CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 605

_id sigradi2003_066
id sigradi2003_066
authors Vazquez, J., Armesto, T. and Dri, E.
year 2003
title Análisis del Comportamiento Lumínico en Edificios mediante Herramientas Digitales (Analysis of the lighting Behavior in Buildings by means of Digital Tools)
source SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary In temperate humid climates, like Rosario city, (33 S, 60 W), in which heating and cooling loads are required seasonally, daylighting and artificial lighting optimization, under an energy saving basis are essential issues for designers. Energy reduction in buildings permits lower functioning costs, better maintenance, and overall economy. Electricity consumption in offices has increased in the latest years due to an intensive use of artificial lighting and new appliances (computers, printers). This equipment also generates heat which must be eliminated, increasing further energy consumption. This paper focuses on spaces assessment and adjustment through digital tools aid, so as to evaluate strategies of interior lighting performance.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:02

_id caadria2003_b5-2
id caadria2003_b5-2
authors Caldas, Luisa G.
year 2003
title Shape Generation Using Pareto Genetic Algorithms Integrating Conflicting Design Objectives in Low-Energy Architecture
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.681
source CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 681-694
summary The Generative Design System [GDS] presented in this paper was developed to assist designers in researching low-energy architecture solutions. The GDS has the capability to evolve architectural forms that are energy-efficient, while complying to design intentions expressed by the architect, and responding to conflicting objectives. To achieve this evolutionary development, the system integrates a search and optimization method [Genetic Algorithm], a building energy simulation software [DOE2.1E], and Pareto multicriteria optimization techniques. The GDS adaptively generates populations of alternative solutions, from an initial schematic layout and a set of rules and constraints designed by the architect to encode design intentions. The two conflicting objective functions considered in this paper are maximizing daylighting use, and minimizing energy consumption for conditioning the building. The GDS generated an uniformly sampled, continuous Pareto front, from which six points were visualized in terms of the proposed architectural solutions.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac20031402
id ijac20031402
authors Caldas, Luisa G.; Norford, Leslie K.
year 2003
title Shape Generation Using Pareto Genetic Algorithms: Integrating Conflicting Design Objectives in Low-Energy Architecture
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 4
summary The Generative Design System [GDS] presented in this paper was developed to assist designers in researching low-energy architecture solutions. The GDS has the capability to evolve architectural forms that are energy-efficient, while complying to design intentions expressed by the architect and responding to conflicting objectives. To achieve this evolutionary development, the system integrates a search and optimization method [Genetic Algorithm], building energy simulation software [DOE2.1E], and Pareto multicriteria optimization techniques. The GDS adaptively generates populations of alternative solutions, from an initial schematic layout and a set of rules and constraints designed by the architect to encode design intentions. The two conflicting objective functions considered in this paper are maximizing daylighting use and minimizing energy consumption for conditioning the building. The GDS generated an uniformly sampled, continuous Pareto front, from which six points were visualized in terms of the proposed architectural solutions.
series journal
more http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed 2007/03/04 07:08

_id 47b3
authors Gruen, A., Steidler F. and Wang, X.
year 2003
title Generation and visualization of 3D-city and facility models using CyberCity Modeler (CC-Modeler)
source CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary The efficient generation of data for 3-D city models and their handling in Spatial Information Systems has become feasible. The derivation of this data from aerial and terrestrial images with semi-automated techniques constitutes the most powerful tool currently available to fulfill this task. Semi-automated object extraction has become a viable concept for the generation of 3-D city models. CyberCity-Modeler (CC-Modeler) has been developed with the aim of creating not only buildings, but also other objects pertaining to a city model efficiently and with a high degree of flexibility concerning the level of detail. In its commercial implementation, CCModeler has been confronted with a number of user requirements which needed to be observed. This led to some extensions in functionality, which are addressed in this paper: Geometrical regularization of buildings, editing functions for topology adjustment, integration of facades and other vertical walls and modeling of overhanging roofs. These extensions of the original concept make CyberCity-Modeler an even more powerful tool for 3-D city modeling.
series other
last changed 2003/03/11 20:39

_id 1404
id 1404
authors Hosny, Samir Sadek
year 2003
title BUIL-D-EX; A Knowledge-Based Expert System for the Diagnosis of Buildings Cracks
source Scientific Bulletin, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Vol. 38, No. 2, June 2003 - pp. 297-310
summary Expert systems are computer systems developed to preserve the human expertise about specific domains in a well-structured form suitable for retrieval and manipulation by computers. They have been used in many fields of applications and proved to be beneficial. This paper addresses the role of Knowledge-based expert systems in building construction; particularly in the diagnostics and assessment of buildings' cracks. The paper presents BUIL-D-EX; a prototype for a Buildings’ Diagnostics Expert system intended to assist architects, structural engineers, contractors and even building owners in identifying and suggesting remedies to concrete and masonry surfaces' defects. The system identifies the kind of crack, states its most probable causes and its degree of danger, suggests a technical remedy and finally suggests several commercial names for materials to be used for curing the defect, and how to apply them. BUIL-D-EX offers complete explanations for all its questions to the users, as well as justifications for all its decisions and answers whenever needed.
keywords Expert Systems, Diagnosis, Building Construction, Building Cracks, Backward chaining, Inference, Reasoning
series journal paper
type normal paper
email
last changed 2009/09/12 17:18

_id acadia03_052
id acadia03_052
authors Juyal, M., Kensek, K. and Knowles, R.
year 2003
title SolCAD: 3D Spatial Design Tool Tool to Generate Solar Envelope
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.411
source Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 411-419
summary In this research the concept of Solar Envelope has been used to develop a 3D Spatial Design Tool tool, SolCAD, for generating an envelope over a given site based on various design parameters. The solar envelope can be imagined as a container, whose boundaries are derived from the sun’s relative motion. Buildings within this container will not overshadow their surroundings during critical periods of solar access for passive and low-energy architecture. The solar envelope is a space-time construct. Its spatial limits are defined by the parameters of land parcel size, shape, orientation, topography and latitude. It also depends on the time or the period of the time for which it is designed. Its time limits are defined by the hours of each day and the season for which solar access is provided to the land parcel (Knowles 1981). This tool intends to generate an envelope over a site of any shape, size and orientation and for different boundary and height conditions of shadow lines. It is suitable for initial stages of building design process to determine the shape of the building even before the design has been conceptualized.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id mourshedp503final
id mourshedp503final
authors Monjur M Mourshed, Denis Kelliher, Marcus Keane
year 2003
title ArDOT: A tool to optimise environmental design of buildings
source Building Simulation 2003 (Eighth IBPSA Conference). Eindhoven, Netherlands
summary Environmental design of buildings involves ‘finding the optimum’ solution satisfying predefined objective(s) (e.g., reduction in operating/capital cost, maximisation of daylighting etc.). A number of computer based simulation models exist to assist professionals in finding this optimum through building performance assessment. Contemporary practices involving building simulation require enormous effort to prepare input, extract output, and visualize data, which restricts designers from realizing the full potentials offered. In most cases, rules of thumb are applied and experienced guesses are made; simulation software is used only to validate the assumptions, which do not necessarily lead to the intended optimum. Moreover, these tools have been developed as simulation engines, which is inadequate to visualize the compounded and interdependent effect of a large number of design variables.

The authors believe that to realize the potential offered by building simulation software, a new breed of DBSs (Decision Based Systems) is needed coupling existing simulation engines with formal optimisation methods through neutral data standards (BPM – building product models) for seamless integration. This paper first elaborates on the previous attempts at solving integration issues related to the design process and simulation; also attempts at finding the limitations. Secondly, formulation of design problems as optimisation has been discussed with reference to the different stages of design. Thirdly, for effective integration of activities among stakeholders and processes, the use of client/ server oriented building product model has been proposed to overcome the limitations of file-based prototypes. Analysis and discussions based on the above aspects form as justification for ArDOT, an Architectural Design Optimisation Tool under development at IRUSE, National University of Ireland, Cork. Combining all three aspects into one makes ArDOT unique, which is essentially an enhanced decision making tool for the design of energy efficient buildings.

keywords ArDOT, Architectural Design Optimisation, Building Energy Simulation, EnergyPlus
series other
email
last changed 2003/08/27 11:57

_id ijac20031306
id ijac20031306
authors Rall, Juan Carlos
year 2003
title The Digital Environment of Urban Dynamic Analysis
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 3
summary Urban sprawl and complexity are increasing at an alarming rate causing huge energetic waste and affecting the quality of life of people and life on earth in general. This paper proposes Urban Dynamic Analysis as a feasible approach to address this negative phenomenon. Urban Dynamic Analysis is a multidisciplinary holistic method that inquires into temporal relations between structures and related characteristics in cities. A range of simulation tools are being adapted and developed aiming to assess different morphological configurations of urban spaces, to improve the welfare of citizens and to optimise energy consumption. All these tools are based on digital image utilization, with simple computational techniques.
series journal
more http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed 2007/03/04 07:08

_id caadria2010_003
id caadria2010_003
authors Vaughan, Josephine and Michael J. Ostwald
year 2010
title Refining a computational fractal method of analysis: testing Bovill’s architectural data
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.029
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 29-38
summary In 1996 Bovill applied Mandelbrot’s fractal method for calculating the approximate visual complexity of images to architecture. This method is one of only a limited number of quantifiable approaches to provide a measure of the relative complexity of an architectural form. However, the method has rarely been tested despite many scholars uncritically repeating Bovill’s conclusions. While Bovill’s original work was calculated manually, a software program, Archimage, is presently being developed by the authors as a tool to assist architectural designers and researchers to understand the visual complexity of building designs. The present research returns to Bovill’s original architectural data (elevations of famous buildings) and re-calculates the results published therein using Archimage and the commercial software Benoit. These results are then compvared with those produced by Bovill (1996) and Lorenz (2003), to determine if any consistency can be found between the sets. The level of consistency will assist in determining the validity of Bovill’s method and provide important data in the ongoing process to refine the Archimage software and the analytical method.
keywords Computational analysis tools; design analysis; visual complexity
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2003_c2-3
id caadria2003_c2-3
authors Wittkopf, Stephen K. and Huang, Yi Chun
year 2003
title Web-Based Computational Design Support Tools Use of Lighting and Energy Performance Simulation and Web-Based Visualization for Energy Integrated Architectural Design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.307
source CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 307-322
summary The paper proposes a new methodology how computational lighting and energy performance simulations and web based visualization tools can be employed to support energy integrated architectural design. By studying the current limitations of integrating simulation tools in the design process, the hypotheses of a web-based design guide attempts to establish computational simulation and visualization tools as a value adding part of the design process as well as contribute to the architect's understanding and concerns of energy relationships in buildings. The developed design guide attempts to address the identified limitations by making the actual simulations transparent to the designer physically and figuratively, the latter involving the studying of how to present data as useful information to the designer in post-processing techniques with special focus webbased visualizations.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ecaade03_369_112_akgun
id ecaade03_369_112_akgun
authors Akgun, Yenal
year 2003
title An Interactive Database (HizmO) for Reconstructing Lost Modernist Izmir:
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.369
source Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 369-372
summary The research project in progress in the School of Architecture at the Izmir Institute of Technology includes documentation and reconstruction (by 3D modeling in electronic media) of damaged and lost early modern buildings in the Izmir region. The research aims to analyze the differences between Izmir modern buildings and Universal Modern Style, and preserve information on architectural heritage for future generations. The project is at the phase of developing an interactive web-based historical database (HizmO) that includes data (information, images, technical drawings, VRML models) and visualization of the findings. This database aims to be a pioneer in Mediterranean Region for exhibition of relations between traditional architecture (especially Mediterranean locality) and modernism, and organization of a network and off-campus learning activity for Mediterranean architecture that serve as a guide for students, researchers and architects. This paper aims at introducing this research and discussing the application of the database “HizmO,” its aims and potential effects on education in architectural history.
keywords E-learning, educational database, architectural history, VRML
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id caadria2003_c2-4
id caadria2003_c2-4
authors Al-Sallal, Khaled A.
year 2003
title Integrating Energy Design Into Caad Tools: Theoretical Limits and Potentials
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.323
source CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 323-340
summary The study is part of a research aims to establish theoretical grounds essential for the development of user efficient design tools for energy-conscious architectural design, based on theories in human factors of intelligent interfaces, problem solving, and architectural design. It starts by reviewing the shortcomings of the current energy design tools, from both architectural design and human factor points of view. It discusses the issues of energy integration with design from three different points of view: architectural, problem-solving, and human factors. It evaluates theoretically the potentials and limitations of the current approaches and technologies in artificial intelligence toward achieving the notion "integrating energy design knowledge into the design process" in practice and education based on research in the area of problem solving and human factors and usability concerns. The study considers the user interface model that is based on the cognitive approach and can be implemented by the hierarchical structure and the object-oriented model, as a promising direction for future development. That is because this model regards the user as the center of the design tool. However, there are still limitations that require extensive research in both theoretical and implementation directions. At the end, the study concludes by discussing the important points for future research.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2003_121
id sigradi2003_121
authors Alvarado, Rodrigo García, Castillo, Gino Alvarez
year 2003
title Técnicas Cinematográficas para las Animaciones Arquitectónicas (Film-making techniques for Architectural Animations)
source SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary The paper presents film techniques for the expressive development of architectural animations, based on a graphic analysis of productions related to architecture (famous movies, documentaries of buildings and contemporary animations). This study is revealing some cinematographic concepts such as the dynamic composition of image, diversity of camera's positions, control of movements and rhythmic montage of shots that support a meaningful presentation of buildings. Also it suggests the geometric programming of movements and influences in the architectural design.
keywords Animation, Cinematography, Movement
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id acadia03_022
id acadia03_022
authors Anders, Peter
year 2003
title Towards Comprehensive Space: A context for the programming/design of cybrids
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.161
source Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 161-171
summary Cybrids have been presented as mixed realities: spatial, architectural compositions comprised of physical and cyberspaces (Anders 1997). In order to create a rigorous approach to the design of architectural cybrids, this paper offers a model for programming their spaces. Other than accepting cyberspaces as part of architecture’s domain, this approach is not radical. Indeed, many parts of program development resemble those of conventional practice. However, the proposition that cyberspaces should be integrated with material structures requires that their relationship be developed from the outset of a project. Hence, this paper provides a method for their integration from the project’s earliest stages, the establishment of its program. This study for an actual project, the Planetary Collegium, describes a distributed campus comprising buildings and cyberspaces in various locales across the globe. The programming for these cybrids merges them within a comprehensive space consisting not only of the physical and cyberspaces, but also in the cognitive spaces of its designers and users.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia03_044
id acadia03_044
authors Bermúdez, Julio and Foresti, Stefano
year 2003
title Information Visualization
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.x.p5s
source Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, p. 346
summary Digital visualization addresses representational challenges from within and without architecture. ‘Disciplinary’ digital visualization is used to explore, understand and communicate architectural information associated with the production of buildings. 3D modeling, rendering, animation and VR as well as the power of digital media to permit the seamless integration of various data types are unleashing completely new ways to display architecture. As digital power continues to increase and get cheaper, portability and wi-fi networks take root, and visualization work becomes even more main stream, we can expect growing changes in the way the design process is conducted, buildings are presented and documented, and the public and 3rd party’s demands from professional services. This demands a more conscious research/pedagogies aimed at developing new representation conventions.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ijac20031107
id ijac20031107
authors Berridge, Philip; Koch, Volker; Brown, Andre G.P.
year 2003
title Information Spaces for Mobile City Access
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 1
summary This paper describes two complementary European research projects that share common interests and goals.The work described is intended to facilitate city analysis and support decision-making. The first project focuses on the distribution, access and ease of use of city data. The system allows access to historical data concerning key buildings in Liverpool, England, via a suite of web-based tools and a palmtop device. The second project looks at extending the functionality of traditional computer aided design (CAD) software to enable geometric and semantic data to be combined within a single environment. The system allows those involved in city planning to better understand the past and present development pattern of an area so that their decisions on future proposals are better informed.The paper concludes by describing a system that integrates particular aspects of the two projects, and the potential that this integration can bring.This new work provides mobile access to historical city development data, current city information and tools to support urban project development.
series journal
more http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed 2007/03/04 07:08

_id 792a
authors Blaschke, Thomas and Tiede, Dirk
year 2003
title Bridging GIS-based landscape analysis/modelling and 3D-simulation.Is this already 4D?
source CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary Several studies have used remote sensing to map patterns of e.g. deforestation or to analyse the rates of land use change. Thesestudies have proven useful for interpreting the causes of urbanization, deforestation etc. and the impact of such changes on theregion. Monitoring of change (e.g. deforestation or reforestation) is frequently perceived as one of the most important contributionsof remote sensing technology to the study of global ecological and environmental change (Roughgarden et al. 1991). Manyresearchers believe that the integration of remote sensing techniques within analysis of environmental change is essential if ecologistsare to meet the challenges of the future, specifically issues relating to global change; however, in practice, this integration has so farbeen limited (Griffiths & Mather 2000). Considerable difficulties are encountered in linking, on the one hand, the biologies oforganisms and the ecologies of populations to the fluxes of material and energy quantifiable at the level of ecosystems. In this paper,we concentrate on the methodological aspects of the delineation of landscape objects and touch the ecological application onlysuperficially but we elucidate the potential of the proposed methodology for several ecological applications briefly.
series other
email
last changed 2003/11/21 15:16

_id caadria2003_b1-2
id caadria2003_b1-2
authors Chakraborty, Somen
year 2003
title Automated Generation of Residential Roomlayout within a Constrained Covered Area
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.085
source CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 85-100
summary A significant quantum of all buildings constructed in modern times is designed for residential purpose. A tremendous amount of money is being spent every year for construction of residential buildings. Therefore, optimization of design becomes very important. In a country like India most people in urban area live in houses having constrained area. A significant part of residential units comes under mass housing either as high-rise building blocks or as plotted developments. In any of such schemes there are large number of housing units for a group of families of whom general characteristics are known but characteristics of individual families are not known at the time of designing. This situation is, however, suitable for scientific investigation and analysis based on statistical surveys. Broadly speaking, this paper suggests approach to deal with this situation of finding optimum layout of rooms of a housing unit for any target group of families when the covered area is so constrained that freedom of using different criteria like aesthetics, structural systems, materials and methods of construction in varieties of ways is drastically reduced. In such constrained area for housing units rooms are generally found rectangular within overall rectangular outline of each unit. Method shown here is valid under this restriction. It is also assumed that number of rooms will be restricted to such number that exhaustive search for design is practically possible within a reasonable time with present day capabilities of normally available PCs.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id caadria2003_a5-3
id caadria2003_a5-3
authors Chang, Teng-Wen and Lai, Ih-Cheng
year 2003
title Navigation In 3D Information Landscape-A 3D Museum for Civic Buildings
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.641
source CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 641-650
summary Navigation is about information that requires visual feedback and spatial orientation in both information representation and userinteraction. Among those, spatial orientation is the primary research question for navigating in 3D information landscape. By inspired by Ware's three control loops, 'spatial metaphors' and 'visual components" are proposed as the fundamental concepts of a navigation framework called 'i-Room'. i-Room is comprised of four constituents-handles, i-Bag, i-Map and Focus/scale. An information landscape based on a repository of diverse digital media of 11 significant civic buildings in Taiwan is designed for testing this navigation framework. An implementation of i-Room based on Muse of navigation realization and their interaction behaviors with spatial metaphors/visual components is also reported in this paper.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id acadia03_003
id acadia03_003
authors Chang, W. and Woodbury, R.
year 2003
title Undo Reinterpreted
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.019
source Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 19-27
summary The class of operations known as “undo” has proven to be a valuable addition to most professional work tools. In practice though, its use is frustrating: undo often undoes too much. Its essential informal semantics are that it returns the user to a prior state by recapitulating all intervening states. Why not give the user greater control over which aspects of a design to undo? An alternative is to seek to reuse prior work in any logically-coherent pattern—user input is a precious commodity. The area of generative systems provides insights in a search for alternatives to undo, in particular that prior user and system actions can be changed and reused in new contexts. We contingently introduce a concept we label as design promotions to describe system designs that demonstrate a tight coupling between interactive authorship and system-led generation, that treat past user actions as valuable intentional statements, and that treat alternative user choices as first-class objects of concern. In practice these three properties emphasize reuse. We briefly survey the current state of undo-like operations and potential candidates for implementing design promotions strategies. Through examples, we demonstrate approaches to realizing undo-like operations over specific representations, especially that of constructive solid geometry.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

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