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 162-165
summary	This paper aims to show and discuss the relevance of developing necessary strategies for reintegrating the concept of fabrication into the architectural design process. The discussion will be partly based on the outcome of a graduate architectural design studio conducted in Spring semester 2002-2003. The graduate studio was part of a series of exploratory studies conducted on the nature of architectural design process transformed by information technologies. Preceded by studios investigating cognition and representation, this last studio focused on the concept of fabrication. The overarching aim of the studio series was to put CAD and CAM in context both within the actual architectural design process and within architectural education. The last of this series, which will be discussed within the frame of this paper, has specifically focused on CAM and the concept of fabrication in architecture. In accordance with the nature of a design studio, the research was more methodological than technical. The studio derived its main inspiration from the constructional templates used in dressmaking, which can be considered as an initial model for mass customization. In this context, the recladding of Le Corbusier’s Maison Domino was given as the main design problem, along with several methodological constraints. The main constraint was to develop the design idea through constructional drawings instead of representational ones. The students were asked to develop their volumetric ideas through digital 3D CAD models while working out structural solutions on a physical 1/50 model of Maison Domino. There was also a material constraint for the model, where only specified types of non-structural paper could be used. At this stage, origami provided the working model for adding structural strength to sheet materials. The final outcome included the explanation of different surface generation strategies and preliminary design proposals for their subcomponents. The paper will discuss both the utilized methodology and the final outcome along the lines of the issues raised during the studio sessions, some of which could be decisive in the putting into context of CAD – CAM in architectural design process. One such issue is mass customization, that is, the mass production of different specific elements with the help of CAM technologies. Another issue is “open source” design, indicating the possibility of a do-it-yourself architecture, where architecture is coded as information, and its code can be subject to change by different designers. The final key issue is the direct utilization of constructional drawings in the preliminary design phase as opposed to representational ones, which aimed at reminding the designer the final phase of fabrication right from the beginning. Finally, the paper will also point at the problems faced during the conduct of the studio and discuss those in the context of promoting CAM for architectural design and production in countries where there is no actual utilization of these technologies for these purposes yet.
keywords	Education; Fabrication; CAM
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:53

_id	ga0226
id	ga0226
authors	Liu, X., Frazer, Jh. and Tang, M.X.
year	2002
title	A generative design system based on evolutionary and mathematical functions
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	Previous work by Professor John Frazer on Evolutionary Architecture provides a basis for the development of a system evolving architectural envelopes in a generic and abstract manner. Recent research by the authors has focused on the implementation of a virtual environment for the automatic generation and exploration of complex forms and architectural envelopes based on solid modelling techniques and the integration of evolutionary algorithms, enhanced computational and mathematical models. Abstract data types are introduced for genotypes in a genetic algorithm order to develop complex models using generative and evolutionary computing techniques. Multi-objective optimisation techniques are employed for defining the fitness function in the evaluation process.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	c456
authors	Papamichael, K., Lai, J., Fuller, D. and Tariq, T.
year	2002
title	A Web-based Virtual Lighting Simulator
source	Thresholds - Design, Research, Education and Practice, in the Space Between the Physical and the Virtual [Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-11-X] Pomona (California) 24-27 October 2002, pp. 269-277
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2002.269
summary	This paper is about a web-based “virtual lighting simulator” that is intended to allow architects andlighting designers to quickly assess the effect of key parameters on the daylighting and lightingperformance in various space types. The virtual lighting simulator consists of a web-based interfacethat allows navigation through a large database of images and data, which were generated throughparametric lighting simulations. In its current form, the virtual lighting simulator has two main modules,one for daylighting and one for electric lighting.The daylighting module includes images and data for a small office space, varying most key daylightingparameters such as window size and orientation, glazing type, surface reflectance, sky conditions, andtime of the year. The electric lighting module includes images and data for five space types (classroom,small office, large open office, warehouse and small retail), varying key lighting parameters such as theelectric lighting system, surface reflectance, and dimming/switching.The computed images include perspectives and plans and are displayed in various formats to supportqualitative as well as quantitative assessment. The quantitative information is in the form of iso-contourlines superimposed on the images, as well as false color images and statistical information on workplane illuminance. The qualitative information includes images that are adjusted to account for thesensitivity and adaptation of the human eye. The paper also contains a section on the major technicalissues and their resolution.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	eaea2001_0
id	eaea2001_0
authors	Schmidt, J. Alexander and Schlömer, Natascha (Eds.)
year	2002
title	ENVIRONMENTAL SIMULATION - NEW IMPULSES IN PLANNING PROCESSES
source	Proceedings of the 5th European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference / ISBN 3-922602-85-1, 225 p.
summary	The 5th eaea Conference in Essen yielded four principal findings: • After having been limited to endoscopic picture and film renderings of analog scaled models, the european architectural endoscopy association (eaea) first bridged the gap to digital environmental simulations at this conference. It is not about a better or correct method, but a suitable method of representing the planned reality of a particular project using ways that make sense. The combination of digital and analog simulation media is a source of impetus to the user of both methods. The future belongs to the casespecific application and the numerous integration possibilities of the two different media. • In investigating the perception of pictures produced in both analog and digital form, it was ascertained that it was only after greater effort that the same level of pleasing qualities were achieved in the digital world, compared to pictures of analog scaled models. It seems that for many planning phases model-based pictures are superior to digital photos – with regards to economy, quality of representation and imaginative attributes. This last point seems to be especially important in the draft planning stages: the less sharp a picture is, the more remaining room for viewer interpretation there is. In particular, the high degree of precision characteristic of digital simulations no longer allows room for imagination in the individual viewer. • 3D environmental simulations will increasingly be incorporated with success in architecture and urban design courses at universities and colleges both here in Germany as well as abroad. The further spread of these techniques to other universities and colleges is desirable. Over and above application as a pedagogic tool, the use of these simulations by architects and city planners, private planning agencies and municipal planning administrators will also be in evidence in the future – for checking designs, for informing the involved parties, for establishing the decisions of government bodies, for marketing the project. • Also, the interactive use of endoscopic simulation facilities continually opens new fields of research – whether it be for registering subjective distance perception, whether it be for determining orientation possibilities in open spaces.
series	EAEA
type	normal paper
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/eaea
last changed	2005/09/09 10:43

_id	14fa
authors	Van Casteren, James and Sneyers, Stijn
year	2002
title	The use of digital information in a municipal spatial structure plan
source	CORP 2002, Vienna, pp. 395-400
summary	The benefit of linking digital data with geographical maps has always been underestimated in the spatial planning of Flanders.Today, the planning methods in Flanders have evolved from a static land-use planning to a dynamic, more flexible planning: spatialstructure planning. The general idea is to come to a consensus between the different fields that have a need for land occupation.Understanding ones needs, it should be easier to make decisions based upon a mutual insight of problems and opportunities regardingspatial planning. How does one examine spatial structure plans, problems and opportunities using digital information? All differentfields have their own methods of gathering spatial information and storing it digitally, what results into a large amount of data. Thispaper describes the use of these data in a spatial planning process: the conditions in which to use databases, how to link different datato spatial maps and how to work with overlays in order to formulate conclusions regarding spatial planning. Last but not least, wehave worked out a way to import GIS-data in non-GIS-programs in order to produce attractive charts that can ‘sell’ spatial planningideas to the public. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of using digital information in spatial planningand the necessity to have a constant dialogue between spatial planners and GIS-experts in order to make models that are suitable forspatial planning.
series	other
more	www.corp.at
last changed	2002/12/19 12:16

_id	acadia16_140
id	acadia16_140
authors	Nejur, Andrei; Steinfeld, Kyle
year	2016
title	Ivy: Bringing a Weighted-Mesh Representations to Bear on Generative Architectural Design Applications
source	ACADIA // 2016: POSTHUMAN FRONTIERS: Data, Designers, and Cognitive Machines [Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-77095-5] Ann Arbor 27-29 October, 2016, pp. 140-151
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2016.140
summary	Mesh segmentation has become an important and well-researched topic in computational geometry in recent years (Agathos et al. 2008). As a result, a number of new approaches have been developed that have led to innovations in a diverse set of problems in computer graphics (CG) (Sharmir 2008). Specifically, a range of effective methods for the division of a mesh have recently been proposed, including by K-means (Shlafman et al. 2002), graph cuts (Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008; Katz and Tal 2003), hierarchical clustering (Garland et al. 2001; Gelfand and Guibas 2004; Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008), primitive fitting (Athene et al. 2004), random walks (Lai et al.), core extraction (Katz et al.) tubular multi-scale analysis (Mortara et al. 2004), spectral clustering (Liu and Zhang 2004), and critical point analysis (Lin et al. 20070, all of which depend upon a weighted graph representation, typically the dual of a given mesh (Sharmir 2008). While these approaches have been proven effective within the narrowly defined domains of application for which they have been developed (Chen 2009), they have not been brought to bear on wider classes of problems in fields outside of CG, specifically on problems relevant to generative architectural design. Given the widespread use of meshes and the utility of segmentation in GAD, by surveying the relevant and recently matured approaches to mesh segmentation in CG that share a common representation of the mesh dual, this paper identifies and takes steps to address a heretofore unrealized transfer of technology that would resolve a missed opportunity for both subject areas. Meshes are often employed by architectural designers for purposes that are distinct from and present a unique set of requirements in relation to similar applications that have enjoyed more focused study in computer science. This paper presents a survey of similar applications, including thin-sheet fabrication (Mitani and Suzuki 2004), rendering optimization (Garland et al. 2001), 3D mesh compression (Taubin et al. 1998), morphin (Shapira et al. 2008) and mesh simplification (Kalvin and Taylor 1996), and distinguish the requirements of these applications from those presented by GAD, including non-refinement in advance of the constraining of mesh geometry to planar-quad faces, and the ability to address a diversity of mesh features that may or may not be preserved. Following this survey of existing approaches and unmet needs, the authors assert that if a generalized framework for working with graph representations of meshes is developed, allowing for the interactive adjustment of edge weights, then the recent developments in mesh segmentation may be better brought to bear on GAD problems. This paper presents work toward the development of just such a framework, implemented as a plug-in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper.
keywords	tool-building, design simulation, fabrication, computation, megalith
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	12e3
authors	Ahmad Rafi, M.E., Che Zulkhairi, A. and Karboulonis, P.
year	2002
title	Interactive Storytelling and Its Role in the Design Process
source	CAADRIA 2002 [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 983-2473-42-X] Cyberjaya (Malaysia) 18–20 April 2002, pp. 151-158
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2002.151
summary	Projects of ever increasing complexity and size have incited the need for new and robust design methodologies and tools in an effort to manage complexity, lower costs, ascertain quality and reduce risk. Technology convergence through the growing availability of networked computers, rapid progress in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and information management have encouraged the undertaking of even more complex designs that demand high degrees of interaction, collaboration and the efficient sharing and dissemination of information. It is suggested that interactive storytelling and interactive design (Rafi and Karboulonis, 2001) techniques that use non-linear information mapping systems can be deployed to assist users as they navigate information that is structured to address localized needs as they arise. The design process is a collaborative effort that encompasses diverse knowledge disciplines and demands the management and utilization of available resources to satisfy the needs of a single or set of goals. It is thought that building industry specialists should work close together in an organised manner to solve design problems as they emerge and find alternatives when designs fall short. The design process involves the processing of dynamic and complex information, that can be anything from the amount of soil required to level lands - to the needs of specific lightings systems in operation theatres. Other important factors that affect the design process are related to costs and deadlines. This paper will demonstrate some of our early findings in several experiments to establish nonlinear storytelling. It will conclude with a recommendation for a plausible design of such a system based on experimental work that is currently being conducted and is reaching its final stages. The paper will lay the foundations of a possible path to implementation based on the concept of multi-path animation that is appropriate for structuring the design process as used in the building industry.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ddssup0202
id	ddssup0202
authors	Antoni, J.P.
year	2002
title	Urban Sprawl Modelling: Combining Models to Make Decision
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	Urban sprawl is frequently associated with the idea of an unsuitable development, leading to increasing economic, social and environmental problems. Moreover, its control is difficult because multiple patterns (concerning numerous traditional urban planning fields) overlap. In order to understand the sprawl process and to manage its consequences, it must be simplified. The construction of a decision making tool appears then interesting. The GIS-based tool presented here is being developed incollaboration between the urban planning agency of Belfort and the laboratory of geography of Strasbourg. It requires three steps: 1. quantification of the sprawl (how much areas are involved in theurban sprawl process?); 2. location of the sprawl (where are the areas defined in the first step?); 3. differentiation of the sprawl (what are the areas located in the second step?). Of course, the successionof the three stages makes the use of the complete model more complex. So, a global ergonomic user interface is being developed within the GIS, allowing to modify each parameter and to play easily numerous simulations.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	ga0206
id	ga0206
authors	Biles, John A.
year	2002
title	GenJam in Transition: from Genetic Jammer to Generative Jammer
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	GenJam, short for Genetic Jammer, is an evolutionary computation (EC) based software agent that models a jazz improviser. Recently GenJam has evolved away from its roots as an interactive genetic algorithm toward its current state as an autonomous generative system. GenJam has retained its chromosome-based representations and mappings, its intelligent selection, crossover and mutation operators, and its real-time interactive performance capabilities. However, it no longer needs any explicit representation of fitness, which arguably makes it no longer an EC system. This paper considers GenJam as a generative art system. Generative art produces “unique and non-repeatable events” that express a designer’s generating idea. The designer’s generating idea defines a species of events, represented in a genetic code. In music, these events could be individual notes, melodic phrases, even entire pieces. In GenJam the events are four-measure phrases, or “licks” in the jazz vernacular. The format for the genetic code, then, defines a species space from which unique individual events can be generated. Uniqueness is important in jazz because improvisation must be spontaneous and “new.” Hence, improvisation is tailor-made for the generative art paradigm, and in fact, one could argue that improvisation is, by definition, the purest example of generative art applied to music. In other words, generative music is improvisation, and GenJam is the Generative Jammer.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	077a
authors	Boucard, D., Huot, S., Colin, Ch., Hégron, G. and Siret, D.
year	2002
title	An Image-based and Knowledge-based System for Efficient Architectural and Urban Modeling
source	Thresholds - Design, Research, Education and Practice, in the Space Between the Physical and the Virtual [Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-11-X] Pomona (California) 24-27 October 2002, pp. 229-238
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2002.229
summary	In this paper, we present two user-centered systems aiming at making easier the modeling ofarchitectural and urban scenes by using two different but complementary approaches. The first oneMArINa, an image-based modeler, allows the user to reconstruct urban scenes from one or moregraphical documents. This method focuses more on reconstructing models and is more dedicated tothe production of 3D sketches. The second modeler, MArCo is a knowledge-based modelercontaining the know-from and know-how on classical architecture. It allows the user to modelclassical architectural scenes verifying automatically all the domain rules. Finally, we show howMArINa and MArCo can cooperate providing the user a tool combining efficiently their respectivecapabilities.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	b13d
authors	Broek, J.J., Horváth, I., Smit, B. de, Lennings, A.F., Rusák, Z. and Vergeest, J.S.M.
year	2002
title	Free-form thick layer object manufacturing technology for large-sized physical models
source	Automation in Construction 11 (3) (2002) pp. 335-347
summary	Large-sized free-form objects of different materials are widely used in various industrial applications. Currently, layered rapid prototyping technologies are not suitable for the fabrication of this kind of objects, due to the necessity of a large number of layers and the limitations in size. This paper reports a novel approach of layered manufacturing that is more appropriate for the fabrication of these large objects. A method of thick-layered object manufacturing is presented, which is based on a higher order approximation of the shape and application of a flexible curved cutting tool.The method allows the production of physical prototypes, which need little or no finishing. In order to meet the designer's intend, as closely as possible, some feasible system characteristics are introduced. The process is ordered in a sequential way and provides a highly automated process. A hierarchical decomposition of the CAD geometry takes place into components, segments, layers and sectors, based on morphological analysis. This method enables the manufacturing and the re-assembly of the parts to produce the physical prototypes without affecting the requested functionality. Due to the possibility of obtaining multiple solutions in the physical model, much attention must be paid to the efficiency of the process.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	bbb6
authors	Chase, Scott C.
year	2002
title	A model for user interaction in grammar-based design systems
source	Automation in Construction 11 (2) (2002) pp. 161-172
summary	Grammar-based production systems are considered potentially powerful design tools by their ability to generate sets of designs adhering to user-specified constraints. However, development of such tools has been slow, partly because of the lack of good interaction between user and system. This paper describes modes of user interaction and control possible with grammar-based design systems and presents issues to be examined in the development of models that represent the locus of interactions possible with such systems. The examination of existing grammar-based systems provides empirical evidence to support the validity of such models.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	0ee9
authors	Chase, Scott C.
year	2002
title	(Re)design of construction assemblies with function/behaviour/structure grammars
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 356-359
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.356
summary	A formal framework for redesign based upon Function/Behaviour/Structure models and design grammars is described. A proposed application domain is for the design and redesign of construction assemblies. GDL object technology is proposed as a candidate tool for implementation.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	7f0a
authors	Chen, K.-Z.,Feng, X.-A. and Ding, L.
year	2002
title	Intelligent approaches for generating assembly drawings from 3-D computer models of mechanical products
source	Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 34 (5) (2002) pp. 347-355
summary	In order to reduce the time of mechanical product design and ensure the high quality of their assembly drawings, this paper develops an intelligent approach for generatingassembly drawings automatically from three-dimensional (3-D) computer assembly models of mechanical products by simulating the experienced human designer's thinkingmode with the aid of computer graphics and knowledge-based expert system. The key issues include the strategies and methods for selecting the necessary views in anassembly drawing, determining necessary sectional views in each view, eliminating the unreasonable projective overlap of the components in each view, and minimizing thenumbers of both the views in an assembly drawing and the sectional views in each view. Based on the approach, corresponding software prototype was developed. Finally, itis demonstrated, from an example of the fixture in a modularized drilling machine, that its assembly drawing was generated successfully using this intelligent softwareprototype.
keywords	CAD, Intelligent CAD, Expert System, Artificial Intelligence, Assembly, Drawing
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/05/15 21:33

_id	f4e4
authors	Chiarelli, Julia
year	2002
title	Una Posible visión Griega del Realismo geométrico en las Imágenes Arquitectónicas [A Possible Greek Vision of Geometric Realism in Architectural Images ]
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 268-271
summary	The vision of a reality that is individual and personal. Along the history we see as the different towns they build their cities and their temples with different morphologies and in a different establishment way; but the question is: As they decided their construction? Starting from that law?The Greeks already discovered certain mechanisms of the vision in the century IV B.C This posture on the visual sense made that optic illusions have been analyzed for then to be used with premeditation in theconstruction of certain temples and its location. The departure hypothesis is centered in 2 (two)-investigation levels: 1. The definition of Illusion of Hering (optic illusions) and their with the realism in architectural image2. The analysis of the electronic scale models based on the geometry proyectual.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	2d54
authors	Clayton, M.J., Warden, R.B. and Parker, Th.W.
year	2002
title	Virtual construction of architecture using 3D CAD and simulation
source	Automation in Construction 11 (2) (2002) pp. 227-235
summary	3D modeling and computer simulations provide new ways for architecture students to study the relationship between the design and construction of buildings. Digital media help to integrate and expand the content of courses in drafting, construction and design. This paper describes computer-based exercises that intensify the student's experience of construction in several courses from sophomore to senior level. The courses integrate content from drafting and design communication, construction, CAD, and design.Several techniques are used to strengthen students' awareness and ability in construction. These include: Virtual design–build projects in which students construct 3D CAD models that include all elements that are used in construction. Virtual office in which several students must collaborate under the supervision of a student acting as project architect to create a 3D CAD model and design development documents. Virtual sub-contracting in which each student builds a trade specific 3D CAD model of a building and all of the trade specific models must be combined into a single model. Construction simulations (4D CAD) in which students build 3D CAD models showing all components and then animate them to illustrate the assembly process. Cost estimating using spreadsheets. These techniques are applied and reapplied at several points in the curriculum in both technical laboratory courses and design studios. This paper compares virtual construction methods to physical design–build projects and provides our pedagogical arguments for the use of digital media for understanding construction.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

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