Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	acadia03_002
id	acadia03_002
authors	Anders, Peter
year	2003
title	Four Degrees Of Freedom
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.x.s7a
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, p. 17
summary	Letting go is hard to do. Remember back to when, after months of trying, you let go of the handlebars of your bicycle and sailed down the street, effortless and assured. It was a freedom born of mastery, balance and technique. You had let go, but were in control. Technique extends to other devices as well and we are here to discuss architectural computation. Here too, as we will see, mastery is shown by letting go. These papers explore new degrees of freedom in design computation. Each is on a separate aspect of architecture, whether it be aesthetics, process, or structure. Two papers inquire into the entities of design and the processes by which they are manifested. They pose important questions. If we can affect the course of design going forward, are we free to change its past? By defining the characteristics of objects at the outset, are we through automation free to choose from a refined spectrum of outcomes? From the evidence of these papers, the answer to both questions is yes. Through the agency of parametric design we can affect the future and past of architectural processes and their products. Rather than being locked into rigid, linear decisions we are temporally free to choose, tweak and modify. Choice and chance play an important role in aesthetics as well. This has become emblematic of design trends as we have seen in recent years. One of our papers addresses the indeterminacy of particle systems in the design of a monument to the victims of 9/11. By letting go of the handlebars of the computer, the author has been freed to new, poetic forms and processes. Another paper opens urban design to its client community by use of a sophisticated web site. In the tradition of populist innovators like Charles Moore and Lucien Kroll, the authors have extended the design process beyond the office walls to the city itself. The designers, by loosening their grip on the project have made the effort democratic and participatory. Intriguingly, at the end of the paper, they note that this use of cyberspace opens the door to a non-physical architecture. Could architecture, then, let go its materialist biases as well? We hope to engage this and other questions shortly.We are pleased then, to share with you these insights and projects. Wassim and I hope that these presentations will be as liberating for you as they were for us.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	avocaad_2003_06
id	avocaad_2003_06
authors	Arturo F. Montagu and Juan Pablo Cieri
year	2003
title	Urbamedia - Development of an urban database of fragments of some Argentinian and Latin-American cities using digital technology
source	LOCAL VALUES in a NETWORKED DESIGN WORLD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Stellingwerff, Martijn and Verbeke, Johan (Eds.), (2004) DUP Science - Delft University Press, ISBN 90-407-2507-1.
summary	The proposal of "Urbamedia" is to undertake the development of 3D virtual and interactive models of historical areas of Latin-American cities. The selected zone is the "Mayo Avenue" including the "Mayo Square", an historical place of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina; this project is financed by the National Agency of Scientific and Technological Development of Argentina and the University of Buenos Aires.We are presenting the first experimental model of the "Mayo Square" that has been developed at ABACUS, Department of Architecture & Building Aids Computer Unit, University of Strathclyde UK. combined with a system analysis of urban activities using the “Atlas.ti” CAQDAS software.This particular use of the “Atlas.ti” software is under experimental applications to this type of urban analysis procedures; allowed us the possibility to analysed a set of activities by means of graph theory as result of a series of interviews to the people working in the area. We are also looking to include historical areas of three cities: Mar del Plata, Rosario and Santa Fe (Argentina) and eventually other cities from Latin América as Rio de Janeiro and Habana.Due that ABACUS has a strong experience in city modelling plus the powerful software and hardware used there, we must develop a VRML customized menu to be adapted to our low cost PC equipment. The 3D model will be used mainly in urban design simulation procedures and the idea is to extend to other type of simulations of the environmental parameters.
keywords	Architecture, Local values, Globalisation, Computer Aided Architectural Design
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2006/01/16 21:38

_id	ea0f
authors	El Araby, Mostafa and Okiel, Ahmed
year	2003
title	The Use of Virtual Reality in Urban Design: Enhancing the Image of Al-Ain City, UAE
source	CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary	This study aims at exploring the rapid growth of the use of Virtual Reality techniques in the field of Urban Design with application to the Al-Ain City. Currently, Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments are the most growing fields of information technology and have a great media attention. There is evidence to suggest that the use of such technology will enhance conceivable image of any proposed project at any urban setting for users, designers and clients. Therefore, city officials and administrators (clients) and the public (users) can reach better decisions regarding proposed projects within their towns and cities. Because of the limited time and resources, this study examines the visual quality of Downtown Al Ain, UAE, specifically, the Khalifa street (major shopping street). A basic VRmodel to the street was constructed. Modifications to the basic model were made to examine how changes in buildings’ heights and street vegetation affect the visual quality of the street. Results of this study showed that urban visualization is proving to be a valuable tool for designers and planners. Increasing the heights of buildings in the mid-street and on the edges, along with enforcing distinctive architectural styles for the proposed buildings will enhance the overall quality of the street. Furthermore, decreasing the intensity of current vegetation and tree heights will increase the imaginable quality of the street. Nevertheless, the built of a comprehend VR model needs more time, resources and facilities that were not available to this study. This model, if completed, tothe whole downtown area can be used both to identify existing problems and to quickly evaluate alternative solutions to those problems.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/03/11 20:39

_id	7655
authors	Okeil, Ahmad and El Araby, Mostafa
year	2003
title	Realism vs. Reality in Digital Reconstruction of Cities
source	CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary	The digital reconstruction of existing cities using virtual reality techniques is being increasingly used. For consultants, municipalities and planning departments these models provide decision support through visual simulations (El Araby, 2001). For academia they provide a new tool for teaching students urban design and planning (Okeil, 2001). For authorities they provide a tool for promoting the city on the world wide web trying to attract more businesses and tourists to it. The built environment is very rich in detail. It does not only consist of open spaces surrounded by abstract buildings but it also includes many smaller objects such as street furniture, traffic signs, street lights, different types of vegetation and shop signs for example. All surfaces in the built environment have unique properties describing color, texture and opacity. The built environmentis dynamic and our perception is affected by factors such as pedestrian movement, traffic, environmental factors such as wind, noise and shadows. The built environment is also shaped by the accumulation of changes caused by many influences through time. All these factors make the reconstruction of the built environment a very complex task. This paper tries to answer the question: how realistic the reconstructed models of urban areas can be. It sees “Realism“ as a variable floating between three types of realties. The reality of the physical environment which we are trying to represent. The reality of the digital environment which will host the digitally reconstructed city. And the reality of the working environment which deals with the problem of limitation of resources needed to digitally reconstruct the city. A case study of building a 3D computer model of an urban area in the United Arab Emirates demonstrates that new time-saving techniques for data acquisition can enhance realism by meetingbudget limitations and time limitations.
keywords	Virtual Reality; Photo Realism; Texture Maps; 3D Modeling; Urban Design
series	other
email
last changed	2003/03/11 20:39

_id	sigradi2003_071
id	sigradi2003_071
authors	Arroyo, Julio and Chiarella, Mauro
year	2003
title	Laboratorio proyectual (Design Laboratory)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	The concern about public space, digital graphic and a non-habitual theoretical background are the elements of an on-process research this paper relates to. The premise of the research is the current uncertain experience of both socio-cultural and physical-spatial public space in an Argentinean intermediate city. The focus is a workshop carried out to explore how forms for the public space may be designed when urban conditions are unstable, such the case of vacant areas, lost places or terrain-vague. Digital liquid shapes and post-structural concepts are alternative resources applied to this exploration that assumes the cultural and material complexity of our urban life.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	sigradi2003_093
id	sigradi2003_093
authors	Banchini, Guillermo andMoliné, Aníbal
year	2003
title	Seminario: Exploración de Enfoques y Técnicas Digitales aplicadas al Proyecto (Seminar: Exploration de Digital Aproaches and Techniques applied to the Project)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	This paper explains the experience performed by a group of architecture students during a short term worksop, trying to explore the potentials of new approaches and digital technics applied to urban and architectural design. The main purposes were: the inclusion of objetive information and quantitative data of material significance in order to assist the generation and structuring of the design process. The notions of "diagram", "field conditions", "contextual logistic" and "animation" were the conceptual categories employed to approach the dinamic conditions and time related logics as critical aspects of the flexibility associated with material organizations.
keywords	Projects, approaches, explorations, digital, technics.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	sigradi2003_005
id	sigradi2003_005
authors	Barros, D.R., Mandagarán, M., Susta, C. and Nigro, P.
year	2003
title	Hipermedios y no linealidad (Hypermedia and non-linearity)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	The following is the preliminary presentation of a study being carried out at the CEAC FAUD UNMdP Center, registered within the research project 15/B101, on hypermedia readings of urban fragments by non-expert users. This work aims at contributing to the definition of an analysis methodology applicable to hypermedia, Web site and CD rom, about design and architecture topics. It is based on the model of analysis by Aarseth, enlarged for hypermedia. Its purpose is to recognize and describe the features, recurrencies, saturations and differences which characterize them.
keywords	Hypermedia, design, analysis methodology
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	sigradi2003_004
id	sigradi2003_004
authors	Barros, Diana Rodríguez
year	2003
title	Hipermedios, metanodos y lógicas de cierre (Hypermedia, metanodes and logic of closure)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	The present work is a contribution for the construction of a theorical perspective on the presence of metanodes and closing strategies in hypermedia readings about architecture and design. It particularly aims at describing, explaining and predicting these phenomena in relation to the positive attitudes they generate in processess of meaning construction and cognitive overflow. The results obtained are expected to help in producing guidelines and implications to be considered when systematizing the analysis and design of hypermedia on architecture and the city. It is part of the studies being currently carried out at the CEAC Center about hypermedia readings of urban fragments by non-expert users. (Project 15/B1001)
keywords	Hypermedia, design, metanodes, closing strategies
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ijac20031107
id	ijac20031107
authors	Berridge, Philip; Koch, Volker; Brown, Andre G.P.
year	2003
title	Information Spaces for Mobile City Access
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 1 - no. 1
summary	This paper describes two complementary European research projects that share common interests and goals.The work described is intended to facilitate city analysis and support decision-making. The first project focuses on the distribution, access and ease of use of city data. The system allows access to historical data concerning key buildings in Liverpool, England, via a suite of web-based tools and a palmtop device. The second project looks at extending the functionality of traditional computer aided design (CAD) software to enable geometric and semantic data to be combined within a single environment. The system allows those involved in city planning to better understand the past and present development pattern of an area so that their decisions on future proposals are better informed.The paper concludes by describing a system that integrates particular aspects of the two projects, and the potential that this integration can bring.This new work provides mobile access to historical city development data, current city information and tools to support urban project development.
series	journal
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	caadria2003_a6-4
id	caadria2003_a6-4
authors	Bialas, Z.,Glinkowska, A., Kepczynska-Walczak, A. and Szrajber, R.
year	2003
title	Architectural Heritage As A Force In Networked Caad Education
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.801
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 801-808
summary	This paper aims to present a project being currently in progress. The task is to describe a concept for future access to information resources which cover the Polish (in wider international context) architectural and urban design, architectural heritage, applied arts in form of drawings, images, 3D models and VR along text explanations. In this way the database would enable access to huge resources and didactic packages. The proposed database would be primarily addressed to students of architecture, who in addition would be involved in creation of the collection, e.g. through building 3D models.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	eaea2003_11-bremer-sander
id	eaea2003_11-bremer-sander
authors	Bremer, S. and Sander, H.
year	2004
title	View from the Road: Environmental Simulation for the Fractal City of Rhine Ruhr
source	Spatial Simulation and Evaluation - New Tools in Architectural and Urban Design [Proceedings of the 6th European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference / ISBN 80-227-2088-7], pp. 43-47
summary	Highway seems to be more an issue of traffic planning than of urban design. But the highway can be a very important factor for the modern city pattern. Highways shape the spatial form of the fractal city. The modern highway can define new cores outside and “interior edges” within the city. Seen as a planning tool, highways are the great neglected opportunity in city and regional design. The 1st Architecture Biennial, 1ab, taking place from May 2003 to July 2003 in Rotterdam, explores the creative potentials of modern highways worldwide. An international research team discovered the spatial functions of highways in modern agglomerations. This lecture will give an overview of the results of the worldwide analyses and the design projects that had been undertaken. Both authors are members of the German research team. The German team examined the A 42 running through the Ruhrgebiet, a former coal and steal area in western Germany. The Ruhr Area is converting from an industrially orientated region to an agglomeration of high technology and science. But the regional image remains the same due to the fact that the changes cannot be seen, neither physically, nor from the road. Here, the highway could be used as a catalyst supporting and structuring the spatial changes to make them more legible for the people of Rhine-Ruhr. The nature becomes the most important tool of highway design. Landscape forms a linkage between the different cities of the region. Together with the A 40 and other local highways the region becomes the most important (and largest) public space of the new Rhine-Ruhr. The highway seen as a work of urban art can be designed only from the perspective of the driving car.
series	EAEA
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/eaea
last changed	2005/09/09 10:43

_id	cf2003_m_039
id	cf2003_m_039
authors	CANEPARO, Luca and ROBIGLIO, Matteo
year	2003
title	UrbanLab - Agent-Based Simulation of Urban and Regional Dynamics
source	Digital Design - Research and Practice [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-1210-1] Tainan (Taiwan) 13–15 October 2003, pp. 279-290
summary	An overview of the two stages of the UrbanLab model is presented, focusing on the layering between the two stages: the first using GIS based socio-economic data, communicating the second stage, which is an agent-based dynamic model of citizens’ activities.
keywords	agent, planning, simulation, urban design, user participation
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/09/22 12:21

_id	sigradi2003_029
id	sigradi2003_029
authors	Castillo, M.R., Follonier, M.A., Vitale, M. and Kakisu, C.A.
year	2003
title	El Laboratorio de la imagen. Un agenciamiento performativo y enunciativo (The Laboratory of the image. A performance-based and declarative solution)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	The laboratory is a practice that is characterized to allow the work transdiscipline where put on in action the contributions of each field epistemológico that are developed in the investigation project "Morphogénesis and Transformation of the Design in the Urban Atmosphere". The development that we will present in this congress, will show as the field of the digital intersects with other fields discipline in the different stages of the work that we deploy in the Laboratory from two positions: those of the students and those of the educational ones. We will expose in perspective a practice that takes the image like possibility.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	caadria2003_b1-2
id	caadria2003_b1-2
authors	Chakraborty, Somen
year	2003
title	Automated Generation of Residential Roomlayout within a Constrained Covered Area
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.085
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 85-100
summary	A significant quantum of all buildings constructed in modern times is designed for residential purpose. A tremendous amount of money is being spent every year for construction of residential buildings. Therefore, optimization of design becomes very important. In a country like India most people in urban area live in houses having constrained area. A significant part of residential units comes under mass housing either as high-rise building blocks or as plotted developments. In any of such schemes there are large number of housing units for a group of families of whom general characteristics are known but characteristics of individual families are not known at the time of designing. This situation is, however, suitable for scientific investigation and analysis based on statistical surveys. Broadly speaking, this paper suggests approach to deal with this situation of finding optimum layout of rooms of a housing unit for any target group of families when the covered area is so constrained that freedom of using different criteria like aesthetics, structural systems, materials and methods of construction in varieties of ways is drastically reduced. In such constrained area for housing units rooms are generally found rectangular within overall rectangular outline of each unit. Method shown here is valid under this restriction. It is also assumed that number of rooms will be restricted to such number that exhaustive search for design is practically possible within a reasonable time with present day capabilities of normally available PCs.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	caadria2003_a4-3
id	caadria2003_a4-3
authors	Chang, Yu-Li
year	2003
title	Dual Interface Between Physical and Digital Cities Cyberspatial Cognitive Approach to Thread Digital City In Physical City
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.523
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 523-538
summary	Today, digital cities are being developed all over the world. By using a city metaphor, digital cities integrate urban information and create public spaces. However, human how to entry into the new emerging digital cities, to percept themselves in around cities, and then taking shape the recognition of digital city forms? This paper studied by the viewpoint of cognition in order to explore the structure of the new style spatiality as cyberspace. By exploring the factors of human spatial cognition in physical space to interpret that human how to image and percept the spatial form of digital cities by the spatial experience in physical space, to construct the dual interface of spatial cognition of interaction between digital cities and physical cities.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	caadria2003_a5-4
id	caadria2003_a5-4
authors	Chang, Yu-Li
year	2003
title	The Prototype of Digital Cities On Line A Cognition-Oriented Approach for Spatially Metaphorical Model
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.651
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 651-662
summary	The cyberspace upon physical space forms a new spatial structure to increase the influence on the urban fabric and the concept of space in architecture. Today, digital cities are being developed all over the world. By using a city metaphor, digital cities integrate urban information and create public spaces. However, human how to entry into the new emerging digital cities, to percept themselves in around cities, and then taking shape the recognition of digital city forms? How do digital cities directly connect to physical cities and become an imaginable city? Therefore, we argue that a new spatial analysis theory must be established for digital city, comparing with theories of spatial cognition, to find the explicitly spatial structures and relations in digital city upon physical city. This paper studied by the viewpoint of cognition in order to propose a prototype of metaphor of digital city.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade03_311_58_chen
id	ecaade03_311_58_chen
authors	Chen, G.-Y. M., Shih, C.-H. and Liu, Y.-T.
year	2003
title	Realizing various urban spaces in Year 2050 Taiwan: Camera-matching in helicopter movement animations
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.311
source	Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 311-314
summary	This paper combines the 3D dynamic camera-matching technology adapted from the movie industry with the computer animation of digitally designed model and the multimedia video on high altitude of helicopter will enable realer and more effective representation of the diversities in an urban space.
keywords	Digital media, urban spaces, camera-matching, representation
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.arch.nctu.edu.tw
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	caadria2003_c2-1
id	caadria2003_c2-1
authors	Chevrier, C., Bur, D. and Perrin, J. P.
year	2003
title	Architecture as a Reference for the Development of A Cad Lighting Tool
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2003.281
source	CAADRIA 2003 [Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 974-9584-13-9] Bangkok Thailand 18-20 October 2003, pp. 281-294
summary	As light is increasingly perceived as a factor of quality of urban life, it is not surprising that cultural heritage buildings and even civil engineering works are being more and more often illuminated at night. The designers of the projects are revealing a nocturnal vision of the buildings which is often a reflection of the architecture: rhythm, pattern, evenness, symmetry, composition, axes, and so on. The idea of developing a "lighting-modeller" is based upon this assertion. Thus, if we express the needs in terms of functionalities, we can conclude that the hierarchical structure of the architectural edifice can fit in with a "lighting-structure". As a result, concepts like hierarchy, linking, grouping, networking, linearity-polarity, are the basis of the objects and functions that are effective for the great majority of buildings and projects. This "lighting-modeller" can then lead beyond its simulation capabilities to become a design conception tool: hypothesis and variants are quickly realized and tested, and technical data (illumination data, visual comfort) can be obtained as well.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	sigradi2018_1383
id	sigradi2018_1383
authors	Correia Fernandes, Gabriela; Bertola Duarte, Rovenir; Ferreira de Oliveira, Beatriz; Medri Striquer Souza, Giovana
year	2018
title	Towards a democratic approach on public lighting: remote systems based on Metadesign
source	SIGraDi 2018 [Proceedings of the 22nd Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISSN: 2318-6968] Brazil, São Carlos 7 - 9 November 2018, pp. 60-67
summary	This research explores Metadesign(Giaccardi, 2003)as an innovative framework on the design of urban lighting systems. We hypothesize that a system based on this mode of design can bring breakthroughs that could cope with ill-defined problems in urban lighting design. Therefore, the aim is to propose alighting system in support of participation through interaction at use time. In this sense, by comprehending lighting infrastructures as sociotechnical environments, we believe Metadesign could cope with emergent needs arising in the context of personally meaningful activities andcould empower users to engage actively in their systems development and evolution.
keywords	Metadesign; Participation at use time; Sociotechnical systems; Urban lighting design
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2021/03/28 19:58

_id	sigradi2003_041
id	sigradi2003_041
authors	Deiana, S., Baseggio, M., Giudici, F. and Balmaceda, M.I.
year	2003
title	Modelo informático. Transformaciones y mutaciones en el territorio (IT Model. Transformations and mutations in the territory)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	In this paper the conformations, transformations, and mutations developed in the territory of San Juan city, particularly in its Rivadavia shire, due to the developing modeling are analyzed. It includes a series of morphological knowledge on growing styles (continuous and discontinuous), about residential groups and the sense of urban spaces. These studies allow us to formulate design strategies applicable to new complexes, based on programmatic studies that define indicators for typology selection and morphologic development. Those research works were based on comparatives studies of the city before and after the 44's earthquake to the present, involving others knowledge areas and methods and multimedia techniques.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:50

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