Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	acadia03_012
id	acadia03_012
authors	Seebohm, Thomas and Temkin, Aron
year	2003
title	CONNECTED COURSES: METHODS OF NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.094
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 94-98
summary	Where are we now?In the recent NJIT survey of digital media in the design schools twenty-eight out of twenty-nine architecture schools reported to have networked design studios (NJIT, 2003). This would seem to indicate a ubiquity of digital media tools. While the use of these tools is still often limited to design presentation (computer aided drawing and modeling) rather than design generation, the studio is historically a place of discovery and experimentation: with computers so available in this fertile environment we are poised to evolve the medium forward towards improved design development. This evolution is initially apparent in the way presentation methods and presentation processes are shifting. Not only are students becoming increasingly digital in their approach to design, but methods of working and presentation are also changing.
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	caadria2003_b5-1
id	caadria2003_b5-1
authors	Woodbury, Robert F. and Burrow, Andrew L.
year	2003
title	Notes on The Structure of Design Space
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.665
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 665-680
summary	Design space exploration is a long-standing focus in computational design research. Its three main threads are accounts of designer action, development of strategies for amplification of designer action in exploration and discovery of computational structures to support exploration. Chief amongst such structures is the design space - the network structure of related designs that are visited in an exploration process. There is relatively little research on design spaces to date. This paper sketches a partial account of the structure of both design spaces and research to develop them. It focuses largely on the implications of designers acting as explorers.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ijac20031405
id	ijac20031405
authors	Woodbury, Robert F.; Burrow, Andrew L.
year	2003
title	Notes on the Structure of Design space
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 4
summary	Design space exploration is a long-standing focus in computational design research. Its three main threads are accounts of designer action, development of strategies for amplification of designer action in exploration and discovery of computational structures to support exploration. Chief amongst such structures is the design space - the network structure of related designs that are visited in an exploration process. There is relatively little research on design spaces to date. This paper sketches a partial account of the structure of both design spaces and research to develop them. It focuses largely on the implications of designers acting as explorers.
series	journal
email
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	avocaad_2003_03
id	avocaad_2003_03
authors	Dag Boutsen
year	2003
title	AN INCLUSIVE ‘WORK-METHOD’ AND A SPECIFIC SEARCH FOR FULLY SUPPORTED SOLUTIONS THROUGH SUBJECTORIENTED DESIGN (INSTEAD OF OBJECT-ORIENTED)!
source	LOCAL VALUES in a NETWORKED DESIGN WORLD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Stellingwerff, Martijn and Verbeke, Johan (Eds.), (2004) DUP Science - Delft University Press, ISBN 90-407-2507-1.
summary	This paper talks about the hardness of CAAD.And it talks about the necessity to develop ‘soft’ CAAD.A lot of architectural adventures are stopped in the beginning or the middle of the road. Because of decisions far away from the designers or the clients. These decisions break in against some aspects of the design. Small details often kill a whole design-process.Does architectural design only belong to architects and planners ?To a “Me, myself and I”-world ? For the last 10 years, we have gained a lot of experience of designing architectural landscapes in a specific way. We design in such a way that developing projects can change or evolve strongly within themselves without losing their typical spirit. Change because of external and non-predictable events, change because of unexpected or changing circumstances, change because of the participation of new intervening people….New housing projects in Apeldoorn and Dordrecht,Rehabilitation projects in Gennevilliers (Paris) and Hellersdorf (Berlin), …Schools and hospitals in Amsterdam, …Each time very local aspects are incorporated in the different design-spirits.The networks are similar because of specific design-methods.This paper wants to explain something about this process-spirit.
keywords	Architecture, Local values, Globalisation, Computer Aided Architectural Design
series	AVOCAAD
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2006/01/16 21:38

_id	ecaade03_567_96_newton
id	ecaade03_567_96_newton
authors	D’souza, Newton and Talbott, Newton
year	2003
title	The (Non) Relation between Efficiency and Choice of Computer tools in Design Modeling: An Automated Protocol Analysis
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.567
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 567-574
summary	There exists a fundamental belief among mainstream CAAD software developers that a designer’s thought process is mainly driven towards achieving optimum efficiency. This paper argues that designers are not as much concerned with efficiency as much as protecting their personal preference for a certain method of object construction. Identifying and providing support to these methods - referred to here as ‘methods-ofmaking,’ is hence considered vital to how design efficiency is defined and how future CAAD tools are created. This hypothesis is empirically supported through a study conducted among 30 design students at the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
keywords	Computer tools, efficiency, design modeling, methods-of-making, preference
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.uwm.edu/~nsdsouza
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	5a6e
id	5a6e
authors	Ji-Hyun Lee
year	2003
title	HOUSING TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IN CASE-BASED DESIGN
source	Proceedings of the 37th ANZAScA Conference (S Mayman ed), November 1-4, University of Sydney, Australia, pp. 383-395.
summary	Expert designers typically refer to and re-use past solutions for recurring design problems. Case-based design (CBD) attempts to transfer this natural design reasoning process to computer-aided design using artificial intelligence (AI) methods and databases. The housing design domain is particularly suited for applying the CBD approach because the traditional method of home design already makes extensive use of precedents and solutions are highly standardized in that industry, at least in the U.S. This paper introduces classificatory types of housing precedents that provide a basis for a structured knowledge representation that supports case retrieval. The classificatory types gives to a research prototype an efficient classification and indexing mechanism that combines form- and component-based features and remains flexible (i.e. can be modified and customized by users), and a retrieval mechanism that uses the indexing mechanism.
keywords	Case-based design, design precedents, design knowledge, classificatory types
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2007/07/26 07:34

_id	mourshedp503final
id	mourshedp503final
authors	Monjur M Mourshed, Denis Kelliher, Marcus Keane
year	2003
title	ArDOT: A tool to optimise environmental design of buildings
source	Building Simulation 2003 (Eighth IBPSA Conference). Eindhoven, Netherlands
summary	Environmental design of buildings involves ‘finding the optimum’ solution satisfying predefined objective(s) (e.g., reduction in operating/capital cost, maximisation of daylighting etc.). A number of computer based simulation models exist to assist professionals in finding this optimum through building performance assessment. Contemporary practices involving building simulation require enormous effort to prepare input, extract output, and visualize data, which restricts designers from realizing the full potentials offered. In most cases, rules of thumb are applied and experienced guesses are made; simulation software is used only to validate the assumptions, which do not necessarily lead to the intended optimum. Moreover, these tools have been developed as simulation engines, which is inadequate to visualize the compounded and interdependent effect of a large number of design variables. The authors believe that to realize the potential offered by building simulation software, a new breed of DBSs (Decision Based Systems) is needed coupling existing simulation engines with formal optimisation methods through neutral data standards (BPM – building product models) for seamless integration. This paper first elaborates on the previous attempts at solving integration issues related to the design process and simulation; also attempts at finding the limitations. Secondly, formulation of design problems as optimisation has been discussed with reference to the different stages of design. Thirdly, for effective integration of activities among stakeholders and processes, the use of client/ server oriented building product model has been proposed to overcome the limitations of file-based prototypes. Analysis and discussions based on the above aspects form as justification for ArDOT, an Architectural Design Optimisation Tool under development at IRUSE, National University of Ireland, Cork. Combining all three aspects into one makes ArDOT unique, which is essentially an enhanced decision making tool for the design of energy efficient buildings.
keywords	ArDOT, Architectural Design Optimisation, Building Energy Simulation, EnergyPlus
series	other
email
last changed	2003/08/27 11:57

_id	ecaade03_279_128_mueller
id	ecaade03_279_128_mueller
authors	Mueller, Volker and Talbott, Kyle
year	2003
title	Architectural Design Methods with Commercial Computer Aided Design Systems
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.279
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 279-286
summary	This paper seeks to contribute to the discussion about the changed expectations towards computers as design tools by presenting three case studies describing how a computer aided design (CAD) system is used in a design setting. The first case describes how the commercial CAD system is presented to students of architecture at a university. The second and third case studies show how designers in an architectural firm have evolved distinctly different ways of augmenting their creative thinking using the CAD system. The three cases demonstrate how designers adopt standard tools and adapt their individual design processes to utilize digital media creatively.
keywords	CAD, digital design, architectural profession, innovative processes, creativeprocesses
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	acadia16_140
id	acadia16_140
authors	Nejur, Andrei; Steinfeld, Kyle
year	2016
title	Ivy: Bringing a Weighted-Mesh Representations to Bear on Generative Architectural Design Applications
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2016.140
source	ACADIA // 2016: POSTHUMAN FRONTIERS: Data, Designers, and Cognitive Machines [Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-77095-5] Ann Arbor 27-29 October, 2016, pp. 140-151
summary	Mesh segmentation has become an important and well-researched topic in computational geometry in recent years (Agathos et al. 2008). As a result, a number of new approaches have been developed that have led to innovations in a diverse set of problems in computer graphics (CG) (Sharmir 2008). Specifically, a range of effective methods for the division of a mesh have recently been proposed, including by K-means (Shlafman et al. 2002), graph cuts (Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008; Katz and Tal 2003), hierarchical clustering (Garland et al. 2001; Gelfand and Guibas 2004; Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008), primitive fitting (Athene et al. 2004), random walks (Lai et al.), core extraction (Katz et al.) tubular multi-scale analysis (Mortara et al. 2004), spectral clustering (Liu and Zhang 2004), and critical point analysis (Lin et al. 20070, all of which depend upon a weighted graph representation, typically the dual of a given mesh (Sharmir 2008). While these approaches have been proven effective within the narrowly defined domains of application for which they have been developed (Chen 2009), they have not been brought to bear on wider classes of problems in fields outside of CG, specifically on problems relevant to generative architectural design. Given the widespread use of meshes and the utility of segmentation in GAD, by surveying the relevant and recently matured approaches to mesh segmentation in CG that share a common representation of the mesh dual, this paper identifies and takes steps to address a heretofore unrealized transfer of technology that would resolve a missed opportunity for both subject areas. Meshes are often employed by architectural designers for purposes that are distinct from and present a unique set of requirements in relation to similar applications that have enjoyed more focused study in computer science. This paper presents a survey of similar applications, including thin-sheet fabrication (Mitani and Suzuki 2004), rendering optimization (Garland et al. 2001), 3D mesh compression (Taubin et al. 1998), morphin (Shapira et al. 2008) and mesh simplification (Kalvin and Taylor 1996), and distinguish the requirements of these applications from those presented by GAD, including non-refinement in advance of the constraining of mesh geometry to planar-quad faces, and the ability to address a diversity of mesh features that may or may not be preserved. Following this survey of existing approaches and unmet needs, the authors assert that if a generalized framework for working with graph representations of meshes is developed, allowing for the interactive adjustment of edge weights, then the recent developments in mesh segmentation may be better brought to bear on GAD problems. This paper presents work toward the development of just such a framework, implemented as a plug-in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper.
keywords	tool-building, design simulation, fabrication, computation, megalith
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	sigradi2003_079
id	sigradi2003_079
authors	Orzechowski, M.A., de Vries, B. and Timmermans, H.J.P.
year	2003
title	Virtual Reality CAD system for non-designers
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	In this paper we will summarize the development of a virtual reality system called MuseV3. This system allows the modification of a basic architectural design and thereby collects preference information about design variations. A technical description of the system as well as a summary of user evaluations is given. In addition, a brief explanation of the methods that were used to elicit user preferences will be given.
keywords	Virtual reality, Bayesian networks, user preferences, Desk-CAVE
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:57

_id	caadria2003_a3-3
id	caadria2003_a3-3
authors	Schnabel, Marc Aurel
year	2003
title	Creation and Translation Virtual 3D Architectural Environments
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.371
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 371-384
summary	In this paper, we describe the research we undertake to investigate the perception and comprehension of spatial volumes within immersive, non-immersive virtual environments and physical models and their translation to a tangible representation. We set up two related design experiments to investigate the outcome of creation, interpretation and communication of architectural design. One, being the analysis of a cubic structure, based on three-dimensional (3D) interlocking volumes and spaces; and the other, being the design of a 3D-maze together with text -based communication. Collaboratively participants create, assess and analyse spatial relationships of volumes and spaces of a 3D maze structure or construct models of these spaces. The objective of our study is to identify how designers perceive space in Virtual Environments (VE) and communicate design ideas by using VE versa conventional methods of two-dimensional depictions such as paper and pen or 3D representations such as physical models. We investigate issues of quality, accuracy, understanding, communicating and rebuilding of designed or experienced architectural compositions.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ecaade03_553_149_shea
id	ecaade03_553_149_shea
authors	Shea, K., Aish, R. and Gourtovaia, M.
year	2003
title	Towards Integrated Performance-Based Generative Design Tools
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.553
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 553-560
summary	Generative design methods are capable of generating concepts and stimulating solutions based on robust and rigorous models of design conditions, design languages and design performance. The computer now becomes a design generator in addition to its more conventional role as draftsperson, visualizor, data checker and performance analyst. Motivated by the challenge to enable designers to easily develop meaningful input models of design intent to make best use of a structural generative method, this paper describes an initial combination of a generative design tool, eifForm, and an associative modeling system, Custom Objects, through the use of XML models. The current combined use is illustrated through an example involving generation of a set of 20 interrelated roof trusses with seven unique spans initiated by a parametric model of a saddle shaped stadium roof in Custom Objects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the synergies between associative modeling and generative systems and identifies future extensions aimed to exploit these synergies towards integrated performance-based generative design tools.
keywords	Generative design, parametric/associative geometry, advanced CAD tools,performance-based design, computational design
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/designsynthesis
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	acadia03_020
id	acadia03_020
authors	Talbott, Kyle
year	2003
title	An Inductive Approach to Digital Modeling Instruction
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.151
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 151-157
summary	An argument is presented for respecting the student’s process of inductive reasoning in introductory digital modeling instruction. The inductive education methods of Montessori and VanDamme are reviewed, and relevant portions are applied to the problem of digital modeling instruction. Two primary concerns are presented: 1) the need to systematically reorient the student from the physical world to the digital world and 2) the need to sequence the presentation of introductory concepts according to logical dependencies inherent in these concepts. Five principles of inductive digital modeling instruction are established, which could act as the basis for a teaching method that reduces alienation among apprehensive students, eases the transition from traditional media for veteran designers, and speeds comprehension of core concepts of digital making.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ijac20031203
id	ijac20031203
authors	Heylighen, Ann; Neuckermans, Herman
year	2003
title	(Learning from Experience)? Promises, Problems and Side-effects of Case-Based Reasoning in Architectural Design
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 1
summary	Learning from experience is the essence of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR). Because architects are said to learn design by experience, CBR seemed to hold great promises for their field, which inspired, in the 1990s, the development of various Case-Based Design (CBD) tools. Learning from the experience of developing and using these tools is the objective of this paper. On the one hand, the original expectations seem far from being accomplished today. Reasons for this limited success can be found at three different levels: the cognitive model underlying CBR, the implementation of this model into concrete CBD tools, and the context in which these tools are to be used. On the other hand, CBR research seems to have caused some interesting side effects, such as an increased interest in creativity and copyright, and a re-discovery of the key role that cases play in architectural design.
series	journal
email
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	ijac20031103
id	ijac20031103
authors	Achten, Henri H.
year	2003
title	New Design Methods for Computer Aided Architectural Design Methodology Teaching
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 1
summary	Architects and architectural students are exploring new ways of design using Computer Aided Architectural Design software. This exploration is seldom backed up from a design methodological viewpoint. In this paper, a design methodological framework for reflection on innovate design processes by architects that has been used in an educational setting is introduced.The framework leads to highly specific, weak design methods, that clarify the use of the computer in the design process.The framework allows students to grasp new developments, use them in their own design work, and to better reflect on their own position relative to CAAD and architectural design.
series	journal
email
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	ascaad2004_paper12
id	ascaad2004_paper12
authors	Al-Qawasmi, Jamal
year	2004
title	Reflections on e-Design: The e-Studio Experience
source	eDesign in Architecture: ASCAAD's First International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design, 7-9 December 2004, KFUPM, Saudi Arabia
summary	The influence of digital media and information technology on architectural design education and practice is increasingly evident. The practice and learning of architecture is increasingly aided by and dependant on digital media. Digital technologies not only provide new production methods, but also expand our abilities to create, explore, manipulate and compose space. In contemporary design education, there is a continuous demand to deliver new skills in digital media and to rethink architectural design education in the light of the new developments in digital technology. During the academic years 2001-2003, I had the chance to lead the efforts to promote an effective use of digital media for design education at Department of Architecture, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). Architectural curriculum at JUST dedicated much time for teaching computing skills. However, in this curriculum, digital media was taught in the form of "software use" education. In this context, digital media is perceived and used mainly as a presentation tool. Furthermore, Computer Aided Architectural Design and architectural design are taught in separate courses without interactions between the two.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2007/04/08 19:47

_id	avocaad_2003_09
id	avocaad_2003_09
authors	Alexander Asanowicz
year	2003
title	Form Follows Media - Experiences of Bialystok School of Architectural Composition
source	LOCAL VALUES in a NETWORKED DESIGN WORLD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Stellingwerff, Martijn and Verbeke, Johan (Eds.), (2004) DUP Science - Delft University Press, ISBN 90-407-2507-1.
summary	This paper considers transition from physical modelling to digital methods of the creation of architectural forms. Every type of creation has constructed the proper means of expression and its own methodology. The main thesis of this paper is that a specific character of the composition activity of an architect is determined by the modelling methods. As the research on architectural modelling, the two methods of creating spatial architectural forms (cardboard model and computer model) have been compared. Research has been done on the basis of the same exercise for both media. The process of creation proceeded in the same way, too. As the start point students have found the inspiration. Each student presented photos of existing architectural objects and a text, which explained the reasons of the choice. Next steps were sketches of the idea and realisation of the model. The achieved results of creative activity fully confirm the thesis of the research.
keywords	Architecture, Local values, Globalisation, Computer Aided Architectural Design
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2006/01/16 21:38

_id	sigradi2003_096
id	sigradi2003_096
authors	Alvarez, Valeria and Albero, Constanza
year	2003
title	Una rama en la arquitectura de la era digital (A branch in architecture of the digital age)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	Genetic information determines the germ of life, the first idea, that encloses all the power of creation. In every "germ" lays the identity, the strength to seek and fulfill expression in form. History, technical and scientific progress require new answers and provide new tools while encouraging investigation. A "Branch", a simple nature element, is reinterpreted into bits of information, reconstructed after being apprehended. This process reveals new elements that could have never been conceived with traditional methods. Nature and Technology complement each other in an embriological growing system that provides a new concept in the construction of real spaces.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	acadia03_042
id	acadia03_042
authors	Anzalone, Phillip and Clarke, Cory
year	2003
title	Architectural Applications of Complex Adaptive Systems
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.325
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 325-335
summary	This paper presents methods and case studies of approaching architectural design and fabrication utilizing Complex Adaptive Systems (CASs). The case studies and observations described here are findings from a continuing body of research investigating applications of computational systems to architectural practice. CASs are computational mechanisms from the computer science field of Artificial Life that provide frameworks for managing large numbers of elements and their inter-relationships. The ability of the CASs to handle complexity at a scale unavailable through non-digital means provides new ways of approaching architectural design, fabrication, and practice.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade03_587_34_asanowicz
id	ecaade03_587_34_asanowicz
authors	Asanowicz, Alexander
year	2003
title	Architectural Composition in Digital Space
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.587
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 587-590
summary	In this paper the possibilities of using the computers at course of architectural compositions are considered. As the start point of the new teaching method of architectural composition we used the course of tradition architectural composition, elaborated at our Faculty. The course of Digital Architectural Composition was finished in 2002. The main goal of using the new digital media for modelling architectural forms was checking the new possibilities of form creation. Traditionally, searching of forms at the conceptual design stage is performed by using sketches, drawings and physical models. Our new method showed that is possible to do the same thing using the computerbased 3D modelling, experiencing no physical limitations of the 'real' substance. At the same time, at the early design stages, when formal value is sought, computer modelling can be done almost intuitively. In ours work we try to find a creative way of using computer - transforming the tool into medium. The attention was paid on exploring the possibilities characteristic for computers and not available with traditional methods of modelling. Architect’s tradition tools are effectively replaced by a computer, which create a new way of doing things.
keywords	Architectural composition, computer modelling, method of teaching
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

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