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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ddss2008-33
id	ddss2008-33
authors	Charlton, James A.; Bob Giddings and Margaret Horne
year	2008
title	A survey of computer software for the urban designprocess
source	H.J.P. Timmermans, B. de Vries (eds.) 2008, Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, ISBN 978-90-6814-173-3, University of Technology Eindhoven, published on CD
summary	Urban design is concerned with the shape, the surface and the physical arrangement of all kinds of urban elements, the basic components that make up the built environment, at the level of buildings, spaces and human activities. It is also concerned with the non-visual aspects of the environment, such as noise, wind and temperature and humidity. The city square is a particular urban element which can take many forms and its geometrical relationships such as maximum dimensions, ratio of width to length and building height to length have been analysed for centuries (Alberti 1475), (Vitruvius 1550), (Sitte 1889), (Corbett 2004). Within the current urban design process there are increasing examples of three dimensional computer representations which allow the user to experience a visual sense of the geometry of city squares in an urban landscape. Computer-aided design and Virtual Reality technologies have recently contributed to this visual assessment, but there have been limited attempts at 3D computer representations which allow the user to experience a greater sense of the urban space. This paper will describe a survey of computer tools which could support a more holistic approach to urban design and which could be used to simulate a number of urban texture and urban quality aspects. It will provide a systematic overview of currently available software that could support the simulation of building density, height, colour and style as well as conditions relating to noise, shading, heat, natural and artificial light. It will describe a methodology for the selection and filtering of appropriate computer applications and offer an initial evaluation of these tools for the analysis and representation of the three-dimensional geometry, urban texture and urban quality of city centre spaces. The paper is structured to include an introduction to the design criteria relating to city centre spaces which underpins this research. Next the systematic review of computer software will be described, and selected tools will undergo initial evaluation. Finally conclusions will be drawn and areas for future research identified.
keywords	Urban design, Software identification, 3D modelling, Pedestrian modelling, Wind modelling, Noise mapping, Thermal comfort, VR Engine
series	DDSS
last changed	2008/09/01 17:06

_id	ddss2004_ra-325
id	ddss2004_ra-325
authors	Rodrigues, D.S., L.C.L. Souza, and J.F.G. Mendes
year	2004
title	Enhancing 3DSkyView Extension Performance
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Recent Advances in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 1-4020-24088, p. 325-340
summary	This paper presents a second version of the 3DSkyView extension. The purpose of that extension was to implement a calculation algorithm for assessment and visualization of sky view factors (SVF) by means of tools available in a Geographical Information System (GIS). The sky view factor is a thermal and geometric parameter pointed out in the specialized literature as one of the main causes of urban heat islands. A 3D-GIS is a powerful tool for reaching the goal of this research because it allows the storage, treatment and analysis of tri-dimensional urban data, in addition to a high level of flexibility for incorporating calculation algorithms. The objective in the 3DSkyView extension is to optimize the determination of that factor, not only reducing its demanding calculation and graphical representation time, but also generating a simplified tool for replacing expensive photographic equipment usually applied on this matter. Enhancing functions of ArcView GIS 3.2, the first version of that extension showed a very good performance allowing the automatic delineation and determination of SVF. That performance was although limited to a single observer point. The simulation of SVF for several view points in urban canyons was only possible by applying the extension as many times as the number of observers considered. Therefore, this second version was now developed in order to allow simultaneous determination of SVF for many view points. In addition, the 3DSkyView new interface is more flexible, in a way that the user may choose the kind of output wanted (graphical and/or tabular). With this new feature it is then easier to create a continuous SVF map for an entire area.
keywords	Sky View Factor, Urban Geometry, GIS Extension, Urban Heat Island
series	DDSS
last changed	2004/07/03 22:13

_id	2004_515
id	2004_515
authors	Tsou, J-Y., Lam, S., Jie, H. and Yucai, X.
year	2004
title	Performance Based Planning for High Density Urban Habitation
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2004.515
source	Architecture in the Network Society [22nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-2-4] Copenhagen (Denmark) 15-18 September 2004, pp. 515-522
summary	In Hong Kong, about 22% of the total territory‘s area can be classified as built-up area and potential development area. Only 6% of this area is allocated to district and local open space for the 6.8 million populations, i.e. 2m2 per person. Sensible planning of the limited area to enhance the livability and environmental quality hence become a challenging issue for quality urban living of the mass population. However, considering the dynamic relationship of the different performance criteria in the hyper-dense urban environment, one needs to assess various environmental criteria to carry out a balanced planning. Meanwhile, effective tools to evaluate and manage the inter-relationship of these criteria, or indexes for integrated issues indication are not readily available that a reasonable planning is not always easy to achieve. In this paper, the „openness ratio“ concept is introduced for open space planning to provide an integrated index for early stage of planning and design. The new index is expected to provide a comprehensive rating system in considering the environmental performance of open area. It helps to highlight the potential problems in planning or site layout and support the integrated thinking of the four key components: visual sensitivity, urban wind, urban noise and solar heat gain. The concept has shown to be feasible on simple massing study which is applicable in the preliminary planning stage.
keywords	Design Process; Performance Simulation; Design Methodology; Urban Planning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ddss2004_d-283
id	ddss2004_d-283
authors	Van Bronswijk, J.E.M.H., L.G.H. Koren, and C.E.E. Pernot
year	2004
title	Adapting Epidemiological Methodologies to the Prediction of Health Effects of Built Environment Interventions
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Developments in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN 90-6814-155-4, p. 283-290
summary	The influence of built environments on vitality and productivity of users is paramount. Since the introduction of Industrial, Flexible and Demountable Building, domotics, smart buildings, in general: mass-produced, intelligent and learning built environments, tailored built environments are within reach. This has resulted in the need for methodologies to predict short-term and long-term health effects of different built-environment constellations. Epidemiology has developed and validated methods to assess changes in prevalence of inflictions and other unhealthy conditions, as well as the number of healthy and vital years in a life span. After analysing the relationships among building (services) parts and its combinations, health determinants (exposures) and health outcomes, we could adapt the healthy years assessment (DALY) to changes in construction (insulation, air tightness) and building services engineering (ventilation, heating) for dwellings under Dutch conditions. The most important conclusion is that natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and balanced ventilation not only differ in their average health effect, but even more so in the size of the ranges of these effects. Other systems, such as heat pumps or photo voltaic cells are expensive but will become economically applicable when healthcare costs are taken into account. These outcomes gave valuable clues for product innovation and opened the possibility to model health in relation to built environments. The method could also be applied to quality classification systems for dwellings.
keywords	Health Prediction, Built Environment, Epidemiology, Modelling
series	DDSS
last changed	2004/07/03 22:13

_id	2004_142
id	2004_142
authors	Achten, Henri, Jessurun, Joran and de Vries, Bauke
year	2004
title	The Desk-Cave - A Low-Cost Versatile Virtual Reality Design and Research Setup Between Desktop and CAVE
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2004.142
source	Architecture in the Network Society [22nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-2-4] Copenhagen (Denmark) 15-18 September 2004, pp. 142-147
summary	Virtual Reality has become an almost ubiquitous technology in many applications, but it has seen limited success in design support. Reasons for this seem to lie in lack of easily available tools, high threshold for non-programmers, and high cost of equipment. In this paper we describe a Virtual Reality environment that is developed at Design Systems called the Desk-Cave. The Desk-Cave is a low-cost VR setup that combines principles of a CAVE system with a work desk. Architecture students with no specific training in VR technology use the Desk-Cave in design projects both in the early stage and the final presentation stage. The system allows quick transfer to the Desk-Cave and architectural evaluation of design proposals.
keywords	Virtual Reality, Architectural Design, Design Process, Cel Shading
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ddss2004_d-193
id	ddss2004_d-193
authors	Burkhard, R.
year	2004
title	Visual Knowledge Transfer between Planners and Business Decision Makers
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Developments in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN 90-6814-155-4, p. 193-208
summary	The transfer of knowledge between planners and business decision makers can be improved when planners combine traditional visualizations with business knowledge visualizations. Today architects and urban planners use visualization methods such as sketches, diagrams, drawings, renderings, models and animations to illustrate their projects. While spending an enormous amount of time to illustrate a project, almost no time is used to illustrate business relevant information that decision makers need (i.e., revenue models, risks, return on investments, project phases). Consequences are information overload, misinterpretation or even misuse of information. Juxtaposing the visualizations that planners and decision makers use reveals a major gap: Both groups use different visualization types and are not familiar with the visualization types of each other. This paper stresses the importance to expand the visualization types of planners with business knowledge visualizations. First, it discusses the functioning of visual representations for the transfer of knowledge. Second, it introduces a general knowledge visualization framework. Third, it illustrates examples from an innovative office that improved knowledge transfer with decision makers in urban planning projects. We found that combining traditional visualizations with business knowledge visualizations reduces the information overload, prevents misinterpretation, increases the information quality, improves communication and as a consequence improves decision making. We found that decision makers pay extra for these visualization types, which therefore is a new source of income for planners. The results have implications for the education of future architects.
keywords	Decision Making, Knowledge Transfer, Visualization Types, Interfunctional Communication, Business Knowledge Visualization, Information Visualization
series	DDSS
last changed	2004/07/03 22:13

_id	sigradi2004_363
id	sigradi2004_363
authors	Eleanna Cadalso; Alejandro Haiek Coll; Pedro Soza Ruiz
year	2004
title	Graficando estructuras de conocimiento: Diagramas matriciales, infomapas, cartografias y estructuras de organización cognitiva [Representing Knowledge Structures: Matrix Diagrams, Infomaps, cartographies and Structures of Cognitive Organization]
source	SIGraDi 2004 - [Proceedings of the 8th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Porte Alegre - Brasil 10-12 november 2004
summary	This investigation approaches graphical representation systems as mechanisms that provide a greater level of expansion for the acquirement, production and transmission of knowledge. It serves as a digital educational instrument that connects to the academic platform and assists students and professors allowing them to experiment with different operational components directly form a user.s interface. The device has a Registration and Temporal Evaluation Structure, which allows students to retrieve information regarding the semester, course grades and student.s individual performance; a Search System, which downloads theoretical reference texts, practical tutorials, libraries of images, models or videos; an Interaction and Communication System, which benefits the exchange of information through forums and chats; and finally an Access, Interpretation and Data Transfer Map, which acts as a cartography of the process organizing simultaneously all the cognitive matrixes.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:51

_id	avocaad_2003_08
id	avocaad_2003_08
authors	Gernot Pittioni
year	2003
title	A World of Networks - Global and Local Impacts
source	LOCAL VALUES in a NETWORKED DESIGN WORLD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Stellingwerff, Martijn and Verbeke, Johan (Eds.), (2004) DUP Science - Delft University Press, ISBN 90-407-2507-1.
summary	As a couple of years ago the use of computers slowly entered studios of architecture, the development of operating systems actually enables everybody to control even bigger networks within studios or offices. Recently these local networks started to get networked themselves. Interactions between local design partners involve a large variety of problems• different CAD-systems• different versions of the same CAD-system• different methods of transfer• different security ideas• different levels of technical knowledge In the course of extension to a global level these problems in the first approach have been growing dramatically, involving additionally language and mentality problems. But in the outcome the exchange of documents and ideas improves in speed, quality and accuracy or this will at least happen in the near future.Global networking offers a great challenge, we have to give this matter a big deal of efforts to earn the values and results, which may be achieved.
keywords	Architecture, Local values, Globalisation, Computer Aided Architectural Design
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2006/01/16 21:38

_id	acadia16_140
id	acadia16_140
authors	Nejur, Andrei; Steinfeld, Kyle
year	2016
title	Ivy: Bringing a Weighted-Mesh Representations to Bear on Generative Architectural Design Applications
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2016.140
source	ACADIA // 2016: POSTHUMAN FRONTIERS: Data, Designers, and Cognitive Machines [Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-77095-5] Ann Arbor 27-29 October, 2016, pp. 140-151
summary	Mesh segmentation has become an important and well-researched topic in computational geometry in recent years (Agathos et al. 2008). As a result, a number of new approaches have been developed that have led to innovations in a diverse set of problems in computer graphics (CG) (Sharmir 2008). Specifically, a range of effective methods for the division of a mesh have recently been proposed, including by K-means (Shlafman et al. 2002), graph cuts (Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008; Katz and Tal 2003), hierarchical clustering (Garland et al. 2001; Gelfand and Guibas 2004; Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008), primitive fitting (Athene et al. 2004), random walks (Lai et al.), core extraction (Katz et al.) tubular multi-scale analysis (Mortara et al. 2004), spectral clustering (Liu and Zhang 2004), and critical point analysis (Lin et al. 20070, all of which depend upon a weighted graph representation, typically the dual of a given mesh (Sharmir 2008). While these approaches have been proven effective within the narrowly defined domains of application for which they have been developed (Chen 2009), they have not been brought to bear on wider classes of problems in fields outside of CG, specifically on problems relevant to generative architectural design. Given the widespread use of meshes and the utility of segmentation in GAD, by surveying the relevant and recently matured approaches to mesh segmentation in CG that share a common representation of the mesh dual, this paper identifies and takes steps to address a heretofore unrealized transfer of technology that would resolve a missed opportunity for both subject areas. Meshes are often employed by architectural designers for purposes that are distinct from and present a unique set of requirements in relation to similar applications that have enjoyed more focused study in computer science. This paper presents a survey of similar applications, including thin-sheet fabrication (Mitani and Suzuki 2004), rendering optimization (Garland et al. 2001), 3D mesh compression (Taubin et al. 1998), morphin (Shapira et al. 2008) and mesh simplification (Kalvin and Taylor 1996), and distinguish the requirements of these applications from those presented by GAD, including non-refinement in advance of the constraining of mesh geometry to planar-quad faces, and the ability to address a diversity of mesh features that may or may not be preserved. Following this survey of existing approaches and unmet needs, the authors assert that if a generalized framework for working with graph representations of meshes is developed, allowing for the interactive adjustment of edge weights, then the recent developments in mesh segmentation may be better brought to bear on GAD problems. This paper presents work toward the development of just such a framework, implemented as a plug-in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper.
keywords	tool-building, design simulation, fabrication, computation, megalith
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	acadia04_294
id	acadia04_294
authors	Oosterhuis, Kas
year	2004
title	File to Factory and Real Time Behavior in Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.294
source	Fabrication: Examining the Digital Practice of Architecture [Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture and the 2004 Conference of the AIA Technology in Architectural Practice Knowledge Community / ISBN 0-9696665-2-7] Cambridge (Ontario) 8-14 November, 2004, 294-305
summary	ONL (Oosterhuis and Lénárd) architecture is based on digital design and fabrication, whereas the design merges into fabrication in a process of direct transfer of data from a 3D modeling software to a CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) machine. This paper describes ONL design and fabrication processes referring to three main aspects: (1) Form-Finding, (2) File to Factory, and (3) Real-Time Behavior.
keywords	Real Time Behavior, Digital Design, CNC Technologies, Programmable Architecture
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	acadia07_284
id	acadia07_284
authors	Robinson, Kirsten; Gorbet, Robert; Beesley, Philip
year	2007
title	Evolving Cooperative Behaviour in a Reflexive Membrane
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2007.284
source	Expanding Bodies: Art • Cities• Environment [Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 978-0-9780978-6-8] Halifax (Nova Scotia) 1-7 October 2007, 284-293
summary	This paper describes the integration of machine intelligence into an immersive architectural sculpture that interacts dynamically with users and the environment. The system is conceived to function as an architectural envelope that might transfer air using a distributed array of components. The sculpture includes a large array of interconnected miniature structural and kinetic elements, each with local sensing, actuation, and machine intelligence. We demonstrate a model in which these autonomous, interconnected agents develop cooperative behaviour to maximize airflow. Agents have access to sensory data about their local environment and ‘learn’ to move air through the working of a genetic algorithm. Introducing distributed and responsive machine intelligence builds on work done on evolving embodied intelligence (Floreano et al. 2004) and architectural ‘geotextile’ sculptures by Philip Beesley and collaborators (Beesley et al. 1996-2006). The paper contributes to the general field of interactive art by demonstrating an application of machine intelligence as a design method. The objective is the development of coherent distributed kinetic building envelopes with environmental control functions. A cultural context is included, discussing dynamic paradigms in responsive architecture.
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

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