Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	caadria2003_b4-3
id	caadria2003_b4-3
authors	Chen, Hong-Sheng and Lin, Feng-Tyan
year	2003
title	Computer Aided Performance Analysis of Staircase Fault Tolerance
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.567
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 567-578
summary	This study is to investigate the performance of staircases in a building with some faulty staircases. In this building, any unexpected hazard or repairs may cause vertical escaping routes inaccessible. Therefore, it is crucial that architects should assess this condition, and the users also need to be aware of this problem. Facing those staircase faults, architects need to consider space usage, staircases arrangement, and pedestrian attributes. This paper proposes a method to model the pedestrian's movement in the interior space of abovementioned building. We applied Monte Carlo simulation and AgentBased Modeling method in a CAAD environment. And we will apply two case studies to bring forward some important discoveries and support our arguments.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade03_315_146_he
id	ecaade03_315_146_he
authors	He, Jie and Tsou, Jin-Yeu
year	2003
title	GIS Support in a Visual Resource Management System for Visual Sustainability of Urban Natural Landscape in China
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.315
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 315-318
summary	The proposed VLM system intends to facilitate the visual sustainability of urban natural landscape in China. In this system, GIS not only provides technologies for the inventory of landscape characteristics and the visual landscape evaluation, but also contributes to public or professional communication supporting through modeling and visualization. Therefore, GIS holistically acts as a fundamental support in this prototype system. Combining with psychophysical landscape evaluation (LE), photogrammetry and other digital 3D visualization, GIS provides quantitative data, scientific visualization and visual simulation for planning decision making.
keywords	Geographic information system (GIS); visual resource management (VRM);natural landscape; urban planning
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.arch.cuhk.edu.hk/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	ijac20031109
id	ijac20031109
authors	Liu, Yu-Tung; Shen-Kai, Tang
year	2003
title	Space, Place and Digital Media:Towards a Better Simulation of a City that has now Disappeared
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 1
summary	Digital media enable researchers and designers to derive better informed processes in solving problems of historical architectural restoration and virtual archaeology. However, recently insufficiencies have been found in the main technologies often applied in such techniques, such as 3D modeling, high-quality rendering and animation. Given these problems, this paper attempts to explore a digital reconstruction procedure for historical architecture and cities using 3D scanning, Virtual Reality cave technology and motion capture technology. This case study is based on a collaborative project in conjunction with the National Palace Museum, Taiwan, and the China Times, Taiwan.The five steps involved in this project include data collection and analysis, three-dimensional digital inferences, digital reconstruction of static and moving models, scenario dynamics (by integrating the two kinds of models), and visual-spatial immersion using a VR-cave representation. Finally, a preliminary digital reconstruction procedure is presented.
series	journal
email
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	ecaade03_229_40_monedero
id	ecaade03_229_40_monedero
authors	Monedero, Javier and Muñoz, Francisco
year	2003
title	Data Organization in City Modeling
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.229
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 229-236
summary	Working with big models requires a good balance between the technical requirements of the model and the technical requirements of the user. Although every virtual model, whether it is 2d, 3d or 4d, may be regarded as a particular form of a general data base, it is clear that is not, at the present time, a very flexible data base. It does not behave like a relational data base that can be inspected in a flexible way. On the contrary, it has a rigid structure, a hierarchical structure that is well suited for performance but is badly suited for navigating through the data and gathering derived information. These are well known disadvantages and advantages, related to the evolution of the data base software that has moved, in the last 30 years, from a hierarchical to a relational structure. These considerations are relevant for any kind of architectural or engineering model. But are particularly pertinent in the case of the model of a city where everything must have its place, and should relate properly with other parts of the model, be susceptible of further modifications and be able to receive new information. These and other related issues have been encountered and developed during the construction of several models at our Laboratory at the ETS Architecture of Barcelona. Our paper explains the main decisions we had to take during the course of these works with special emphasis on those aspects related with the organization of different kind of data in a unified whole that had to be sent to other professionals and had to be, for that reason, organized in a clear and comprehensible way for its further development.
keywords	CAAD; City Modeling; Visual Simulation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	ecaade03_260_02_nardi
id	ecaade03_260_02_nardi
authors	Nardini, Marco
year	2003
title	Avant-garde techniques in contemporary design - New tools or new languages for the project?
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.261
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 261-264
summary	In this paper it is argued that new digital techniques join together several skills; from CAD (Computer Aided Design), to CAE (Computer Aided Engineering), till CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing). That assemblage of methods involves a change in the way to achieve a project. The idea comes out as result of connected actions within software-hardware tools. According to this analysis the implementation of gradients (e.g. movement, time, direction) have a significant role in shaping a multi-disciplinary approach to design; supported by simulation as way to verify and control solutions. Such innovations can settle a new way to design, in terms of vocabulary, grammar and syntax? How can we develop useful tools to express the ""new visible"" of avant-garde techniques?
keywords	Avant-garde techniques, simulation, complexity, new visible, immaterial,parametric design
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://ecologo.3go.it
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	cf2003_m_092
id	cf2003_m_092
authors	NG, E., CHAN, T.Y., LEUNG, R. and PANG, P.
year	2003
title	A Daylight Design and Regulatory Method for High-Density Cities Using Computational Lighting Simulations
source	Digital Design - Research and Practice [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-1210-1] Tainan (Taiwan) 13–15 October 2003, pp. 339-350
summary	Hong Kong is the most densely populated city in the world. Design of buildings in urban Hong Kong is regulated by the Building (Planning) regulations of the Government. This piece of law is over 40 years old and has been proven to be inadequate. This paper introduces a new simplified method, the Unobstructed Vision Area Method (UVA), for daylight design in high-density cities. The method was developed based on empirical and theoretical formulation as well as extensive validation and studies using computational simulations. The paper highlights the steps necessary to apply computational methods for law making, the difficulties and possibilities in the process, as well as the practical and implementation of adopting computational results and techniques in everyday practical life of the architect and the controlling agency. The Government of Hong Kong has recently adopted the UVA method.
keywords	regulations, city, daylighting, simulation
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	2003/09/22 12:21

_id	ecaade03_091_04_ng
id	ecaade03_091_04_ng
authors	Ng, Edward and Chan, T.Y.
year	2003
title	Computational simulation based daylight design for urban sites – validation, methodology and legality
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.091
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 91-98
summary	The creditability of using CAAD depends on the rigour of its methodology, the logic of its deduction and most importantly the feasibility of its results for practical use. This paper examines two lighting simulation software as the basis for providing a wider critic on the research of CAAD in the practice of architecture. The paper argues that the ‘contextual’ and appropriate use of a simple tool or method should be the thesis of CAAD research. Using an example, the paper then logically work out an example of how that could be done, and the basis of its contextual logic. The example illustrated here concludes the validity of the software and its implication for legal use. Furthermore, the paper provides a critic of CAAD for regulatory and legal acceptance. The experience in Hong Kong is illustrated.
keywords	Daylight design; Lightscape; Radiance; Building regulation; Software validation
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.arch.cuhk.edu.hk
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	ijac20031208
id	ijac20031208
authors	Ozel, Filiz; Pahle, Robert; Juyal, Manu
year	2003
title	An XML Framework for Simulation and Analysis of Buildings
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 2
summary	This study focuses on the problem of how to structure spatial and component based building data with the intention to use it in the simulation and analysis of the performance of buildings. Special attention was paid to the interoperability and optimization of the resulting data files.The study builds its investigation onto XML (Extensible Markup Language) data modeling framework.The authors have studied different ways of arranging building information in XML format for effective data storage and have developed a data modeling framework called bmXML for buildings. Initial results are two-fold: a VBA application was developed to create the appropriate building model in AutoCAD with the intention to write building data in bmXML format, and a JAVA application to view the file thus created.This paper primarily focuses on the former, i.e. the AutoCAD application and the bmXML format.
series	journal
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	ecaade03_533_103_pahle
id	ecaade03_533_103_pahle
authors	Pahle, R., Juyal, M. and Ozel, F.
year	2003
title	DATA MODELING OF BUILDINGS WITH BMXML
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.533
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 533-540
summary	XML (extensible markup language) is emerging as a significant tool not only to model data but also to facilitate the seamless sharing of data between multiple domains. Therefore it can be quite powerful in modeling building data that must often be shared between large numbers of professionals. The focus of this study is how to use this paradigm in structuring spatial and component based building data with the intention to use it in the analysis and simulation of the performance of buildings. The framework developed by the authors consists of three components. An XML structure (bmXML) for storing building data, a VBA-AutoCAD-Application for generating the XML files (bmGenerator) and a JAVA-Application which reads the bmXML data and prepares the information for simulation purposes. This paper primarily focuses on theVBA-AutoCADApplication.
keywords	Data modeling; XML; simulation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ijac20031306
id	ijac20031306
authors	Rall, Juan Carlos
year	2003
title	The Digital Environment of Urban Dynamic Analysis
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 3
summary	Urban sprawl and complexity are increasing at an alarming rate causing huge energetic waste and affecting the quality of life of people and life on earth in general. This paper proposes Urban Dynamic Analysis as a feasible approach to address this negative phenomenon. Urban Dynamic Analysis is a multidisciplinary holistic method that inquires into temporal relations between structures and related characteristics in cities. A range of simulation tools are being adapted and developed aiming to assess different morphological configurations of urban spaces, to improve the welfare of citizens and to optimise energy consumption. All these tools are based on digital image utilization, with simple computational techniques.
series	journal
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	sigradi2003_065
id	sigradi2003_065
authors	Rocha, Isabel Medero
year	2003
title	Da abstração à realidade: O modelo real e virtual como objeto de conhecimento durante o ateliê de projeto de arquitetura (From abstract to reality: the real and the virtual models as object of knowledge in the architectural design studio)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	The work refers to educational-didactic proceed applied to the architectural project learning and introduces the chosen methodology and the obtained results with the experience of introducing practical and theorical contents, during the architectural design, that interferes straight to the architectural and context variations. The basic presuppose is that the use of digital environment as a tool requests the reflection and a deeper study of architectural knowledge as a discipline. This reflection appears in the insertion of an edification in a consolidated urban net, developing the typology and urban morphology concepts during the simulation of digital architectural and urban existent and proposed models.
keywords	Digital Architecture, three dimensional simulation, project process on the digital environment
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

_id	sigradi2008_049
id	sigradi2008_049
authors	Benamy, Turkienicz ; Beck Mateus, Mayer Rosirene
year	2008
title	Computing And Manipulation In Design - A Pedagogical Experience Using Symmetry
source	SIGraDi 2008 - [Proceedings of the 12th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] La Habana - Cuba 1-5 December 2008
summary	The concept of symmetry has been usually restricted to bilateral symmetry, though in an extended sense it refers to any isometric transformation that maintains a certain shape invariant. Groups of operations such as translation, rotation, reflection and combinations of these originate patterns classified by modern mathematics as point groups, friezes and wallpapers (March and Steadman, 1974). This extended notion represents a tool for the recognition and reproduction of patterns, a primal aspect of the perception, comprehension and description of everything that we see. Another aspect of this process is the perception of shapes, primary and emergent. Primary shapes are the ones explicitly represented and emergent shapes are the ones implicit in the others (Gero and Yan, 1994). Some groups of shapes known as Semantic Shapes are especially meaningful in architecture, expressing visual features so as symmetry, rhythm, movement and balance. The extended understanding of the concept of symmetry might improve the development of cognitive abilities concerning the creation, recognition and meaning of forms and shapes, aspects of visual reasoning involved in the design process. This paper discusses the development of a pedagogical experience concerned with the application of the concept of symmetry in the creative generation of forms using computational tools and manipulation. The experience has been carried out since 1995 with 3rd year architectural design students. For the exploration of compositions based on symmetry operations with computational support we followed a method developed by Celani (2003) comprising the automatic generation and update of symmetry patterns using AutoCAD. The exercises with computational support were combined with other different exercises in each semester. The first approach combined the creation of two-dimensional patterns to their application and to their modeling into three-dimensions. The second approach combined the work with computational support with work with physical models and mirrors and the analysis of the created patterns. And the third approach combined the computational tasks with work with two-dimensional physical shapes and mirrors. The student’s work was analyzed under aspects such as Discretion/ Continuity –the creation of isolated groups of shapes or continuous overlapped patterns; Generation of Meta-Shapes –the emergence of new shapes from the geometrical relation between the generative shape and the structure of the symmetrical arrangement; Modes of Representation –the visual aspects of the generative shape such as color and shading; Visual Reasoning –the derivation of 3D compositions from 2D patterns by their progressive analysis and recognition; Conscious Interaction –the simultaneous creation and analysis of symmetry compositions, whether with computational support or with physical shapes and mirrors. The combined work with computational support and with physical models and mirrors enhanced the students understanding on the extended concept of symmetry. The conscious creation and analysis of the patterns also stimulated the student’s understanding over the different semantic possibilities involved in the exploration of forms and shapes in two or three dimensions. The method allowed the development of both syntactic and semantic aspects of visual reasoning, enhancing the students’ visual repertoire. This constitutes an important strategy in the building of the cognitive abilities used in the architectural design process.
keywords	Symmetry, Cognition, Computing, Visual reasoning, Design teaching
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ecaade03_659_166_hungming
id	ecaade03_659_166_hungming
authors	Cheng, Hung-Ming
year	2003
title	A digital modeling with reasoning system in early phase of design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.659
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 659-664
summary	This study describes statue in the early phase of design, the approach taken by its conceptual development and manipulation. And on the developing digital tools provide a computational support for the process of indexing and retrieving. The digital modeling also addresses specifically architectural programming, adjacent relationship between the building element and articulation in designing. The overall in building mass development starting with reasoning of the conceptual model in early phase try to find evocative cases to help designer thinking. And finally discuss some issues and challenges of artificial intelligent. The research for representing designer’s creativity and searching solution provide another way to generate an articulating conceptual model. The integration approach of research starts with the pure case-based and rule-based reasoning system to help designer generate more understandable and creative product in the architectural design application.
keywords	Case-based reasoning, conceptual model, computer aided design, buildingmass development, design process
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade03_665_181_duarte
id	ecaade03_665_181_duarte
authors	Duarte, José P.
year	2003
title	A Discursive Grammar for Customizing Mass Housing - The case of Siza´s houses at Malagueira
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.665
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 665-674
summary	The ultimate goal of the described research is a process for mass customizing housing based on computer-aided design and production systems. The current goal is the development of an interactive system for generating solutions on the Web based on a modeling approach called discursive grammar. A discursive grammar consists of a programming grammar and a designing grammar. The programming grammar generates design briefs based on user data; the designing grammar provides the rules for generating designs in a particular style, and a set of heuristics guides the generation of designs towards a solution that matches the design brief. This paper describes the designing grammar using Siza´s houses at Malagueira as a case study.
keywords	Mass customization: housing; grammars; Siza; design automation
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.civil.ist.utl.pt/~jduarte/malag/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ijac20031308
id	ijac20031308
authors	Garcia Alvarado, Rodrigo; Baesler Abufarde, Felipe; Moreno, Pedro Rodriguez; Bravo, Mauricio Pezo
year	2003
title	Modeling of Activities: an approach to the virtual representation of human behaviors in architectural spaces tested in emergency units
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 3
summary	Despite the increasing interest in the functionality and humanization of architecture, there are few studies covering the occupation of buildings and methods to represent activities in spaces. This article explores new software for simulating and virtual modeling in order to facilitate the analysis and visualization of events in buildings. Of particular importance is programming the behavior of 3D-characters according to the probabilistic evolution of activities, and producing animations and interactive models. This approach was tested in a study of three emergency units of hospitals in Chile. Although a full integration of software was not possible, the process developed (in particular the subjective tours) demonstrated that the technique can provide new information about the functioning and spatiality of the units. In addition, it suggested operative and architectural improvements supporting the management and design of facilities.
series	journal
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	acadia03_010
id	acadia03_010
authors	Kilian, Axel
year	2003
title	Fabrication of Partially Double-Curved Surfaces out of Flat Sheet Material Through a 3D Puzzle Approach
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.075
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 75-83
summary	The topic of this paper is the connection of digital modeling with generative programming and rapid prototyping, to produce physical sketch surface models. The physical surface models are assembled out of developable strips connected through a puzzle-like detail. The use of programming as a design approach allows the generation of connection details that corresponds to the rules of flat sheet rapid prototyping techniques of laser cutting and water jet cutting. With numerically controlled cutting, there is no need to keep the joint detail related to manually achievable forms or to apply a standardized dimension. This paper demonstrates the possibilities of programming to generate cutting geometries that adapt to the local surface properties. The larger perspective of the research approach is the question of how to formulate and capture design intention through programming. What influence does the use of generative modeling in combination with rapid prototyping have on the design language of physical objects?
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	caadria2003_c3-2
id	caadria2003_c3-2
authors	Parisel, C., Revez, J., Tidafi, T. and De Paoli, G.
year	2003
title	Computer Modeling as a Means of Reflexion In Archaeology. A New Epigraphic and Architectural Approach Applied to a Monument Registered on the World Heritage List.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.457
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 457-474
summary	Purpose of this paper is to present the first promising results of an ongoing research program that is part of a larger multi-year project carried out by the Computer Aided Design Research Group (GRCAO) of the UniversitÈ de MontrÈal, in order to define new methods of archaeological restitution using computer-aided means. This novel approach involves a redefinition of surveying techniques, data processing and knowledge-based thinking in disciplines such as epigraphy and architecture. As its chosen field of investigation, the GRCAO is using the Egyptian temple of Karnak, a monument on the UNESCO World Heritage list that is of considerable historical importance. This impressive archaeological site serves as an excellent case study and testing ground for the project, since it underwent tremendous and complex architectural transformations in the course of its two thousand year-long history.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	acadia03_012
id	acadia03_012
authors	Seebohm, Thomas and Temkin, Aron
year	2003
title	CONNECTED COURSES: METHODS OF NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.094
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, pp. 94-98
summary	Where are we now?In the recent NJIT survey of digital media in the design schools twenty-eight out of twenty-nine architecture schools reported to have networked design studios (NJIT, 2003). This would seem to indicate a ubiquity of digital media tools. While the use of these tools is still often limited to design presentation (computer aided drawing and modeling) rather than design generation, the studio is historically a place of discovery and experimentation: with computers so available in this fertile environment we are poised to evolve the medium forward towards improved design development. This evolution is initially apparent in the way presentation methods and presentation processes are shifting. Not only are students becoming increasingly digital in their approach to design, but methods of working and presentation are also changing.
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	sigradi2003_125
id	sigradi2003_125
authors	Serrato-Combe, Antonio
year	2003
title	Fantastic Architecture
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	This paper documents the approach, process and results of several architectural design studios where the author introduced science fiction (broadly defined) and three computer experimental form modelers as 'creative stimulants' in the pursuit of Fantastic Architecture. The paper is not about whether architecture students should or should not pursue the design of 'implausible', 'absurd', or even 'bizarre' architecture, but about using a particular strategy as a sincere attempt to stimulate imagination and creativity.
keywords	Design process, modeling, form generators
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 10:00

_id	ecaade03_173_08_serrato
id	ecaade03_173_08_serrato
authors	Serrato-Combe, Antonio
year	2003
title	Going Upstream - Finding New Ways to Enhance the Use of Computers as Design Tools
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.173
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 173-176
summary	The power of the computer as a design tool and as a design stimulator has still to be fully exploited (…) The previous statement from the conference theme, couldn’t be more correct. However, the question then becomes why?Why computers aren’t used more often as design tools? In trying to find answers and solutions to these questions, the author has applied an approach similar to that taken by river explorers. These individuals, when exploring the course of a river, begin the journey at the mouth of the river, not at the source. They go up river, against the current, searching into the larger tributaries first and then proceeding to look at the smaller rivulets. In other words, rather than proposing some theoretical construct that one could put to the digital design test and find out why we’re having problems with computers in terms of design creativity, here the course was reversed and began with a product that was analyzed in order to find its sources. The paper (a) presents the rationales behind the procedural approach to digital modeling, (b) the process that was used to investigate the approach, (c) its outcome.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

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