CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id ijac20053201
id ijac20053201
authors Aitcheson, Robert; Friedman, Jonathan; Seebohm, Thomas
year 2005
title 3-Axis CNC Milling in Architectural Design
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 2, 161-180
summary Physical scale models still have a role in architectural design. 3-axis CNC milling provides one way of making scale models both for study purposes and for presentation in durable materials such as wood. We present some types of scale models, the methods for creating them and the place in the design process that scale models occupy. We provide an overview of CNC milling procedures and issues and we describe the process of how one can creatively develop appropriate methods for milling different types of scale models and materials. Two case studies are presented with which we hope to convey not only the range of possible models that can be machined but also the way one creatively explores to arrive at appropriate milling strategies. Where apposite, we compare 3-axis CNC milling to newer technologies used for rapid prototyping but rapid prototyping is not a primary focus.
series journal
more http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed 2007/03/04 07:08

_id acadia06_544
id acadia06_544
authors Schindler, C., Braach, M., Scheurer, F.
year 2006
title Inventioneering Architecture: building a doubly curved section through Switzerland
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2006.544
source Synthetic Landscapes [Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture] pp. 544-545
summary Inventioneering Architecture is an exhibition of the four Swiss architecture schools that has been traveling the world during 2005/06. This doubly curved exhibition platform, resembling an abstract crosscut through Swiss topography, measures 40 by 3 meters. The authors proposed to assemble the hilly platform from 1000 individually curved rafters that were milled out of 40mm medium density fiberboard (MDF). By implementing a continuous digital chain from the definition of the surface geometry in the CAD software Maya to the control of the five-axis CNC-mill that manufactures the parts, production costs could be lowered significantly. The detailing was developed closely after the capabilities of a five-axis router. The platform is divided into 40 mm wide cross sections, each describing the upper surface path of one rafter. The milling tool follows this path and rotates around it at the same time, cutting out a so called “ruled surface” that follows the topography of the platform both along and across the section. In order to meet the budget requirements, the crucial point was to automate the translation of the platform geometry into the geometry of the single parts and finally into the steering code (G-Code) for the computer controlled mill.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id caadria2005_a_7c_e
id caadria2005_a_7c_e
authors B. Kenzari
year 2005
title CRYSALLIZING DESIGN INTENTIONS, USING CNC, LASER AND RAPID PROTOTYPING TECHNOLOGIES
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.335
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 335-341
summary The advances made in the Rapid Prototyping and CAD/CAM (including CNC and Laser) Technologies are now offering designers the privilege of building physical realities, at whatever scale, directly and automatically from computer files, with the explicit implications of speed, precision and flexibility.
series CAADRIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 2005_253
id 2005_253
authors Breen, Jack and Stellingwerff, Martijn
year 2005
title Towards Ornamatics
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.253
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 253-260
summary Computer aided modelling and drafting protocols – in combination with new production technologies – have contributed to wholly new ways of shaping building elements. Some examples of new techniques, which have recently become very successful in building production and in architectural design education, are: 3D Rapid Prototyping; 2,5D and 3D Milling and computer aided Shape Cutting (notably using laser and water jet modes). Such new approaches not only create new opportunities for traditional production processes (including physical modelling), they also offer new perspectives for design and manufacturing on the level of architectural components and connections. We foresee innovative approaches to building product design, with a renewed interest in expressive Ornamentation. A phenomenological development we would like to address using the concept of ‘Ornamatics’. This contribution explores the potentials of product design with a renewed focus on ornamentation, involving the active utilization of computer aided modelling and manufacturing techniques. The paper furthermore documents results and findings of a series of explorative studies carried out within an educational laboratory environment.
keywords Design Driven Research; Computer Aided Fabrication; Aesthetics; Ornamentation; Education
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 2005_125
id 2005_125
authors Schoch, Odilo
year 2005
title Applying a Digital Chain in Teaching CAAD and CAAM
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.125
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 125-129
summary This paper describes a successful approach in teaching caad and the use of state-of-the art caad-technologies in postgraduate architectural education. Since it’s first set up in the year 2002, variations of this curriculum were applied on an annual basis. Its main characteristic is the efficient transfer of knowledge and practical use of more than 10 central techniques in CAAD/CAAM (computer aided architectural manufacturing) within the tight period of 6 months. Recipients were international postgraduate students from the field of architecture and related disciplines. Their studies were a full-time course lasting 12 months with six months modular introduction and 6 months individual and group thesis works.
keywords Teaching, Collaborative Design, CNC Production, Mass Customisation, Education & Practice, User Participation, Web-based Design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id 2005_221
id 2005_221
authors Sousa, José Pedro and Duarte, José Pinto
year 2005
title Digital Desires, Material Realities
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.221
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 221-228
summary Digital design and manufacturing technologies are progressively employed in building construction and architects interest in this field has grown widely, as many recent works, publications and scientific meetings demonstrate. By identifying some of the main reasons and expectations that were at the basis of the integration of CAD/CAM processes in the discipline, this paper examines the real success of these technological developments in contemporary architecture. By analyzing current work and literature the authors argue that there is often a discrepancy between the discourse on emerging new conditions for the practice, and the practical reality itself. To investigate this technological gap, the paper discusses in depth one of the most advocated promises of these new technologies: the feasible mass production of differentiation. Considering design intent, available CNC fabrication processes and material properties, it describes and critically analyses different strategies for building architectural surfaces, presenting specific examples from contemporary architecture. Realizing that there are technological limitations in the fulfillment of conceptual aspirations, this paper identifies possible innovative directions in building construction, based on the idea of structural performative surfaces. Finally, the authors reflect on the specific nature of architecture, distinguishing it from other areas that also employ digital technologies, to frame, from within the discipline, the technological expectations and its potential further developments.
keywords CAD/CAM, Digital Fabrication, CNC Technologies, Rationalization, Mass-Customization
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id 2005_229
id 2005_229
authors Sowa, Agnieszka
year 2005
title Computer-Aided Architectural Design vs. Architect-Aided Computing Design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.229
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 229-236
summary This paper presents a recent design project – a group work of postgraduate students of CAAD Chair at Architecture Faculty at Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (henceforth ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. In this project a broad variety of possibilities provided by CAD and CAM in architectural design was used, in terms of both the design and production. The paper will present the entire process step by step from its conception to production. Nowadays CAAD technologies seem to dominate not only in visualization and drafting. They have also started to play a more important role in the generation and optimization of the design, which have always traditionally been perceived as the domain of architects. Therefore, the focus in the paper will be placed not only on extensive usage of digital tools, but also on analysis of advantages and difficulties in architect/computer cooperation.
keywords Structure Generation; Structure Optimization; Rapid Prototyping; CNC Production; CAAD Education
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id acadia05_226
id acadia05_226
authors Biloria, N., Oosterhuis, K. and Aalbers, C.
year 2005
title Design Informatics
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2005.226
source Smart Architecture: Integration of Digital and Building Technologies [Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 0-9772832-0-8] Savannah (Georgia) 13-16 October 2005, pp. 226-235
summary The research paper exemplifies a novel information integrated design technique developed at ONL (Oosterhuis and Lenard), Netherlands, specifically appropriated for envisaging complex geometric forms. The ‘informed design technique’, apart from being highly instrumental in conceptualizing and generating the geometric component constituting architectural form in a parametric manner, is also efficiently utilized for precise computer aided manufacturing and construction of the speculated form. Geometric complexities inherent in contemporary architectural constructs and the time spent in appropriation of such topologies, fueled the ‘informed design’ approach, which caters to issues of timely construction, precision oriented design and production (visual and material) and parametric modeling attuned to budgetary fluctuations. This design-research approach has been tested and deployed by ONL, for conceiving ‘the Acoustic Barrier’ project, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn in the Netherlands and is treated as a generic case for exemplifying the ‘informed design’ technique in this research paper. The design methodology encourages visualizing architectural substantiations from a systems perspective and envisages upon a rule based adaptive systems approach involving extrapolation of contextual dynamics/ground data in terms of logical ‘rules’. These rules/conditionalities form the basis for spawning parametric logistics to be mapped upon geometric counterparts exemplifying the conception. The simulated parametric relations bind dimensional aspects (length, width, height etc.) of the geometric construct in a relational manner, eventually culminating in a 3D spatial envelope. This evolved envelope is subsequently intersected with a ‘parametric spatio-constructive grid’, creating specific intersecting points between the two. The hence extorted ‘point cloud’ configuration serves as a generic information field concerning highly specific coordinates, parameters and values for each individual point/constructive node it embodies. The relations between these points are directly linked with precise displacements of structural profiles and related scaling factors of cladding materials. Parallel to this object oriented modeling approach, a detailed database (soft/information component) is also maintained to administer the relations between the obtained points. To be able to derive constructible structural and cladding components from the point cloud configuration customized Scripts (combination of Lisp and Max scripts) process the point cloud database. The programmed script-routines, iteratively run calculations to generate steel-wireframes, steel lattice-structure and cladding panels along with their dimensions and execution drawing data. Optimization-routines are also programmed to make rectifications and small adjustments in the calculated data. This precise information is further communicated with CNC milling machines to manifest complex sectional profiles formulating the construct hence enabling timely and effective construction of the conceptualized form.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id caadria2005_a_7b_a
id caadria2005_a_7b_a
authors Abdullah, A.Q.M. ; Md. Emran Hossain, Md. Shabab Habib Khan
year 2005
title Digital Perception, Development and Presentation in Architecture: a study of Bangladesh with global context
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.255
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 255-267
summary In the recent past the computer has become an important tool in both the design and presentation media/method in architecture. In this paper digitalization in architectural practice and architectural education in both the global and Bangladesh contexts have been studied. A survey questionnaire was carried out to find how and to what extent available software are being used in Bangladesh for this purpose. Opinion, views, expectations of architects from leading architectural firms of Bangladesh were studied to understand the future prospect of this field in Bangladesh.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id caadria2005_a_2b_a
id caadria2005_a_2b_a
authors Affleck, Janice; Kvan Thomas
year 2005
title REINTERPRETING VIRTUAL HERITAGE
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.169
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 169-178
summary This paper describes the context and proposal for an alternative approach to the common pattern of application of digital tools in the area of cultural heritage, also know as Virtual Heritage (VH). It investigates and addresses arising issues in a digital case study developed to implement a theoretical framework and investigate how and if existing technology can support it.
series CAADRIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 2005_083
id 2005_083
authors Agostinho, Francisco Santos
year 2005
title Architecture as Drawing, Perception and Cognition
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.083
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 83-90
summary This work is about realizing that human perception is inherent to architecture. It is an asset and a trait subject to training and development in an empirical way, involving physical and manual action. It cannot be taught literally through convention and logic reasoning. It is a human achievement of great significance built on intellectual and scientific knowledge. It is something, being physical and empirical, that is supported on instrumental procedure. The computer, as a machine and an instrument, does not shorten the empirical experience of manipulation; on the contrary, it enhances J.J. Gibson’s findings about the perception of space in relation to eye and body movement. Being a cybernetic machine the computer may, and shall, evolve, and become perceptive. In order for that to happen, it is important to keep in mind the mechanism of human perception. Through producing a computerized model of a major architectural work, we develop natural knowledge about its physical features and the thought that lies underneath. To be able to use the computer as an instrument provides a user with explicit knowledge about its ways and mechanism that has to be made available. It involves training, which is to a great extent self-explanatory, and also explicit knowledge about the conventions that are being used, such as programming, reasoning and trigonometry.
keywords Visualization; Environmental Simulation; Knowledge Modelling (KM); 3D Modeling
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ascaad2014_023
id ascaad2014_023
authors Al-Maiyah, Sura and Hisham Elkadi
year 2014
title Assessing the Use of Advanced Daylight Simulation Modelling Tools in Enhancing the Student Learning Experience
source Digital Crafting [7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014 / ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, pp. 303-313
summary In architecture schools, where the ‘studio culture’ lies at the heart of students’ learning, taught courses, particularly technology ones, are often seen as secondary or supplementary units. Successful delivery of such courses, where students can act effectively, be motivated and engaged, is a rather demanding task requiring careful planning and the use of various teaching styles. A recent challenge that faces architecture education today, and subsequently influences the way technology courses are being designed, is the growing trend in practice towards environmentally responsive design and the need for graduates with new skills in sustainable construction and urban ecology (HEFCE’s consultation document, 2005). This article presents the role of innovative simulation modelling tools in the enhancement of the student learning experience and professional development. Reference is made to a teaching practice that has recently been applied at Portsmouth School of Architecture in the United Kingdom and piloted at Deakin University in Australia. The work focuses on the structure and delivery of one of the two main technology units in the second year architecture programme that underwent two main phases of revision during the academic years 2009/10 and 2010/11. The article examines the inclusion of advanced daylight simulation modelling tools in the unit programme, and measures the effectiveness of enhancing its delivery as a key component of the curriculum on the student learning experience. A main objective of the work was to explain whether or not the introduction of a simulation modelling component, and the later improvement of its integration with the course programme and assessment, has contributed to a better learning experience and level of engagement. Student feedback and the grade distribution pattern over the last three academic years were collected and analyzed. The analysis of student feedback on the revised modelling component showed a positive influence on the learning experience and level of satisfaction and engagement. An improvement in student performance was also recorded over the last two academic years and following the implementation of new assessment design.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2016/02/15 13:09

_id caadria2005_a_8c_b
id caadria2005_a_8c_b
authors Alejandro Arismendy Echeverri
year 2005
title Time-based computer aided architectural research for mapping techniques in multicultural space re-definitions.
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.444
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 444-450
summary This paper shall explore the process of research for the development of time-based computer aided applications as an alternative for mapping techniques. As part of an on going research, it was determined the necessity of implementing computer design strategies for time-based mapping due to the complexity and real-time variability of multicultural societies within its chrono-geo-ghraphical constrains for architectural space re-definitions.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2017_184
id ecaade2017_184
authors Almeida, Daniel and Sousa, José Pedro
year 2017
title Tradition and Innovation in Digital Architecture - Reviewing the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2005
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2017.1.267
source Fioravanti, A, Cursi, S, Elahmar, S, Gargaro, S, Loffreda, G, Novembri, G, Trento, A (eds.), ShoCK! - Sharing Computational Knowledge! - Proceedings of the 35th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy, 20-22 September 2017, pp. 267-276
summary Please write your aToday, in a moment when digital technologies are taking command of many architectural design and construction processes, it is important to examine the place and role of traditional ones. Designed by Álvaro Siza and Eduardo Souto de Moura in collaboration with Cecil Balmond, the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2005 reflects the potential of combining those two different approaches in the production of innovative buildings. For inquiring this argument, this paper investigates the development of this project from its conception to construction with a double goal: to uncover the relationship between analogical and digital processes, and to understand the architects' role in a geographically distributed workflow, which involved the use of computational design and robotic fabrication technologies. To support this examination, the authors designed and fabricated a 1:3 scale prototype of part of the Pavilion, which also served to check and reflect on the technological evolution since then, which is setting different conditions for design development and collaboration.bstract here by clicking this paragraph.
keywords Serpentine Gallery Pavilion; Computational Design; Digital Fabrication; Wooden Construction; Architectural Representation;
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac20053303
id ijac20053303
authors Alvarado, Rodrigo Garcia; Castillo, Gino Alvarez; Marquez, Juan Carlos Parra; Mayorga, Sergio Navarro
year 2005
title Filmic Development of Architectural Animations
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 3, 299-316
summary This paper proposes a general method to make animated presentations of architectural designs, based on cinematographic techniques. Particularly, it reviews theoretical documenttion about filmmaking as well as several productions that exhibit remarkable locations. The proposed method first comprises of a planning stage, with the narrative and graphic formulation of the presentation. Next is an elaboration or adjustment stage for the digital modelling of the design, and finally, there is an animation production and editing stage. Likewise, the research sets up a computer implementation of some activities and characteristics, and experiments in the programming of camera movements for architectural animations. In general, this work suggests focusing on the communication of the qualitative features of the design, instead of the elaboration of the digital model, and on emphasizing the visual diversity, graphic style and narrative construction of the presentation.
series journal
more http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://mscp/ijac/2005/00000003/00000003/art00004
last changed 2007/03/04 07:08

_id caadria2005_a_7c_a
id caadria2005_a_7c_a
authors Anandan Karunakaran
year 2005
title Organisation of Pedestrian Movements: an Agent-Based Approach
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.305
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 305-313
summary Cities are becoming more complex in this digital era due to technological changes. Thinking of cities without such technological changes is equivalent to an embryonic state in the morphology of city growth, that is, the growth seems less advanced. So it is appropriate to think of the non digital city digitally. Urban design is one state which establishes the perfect relationship between the street, people and building. The relationship of the people with the building and street is becoming one of the key factors in architecture. It has been observed that the design of a city has been influenced by the pedestrian movement. Many cities prior to the industrial era were largely determined by the social interactions based on walking. Thus the pedestrians play a key role in the formation of the city. They are a very important component in any representation of transport movements. They generally terminate or initiate a chain of linked activities, and if observed carefully, a single pedestrian movement is meant to include various sub journeys from one location to another. In order to organize pedestrians, we need to understand the pedestrian movement system. Though there is a lot of development of urban models in this aspect, it is still in a nascent state in comparison with the digital advancement. Thus much research work is carried out which can be applied to any given environmental setting, and as a result urban designers can respond to the changing socio-cultural technologies.
series CAADRIA
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 2005_811
id 2005_811
authors Anay, Hakan
year 2005
title A Critical Approach to the Use of Computers in Architectural Design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.811
source Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 811-817
summary There are two dominant approaches to architectural and urbanistic problem solving: program based approaches and paradigm based approaches. Beyond these two, this paper proposes the critical/formalist approach as a paradigm for architectural design while summarizing the epistemological foundations of it, and investigates the possible contribution of the computers to this approach. The primary aim is to set a starting point for a more comprehensive future research.
keywords Design Theory, Design Methodology, Computer Aided Design, Formalism, Architectural Form
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac20053308
id ijac20053308
authors Anders, Peter
year 2005
title Cybrid Principles: Guidelines for Merging Physical and Cyber Spaces
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 3, 391-406
summary This article introduces seven principles for the design of mixed reality compositions. Contrasting the novelty of mixed reality technology, we have derived these principles from basic needs served by traditional architecture as well as those that have arisen since the introduction of information technologies. These principles draw also from research in cognitive science, human-computer interface design and the recognition of the multivalent, psychosomatic nature of space.
series journal
more http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://mscp/ijac/2005/00000003/00000003/art00009
last changed 2007/03/04 07:08

_id caadria2005_b_5b_d
id caadria2005_b_5b_d
authors Andre Brown, Michael Knight, Martin Winchester
year 2005
title Representation and Delivery of City Models
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.344
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 2, pp. 344-352
summary City modelling has a considerable range of potential applications and because of this, as a field of research has attracted a great deal of attention over recent years. Here we reflect on work already reported by the authors in this area, describe some more recent work on improving the system that had been developed and show an example of how city modelling is being applied in practice as a planning tool in the UK.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id caadria2005_b_5b_c
id caadria2005_b_5b_c
authors Andreas Voigt, Helena Linzer
year 2005
title Added Value: Implementation of User Requirements in City Simulators
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.337
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 2, pp. 337-343
summary The following contribution discusses the possible consequences of the concept of City Simulators and Digital City Models, which can be obtained from a previously conducted user inquiry in an Urban Planning Department. At the core of the examination are the additional benefit (added value) and the increasing acceptance of digital planning techniques by its users which can be made possible by the implementation of user requirements in City Simulators. Various experiments for cooperative planning in the urban space are formulated.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

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