Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	caadria2003_c5-2
id	caadria2003_c5-2
authors	Wang, Wan-Ling and Chien, Sheng-Fen
year	2003
title	Game as a Design Instructional Tool
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 739-744
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.739
summary	We propose to use games as instructional supports in architectural design studios. Games used in this context, or design games, exhibit six structural factors: rules, goals, outcomes/feedback, conflict/competition/challenge/opposition, interaction, and representation. With these factors in mind, we develop a "Design Concept Trading Game." Our aim is to improve students' ability in three aspects: to articulate design concepts, to assess design alternatives, and to integrate partial designs (developed from various design concepts) into a coherent whole. The pilot study of this "Design Concept Trading Game" generated encouraging results. Continuing efforts are underway to establish a framework of using games as design instructional tools.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	caadria2003_a1-3
id	caadria2003_a1-3
authors	Shih, Sheng-Cheng
year	2003
title	A Web-Based Agent Framework for Collaborative Design-Build Communication
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 55-68
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.055
summary	The Internet connects the globe as a whole and at the same time pushes the competition increasing dramatically. Multidiscipline and distributed collaborative design-build in architecture, engineering and construction (A/E/C) companies can gain foster competitive advantage, improved designs, and more effective management of construction facilities. However collaboration can often fail, since it involves different professions who often hold different goals and also one-off organizations also build obstacles to collaboration. This paper presents a web-based agent framework to support communication, to facilitate shared understanding amongst the participants and to inspire teamwork. This paper proposes a multi-agent social interaction framework as the communication model of design-build projects. The conceptual framework emp hasizes process-centric learning and the creation of group agreements within design-build collaborative activities, which help facilitate conflict migration. In addition, based upon web agent technology, this communication framework providing an intelligence distribution opportunity for the for the A/C/E industry to introduce a new and innovative paradigm of collaborative design.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	acadia03_001
id	acadia03_001
authors	Jabi, Wassim
year	2003
title	Digital Design
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, p. 16
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.x.a7r
summary	Describing design as a sequence of steps cannot convey the complexity of social interactions that it embodies. Design is not merely a process, but a co-evolution of efforts and events in various places and times—both synchronous and asynchronous. Designers share their values, effort and expertise within design settings via artifacts that further the design process. Increasingly, these design settings in academia, research, and professional practice combine physical and virtual modalities such as immersion, projection, and a range of interaction technologies. Peter Anders has described such spaces as cybrids: hybrids that integrate virtual and physical space. In these settings, designers use overlapping physical and virtual artifacts and tools to arrive at a co-operative design resolution. Within collaborative design, these artifacts take on an additional role. As embodiments of design ideas and actions, they become media for communication. Donald Schon asserts that design should be considered a form of making, rather than primarily a form of problem solving, information processing or research. Indeed the line separating creation from design is becoming increasingly blurred. For the design artifact itself may become a part of the design proposal—its virtual presence incorporated within a cybrid structure or object. We may in the future see a proliferation of cybrid settings that support collaborative, digital design. The technologies for this already exist in collaborative tools, networked computing, scanning and immersive media. However, it will take a creative vision to see how these disparate tools and devices can integrate within the ideal design setting.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	ecaade03_209_169_vasquez
id	ecaade03_209_169_vasquez
authors	Velasco, Guillermo Vasquez de
year	2003
title	In The Development of VRML Environments for the Testing of Architectural Aptitude
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 209-212
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.209
summary	Schools of architecture offer admission based on a score system that combines school grade point average (GPA) and standardized testing. Unfortunately, GPA values can give an indication on the academic aptitude of the student but they tend to fall short on describing the potential of the student as a designer. The same may be said of standardized tests that address general verbal, mathematical and analytical skills but lack an adequate framework for measuring all the skills that aid us in performing design processes. This paper will elaborate on the feasibility of developing an on-line testing environment that may address the assessment of fundamental 3-dimentional skills as an additional indicator of potential success in the field of architecture.
keywords	Spatial Ability, Psychological Tests, VRML
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://taz.tamu.edu/architecture/faculty/guillermo/mainframe.html
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	cf2003_m_006
id	cf2003_m_006
authors	ACHTEN, Henri and JESSURUN, Joran
year	2003
title	Learning From Mah Jong - Towards a Multi-Agent System that can Recognize Graphic Units
source	Digital Design - Research and Practice [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-1210-1] Tainan (Taiwan) 13–15 October 2003, pp. 115-124
summary	Sketching is a major means of exploiting the first conceptual developments in architectural design. If we want to support the architect in the ideas-developing phase of design, then we need to understand the conventions of depiction and encoding in drawings. The theory of graphic units provides an extended list of such conventions that are widely used. We propose that a multi-agent system for recognition of graphic units in drawings is fruitful: agents can specialize in graphic units, a multi-agent system can deal with ambiguity through negotiation and conflict resolution, and multi-agent systems function in dynamically changing environments. We first make a multi-agent system that can do something simpler: playing Mah Jong solitary. The Mah Jong solitary system shares the following important features with a multi-agent system that can recognize graphic units: (1) specialized agents for moves; (2) negotiation between agents to establish the best move; (3) dynamically changing environment; and (4) search activity in more advanced strategies. The paper presents the theoretical basis of graphic units and multi-agents systems. The multi-agent framework and its implementation is presented. Various levels of game play are distinguished, and these are correlated to the multi-agent system. The paper shows how the findings form the basis for graphic unit recognition.
keywords	artificial intelligence, games, graphic units, agents
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/11/22 16:39

_id	acadia03_019
id	acadia03_019
authors	Wu, Pei-Ling
year	2003
title	Exploring Playful and Effective Digital Design Process with Games: A Framework for Digital Design Studio Teaching and Learning
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 143-149
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.143
summary	The idea of developing a framework, to integrate design studios and computer graphics, is derived from the nature of architectural design, which has always combined creativity and technology. Furthermore, as computers are being increasingly used in design studios, a systematic digital pedagogy, which can take advantage of the strengths of computers in all stages of design, should be developed simultaneously to facilitate learning. This paper attempts to propose a playful and effective digital design process that can be flexibly applied to computer-based design studios and design-based computer graphics courses. The pedagogical framework is based on a set of digital design games that follows a general design process presented by the author. First, the components of digital design games will be defined and the relations of those game components will be clearly depicted. Then, a framework will be proposed, followed by the use of an example demonstrating applications of the framework. Continual advancements in digital technology have created generation gaps among teachers at architectural schools. A structured digital design process can help teachers, with varying levels of computer-capabilities know what, when, and how, adjustments should be made to achieve the goal of digital design education.
keywords	Digital design process, Playful and Effective, Digital Design Games
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	c5c5
id	c5c5
authors	Calderon, C., Cavazza M. and Diaz, D.
year	2003
title	A NEW APPROACH TO VIRTUAL DESIGN FOR SPATIAL CONFIGURATION PROBLEMS,
source	7th IEEE International Information Visualisation Conference, London, UK, 16-17 July 2003. http://www.graphicslink.demon.co.uk/IV03/
summary	In this paper, we present a new framework for the use of Virtual Reality (VR) in engineering design for configuration applications. Traditional VR systems support the visual exploration of a design solution but do not assist the user in exploring alternative solutions based on domain knowledge. Extending previous work in the area of Intelligent Virtual Environment, we propose an intelligent configuration system based on constraint logic programming (CLP), integrated in a real-time 3D graphic environment. This type of integration facilitates the expression of design knowledge in the VE and enables the user to interactively solve and/or refine a spatial configuration problem. In the system described in this paper, the user can visually explore configurations, but his interaction with objects of the configuration problem triggers new cycles of constraint propagation from the modified configuration to produce a new compatible solution.
keywords	Virtual Reality, Virtual Design
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2005/12/02 11:31

_id	1101
id	1101
authors	Calderon, C., Cavazza M. and Diaz, D.
year	2003
title	A NEW APPROACH TO THE INTERACTIVE RESOLUTION OF CONFIGURATION PROBLEMS IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS
source	3rd International Symposium on Smart Graphics, Heidelberg, Germany, 2-4, July 2003. http://www.smartgraphics.org/ . Proceedings published by Springer: Lectures notes in Artificial Intelligence.
summary	Intelligent Virtual Environments integrate AI techniques with 3D real-time environments. As such, they can support interactive problem solving, provided the underlying AI techniques can produce solutions within a time frame matching that of user interaction. In this paper, we describe an intelligent virtual environment based on Constraint Logic Programming (CLP), integrated in a real-time 3D graphic environment. We have developed an event-based ap-proach through which user interaction can be converted in real-time into appro-priate solver queries which are then translated back into automatic reconfigura-tions of the Virtual Environment (VE). Additionally, this framework supports the interactive exploration of the solution space in which alternative solutions (configurations) can be found. We demonstrate the system behaviour on a con-figuration example. This example illustrates how solutions can be interactively refined by the user through direct manipulation of objects in the VE and how the interactive search of alternative solutions in the VE is supported by these type of systems.
keywords	Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Environments, Constraint Programming
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2005/12/02 11:34

_id	caadria2003_a5-3
id	caadria2003_a5-3
authors	Chang, Teng-Wen and Lai, Ih-Cheng
year	2003
title	Navigation In 3D Information Landscape-A 3D Museum for Civic Buildings
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 641-650
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.641
summary	Navigation is about information that requires visual feedback and spatial orientation in both information representation and userinteraction. Among those, spatial orientation is the primary research question for navigating in 3D information landscape. By inspired by Ware's three control loops, 'spatial metaphors' and 'visual components" are proposed as the fundamental concepts of a navigation framework called 'i-Room'. i-Room is comprised of four constituents-handles, i-Bag, i-Map and Focus/scale. An information landscape based on a repository of diverse digital media of 11 significant civic buildings in Taiwan is designed for testing this navigation framework. An implementation of i-Room based on Muse of navigation realization and their interaction behaviors with spatial metaphors/visual components is also reported in this paper.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	caadria2003_a4-1
id	caadria2003_a4-1
authors	Chen, Jia-Yih Joy and Jeng, Taysheng
year	2003
title	Exploring Digital City With Physical Interactions
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 505-512
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.505
summary	The purpose of this work is to develop needed interaction techniques for understanding the context of a digital city. In this paper, we present a framework in terms of three perspectives: information representation, physical interactions and media space design. We implement tangible media for physical interactions, allowing users to explore a digital city with respect to different positions in time-space in an interactive and intuitive manner. The time-space representation is mapped to physical media space. Our work is demonstrated in a digital 3D museum project for Tainan city in Taiwan.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	sigradi2018_1383
id	sigradi2018_1383
authors	Correia Fernandes, Gabriela; Bertola Duarte, Rovenir; Ferreira de Oliveira, Beatriz; Medri Striquer Souza, Giovana
year	2018
title	Towards a democratic approach on public lighting: remote systems based on Metadesign
source	SIGraDi 2018 [Proceedings of the 22nd Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISSN: 2318-6968] Brazil, São Carlos 7 - 9 November 2018, pp. 60-67
summary	This research explores Metadesign(Giaccardi, 2003)as an innovative framework on the design of urban lighting systems. We hypothesize that a system based on this mode of design can bring breakthroughs that could cope with ill-defined problems in urban lighting design. Therefore, the aim is to propose alighting system in support of participation through interaction at use time. In this sense, by comprehending lighting infrastructures as sociotechnical environments, we believe Metadesign could cope with emergent needs arising in the context of personally meaningful activities andcould empower users to engage actively in their systems development and evolution.
keywords	Metadesign; Participation at use time; Sociotechnical systems; Urban lighting design
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2021/03/28 19:58

_id	ecaade03_037_79_lang
id	ecaade03_037_79_lang
authors	Lang, Silke and Hovestadt, Ludger
year	2003
title	An architectural framework within a spatially immersive real-time environment for advanced communication and collaboration
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 37-43
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.037
summary	In this paper we present a framework for use in the blue-c, a collaborative telepresence environment. We implemented the framework on top of the blue-c API to enable new ways of designing digital 3D spaces in an immersive way. The framework will be used to support designers in creating spatial scenarios within CAVETM – like environments. It concentrates on the integration aspect of different media and data types. Architectural knowledge and information technology is combined to introduce a new approach for designing virtual environments.
keywords	Virtual Reality; Tele-Immersion; Collaborative Environment; 3D Video;Human-Computer Interaction
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.caad.arch.ethz.ch
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	1373
authors	Pfaffenbichler, Paul C. and Emberger, Günter
year	2003
title	Are European cities becoming similar?
source	CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary	The paper discusses city specific development patterns to overcome todays transport problems. The results are based on recent andongoing research activities at TUW-IVV and ITS. At previous CORP-conferences, we presented the basics and the development of aplanning support tool to find optimal policy packages in urban transport and land use (Emberger, 1998), (Pfaffenbichler, Emberger, 2001). The core of this planning support tool is a dynamic land use and transport interaction model. This model, which we refer to as Sketch Planning Model (SPM), is embedded into an appraisal and optimisation framework. The SPM and this framework were developed in the recently finished European Union funded research project PROSPECTS1. Case studies with this planning supporttool were performed within PROSPECTS for the cities Edinburgh, Helsinki, Madrid, Oslo, Stockholm and Vienna. These cities are principally comparable in regards of their status (capitals and major business and education centres), but different in their size, population density, transport system etc. A set of policy instruments like public transport improvements, car traffic restrictions, and infrastructure provision was available to formulate strategies to reduce negative impacts of transport and to increase welfare. The overall objective was a sustainable development of the city. Although the instruments and the goals are similar in all investigatedcites, different solutions were adequate. The solutions vary in regard of spatial implementation, implementation time and level of implementation. The paper will highlight some reasons for the different development paths of the cities. As well the comparison of the do nothing scenario as the comparison of the most feasible policy strategies shows that European cities are different, need different solutions for their problems and will stay different in the future.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/03/11 20:39

_id	cf2003_m_002
id	cf2003_m_002
authors	STOUFFS, Rudi and CUMMING, Michael
year	2003
title	Querying Design Information through Visual Manipulation of Representational Structures
source	Digital Design - Research and Practice [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-1210-1] Tainan (Taiwan) 13–15 October 2003, pp. 41-52
summary	Querying design information is an intricate aspect of the design process. Supporting arbitrary design queries requires both flexible design information models that can be modified and geared to the kind of question, and access to information in a uniform and consistent manner. We report on an active research effort to provide a 3D graphical interface for the manipulation of representational and data structures in terms of composition and scope. It is based on a framework for representational flexibility that supports the development of query languages. Specifically, we consider this as a framework for data management and include data functions as a means to support data analysis. We emphasise the interaction mechanisms that support both data management and analysis. In particular, we distinguish three types of interaction: the selection of an entity of primary interest, the selection of an extent of interest, and the insertion of data functions as a means for data analysis.
keywords	visualisation, design information, design queries, representation
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/09/22 12:21

_id	ijac20031107
id	ijac20031107
authors	Berridge, Philip; Koch, Volker; Brown, Andre G.P.
year	2003
title	Information Spaces for Mobile City Access
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 1
summary	This paper describes two complementary European research projects that share common interests and goals.The work described is intended to facilitate city analysis and support decision-making. The first project focuses on the distribution, access and ease of use of city data. The system allows access to historical data concerning key buildings in Liverpool, England, via a suite of web-based tools and a palmtop device. The second project looks at extending the functionality of traditional computer aided design (CAD) software to enable geometric and semantic data to be combined within a single environment. The system allows those involved in city planning to better understand the past and present development pattern of an area so that their decisions on future proposals are better informed.The paper concludes by describing a system that integrates particular aspects of the two projects, and the potential that this integration can bring.This new work provides mobile access to historical city development data, current city information and tools to support urban project development.
series	journal
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	adae
id	adae
authors	Cheng, Nancy Yen-wen
year	2003
title	Approaches to Design Collaboration Research
source	Automation in Construction Volume 12, Issue 6, November 2003, Pages 715-723
summary	This survey of architectural design collaboration identifies and categorizes strong research from the past ten years. It starts by describing how the research ranges in focus, scale and structure, then clarifies how different projects fit in a continuum from conceptual theory to pragmatic application. It explains how conceptual frameworks and standards enable interdisciplinary exchange by envisioning and structuring interaction. It then highlights specific interaction studies and compares methods for analyzing how media affects teamwork. The paper continues by explaining the promise of innovations such as tangible interfaces and interactive artwork, and concludes by identifying areas for further development.
keywords	design collaboration, groupwork, computer-supported cooperative design, human-computer interaction
series	journal paper
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2007/12/14 19:54

_id	ecaade03_017_136_franz
id	ecaade03_017_136_franz
authors	Franz, G., Von der Heyde, M. and Bülthoff, H.H.
year	2003
title	An empirical approach to the experience of architectural space in VR - Exploring relations between features and affective appraisals of rectangular interiors
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 17-24
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.017
summary	While it is well known that the built environment influences our emotional state, it is often difficult to attribute these experiences to particular properties. In fact, a systematic investigation of the relation between physical structure and emotional experience of architecture has not yet been done. Now virtual reality simulations facilitate a completely controlled variation of spatial properties and thus allow to empirically evaluate architectural hypothesises. The aim of the presented study was to investigate which factors from a component-based description of rooms significantly correlate with cardinal dimensions of experience. In a perceptual experiment experiental qualities of 16 virtual vacant rectangular interiors were rated in eight principal categories by 16 participants using the semantic differential scaling technique. The scenes were generated by a custom made graphics tool that also automatically generated the component-based scene descriptions. The data analysis revealed several interesting correlations between scene features and rated experience: For example, a preference for ratios near to the golden section could be observed for spatial proportions, which are not directly perceivable. Altogether, a set of five independent factors (openness, two room proportions, room area and balustradeheight) appeared to be effective for widely describing the observed variance of the averaged attributed experiental qualities. Our combination of realistic virtual reality simulations and psychophysical data raising methods proved to be effective for basic architectural research. It allowed us to demonstrate quantitative relations between physical properties from a component-based description of architectural space and its emotional experience.
keywords	Experiental Qualities; Psychophysics; Correlation Analysis; Virtual Reality
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/~gf
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	acadia03_023
id	acadia03_023
authors	Ibrahim, Magdy and Krawczyk, Robert
year	2003
title	The Level of Knowledge of CAD Objects within the Building Information Model
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 173-177
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.173
summary	The first generation of CAD software depended on entity objects that were manipulated and interpreted by the user as meaningful graphics symbols. These entities only represented the geometrical properties of the architectural elements. With the present emerging generation of CAD systems, a new concept shifts a drawing-based model into a Building Information Model with the potential of modeling true architectural objects. Theoretically, these CAD objects will provide all related data to the designer describing the geometry, as well as any related data associated with how the object is actually used. The knowledge required to support an object should have structure to it. Different levels of knowledge need to be included, such as the geometrical information, which should be flexible enough to accommodate any type of shape and modification while keeping the object’s integrity as a unit and maintaining its relations to other objects. The CAD object concept, as remarkable as it is, might also have potential problems. It has some implications over the design process, as well as the architectural profession itself.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ecaade03_279_128_mueller
id	ecaade03_279_128_mueller
authors	Mueller, Volker and Talbott, Kyle
year	2003
title	Architectural Design Methods with Commercial Computer Aided Design Systems
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 279-286
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.279
summary	This paper seeks to contribute to the discussion about the changed expectations towards computers as design tools by presenting three case studies describing how a computer aided design (CAD) system is used in a design setting. The first case describes how the commercial CAD system is presented to students of architecture at a university. The second and third case studies show how designers in an architectural firm have evolved distinctly different ways of augmenting their creative thinking using the CAD system. The three cases demonstrate how designers adopt standard tools and adapt their individual design processes to utilize digital media creatively.
keywords	CAD, digital design, architectural profession, innovative processes, creativeprocesses
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	7655
authors	Okeil, Ahmad and El Araby, Mostafa
year	2003
title	Realism vs. Reality in Digital Reconstruction of Cities
source	CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary	The digital reconstruction of existing cities using virtual reality techniques is being increasingly used. For consultants, municipalities and planning departments these models provide decision support through visual simulations (El Araby, 2001). For academia they provide a new tool for teaching students urban design and planning (Okeil, 2001). For authorities they provide a tool for promoting the city on the world wide web trying to attract more businesses and tourists to it. The built environment is very rich in detail. It does not only consist of open spaces surrounded by abstract buildings but it also includes many smaller objects such as street furniture, traffic signs, street lights, different types of vegetation and shop signs for example. All surfaces in the built environment have unique properties describing color, texture and opacity. The built environmentis dynamic and our perception is affected by factors such as pedestrian movement, traffic, environmental factors such as wind, noise and shadows. The built environment is also shaped by the accumulation of changes caused by many influences through time. All these factors make the reconstruction of the built environment a very complex task. This paper tries to answer the question: how realistic the reconstructed models of urban areas can be. It sees “Realism“ as a variable floating between three types of realties. The reality of the physical environment which we are trying to represent. The reality of the digital environment which will host the digitally reconstructed city. And the reality of the working environment which deals with the problem of limitation of resources needed to digitally reconstruct the city. A case study of building a 3D computer model of an urban area in the United Arab Emirates demonstrates that new time-saving techniques for data acquisition can enhance realism by meetingbudget limitations and time limitations.
keywords	Virtual Reality; Photo Realism; Texture Maps; 3D Modeling; Urban Design
series	other
email
last changed	2003/03/11 20:39

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