CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 559

_id cf2005_2_62_18
id cf2005_2_62_18
authors HUBERS Hans
year 2005
title Parametric Design in Protospace 1.1
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 255-264
summary After a history of CAAD in the Netherlands, the author describes the CAVE-like facility that is being set up to support collaborative design. The first prototype, Protospace 1.1 has been tested. Protospace is a project of the Hyperbody Research Group, directed by Prof. Kas Oosterhuis. The state of the art of parametric design and some helpful tools to speed-up the design process are discussed. 3D multiplayer game software Virtools is used to develop synchronic and a-synchronic, local and inter-local collaboration.
keywords 3D modelling, collaborative design, design methodology, virtual design studio, parametric design
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_61_192
id cf2005_2_61_192
authors HOLZER Dominik, TANG Jiwu, XIE Mik2 and BURRY Mark
year 2005
title Design Using Evolutionary Optimisation and Associative Geometry
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 243-254
summary This paper describes the usage of parametric design and evolutionary optimisation techniques in architect-engineer collaborations. It discusses the apparent challenges in setting up a trans-disciplinary working-platform that cuts across profession-specific boundaries and negotiates between the otherwise distinct work-methodologies through the use of intelligent CAAD applications. Two approaches to architectural form finding have been combined in this research. The first, parametric design, uses a proprietary package as a key element to the organisation and reorganisation of architectural design. By doing so, it is providing it with intrinsic flexibility allowing designers to go beyond form and accommodate performance data for versioning. The second, ESO (Evolutionary Structural Optimisation), is an engineering tool based on the use of finite element analysis (FEA) capable of optimising the formal geometry of an object to obtain minimum volume under even stress-distribution through an iterative design process. In undertaking this research it became apparent that different levels of resolution need to be addressed in the form-finding process in order to investigate the full potential of the interactive use of parametric design and evolutionary optimisation. The case studies reflect this diversity and demonstrate more successes, limitations and future challenges within the transdisciplinary, collaborative effort.
keywords associative geometry, evolutionary structural optimisation, architect engineer collaboration, finite element analysis
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_36_65
id cf2005_2_36_65
authors LIAO Kai and HAN Chia Y.
year 2005
title Collective Pavilions: A Generative Architectural Modelling for Traditional Chinese Pagoda
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 129-138
summary This paper investigates generative architectural modelling for traditional Chinese architecture and aims to explore and extend the potential of adaptive computing for architectural design methods. The design manners analysis of traditional pagodas architectures is made in a holistic view and under historical perspective. We propose a descriptive model and generative system for the design of traditional Chinese pagodas, by which each pagoda is defined as a collection of style-matched and form-coordinated pavilions and described by both topological graphs and variant geometrical units. Our approach models both of the building geometry and space organization/spatial patterns of pagodas separately. The generative mechanism consists of a framework of grammar-based design and parametric, recursive shape computation. Accordingly, the generative algorithm is also made of two levels, the topology of spatial patterns and the shape geometrical parameters that characterize pavilion variations. The algorithm for computing the former is based on GP (Genetic Programming) and the latter GA (Genetic Algorithms). To explore the collective behaviour of a group of pavilions, multi-agent modelling approach is incorporated in composition patterns search. A prototype system, 'glPagoda', using the OpenGL graphics library for rendering and visualization, has been developed and implemented on PC windows platform.
keywords pagoda, grammar-based design, multi-agent modelling, generative design system
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_1_91_156
id cf2005_1_91_156
authors PLUME Jim and MITCHELL John
year 2005
title A Multi-Disciplinary Design Studio using a Shared IFC Building Model
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 445-454
summary This paper reports on a multi-disciplinary building design studio where a shared IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) building model was employed to support a collaborative design process in a studio-teaching environment. This project began with the premise that the efforts over the past decade of the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) to develop a genuinely operational building model schema has resulted in a mature technology that is now ready to be applied. This design studio experience sought to test that premise. The paper discusses the background to the idea of design collaboration based on a shared building model, placing this current work within that context. We look at both the nature of design decision-making, as well as the process opportunities afforded by close multi-disciplinary collaboration and rapid feedback from design analysis. Although the work was undertaken in a teaching context, the paper does not discuss the pedagogical issue, but rather concentrates on the operational issues that are encountered when working with a shared building model during a design process. The paper concludes with a statement of the lessons learnt and strategies to be adopted in future projects of this nature.
keywords collaborative design, industry foundation classes, shared building model, building information modelling, design studio
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2006/11/07 07:27

_id cf2011_p170
id cf2011_p170
authors Barros, Mário; Duarte José, Chaparro Bruno
year 2011
title Thonet Chairs Design Grammar: a Step Towards the Mass Customization of Furniture
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 181-200.
summary The paper presents the first phase of research currently under development that is focused on encoding Thonet design style into a generative design system using a shape grammar. The ultimate goal of the work is the design and production of customizable chairs using computer assisted tools, establishing a feasible practical model of the paradigm of mass customization (Davis, 1987). The current research step encompasses the following three steps: (1) codification of the rules describing Thonet design style into a shape grammar; (2) implementing the grammar into a computer tool as parametric design; and (3) rapid prototyping of customized chair designs within the style. Future phases will address the transformation of the Thonet’s grammar to create a new style and the production of real chair designs in this style using computer aided manufacturing. Beginning in the 1830’s, Austrian furniture designer Michael Thonet began experimenting with forming steam beech, in order to produce lighter furniture using fewer components, when compared with the standards of the time. Using the same construction principles and standardized elements, Thonet produced different chairs designs with a strong formal resemblance, creating his own design language. The kit assembly principle, the reduced number of elements, industrial efficiency, and the modular approach to furniture design as a system of interchangeable elements that may be used to assemble different objects enable him to become a pioneer of mass production (Noblet, 1993). The most paradigmatic example of the described vision of furniture design is the chair No. 14 produced in 1858, composed of six structural elements. Due to its simplicity, lightness, ability to be stored in flat and cubic packaging for individual of collective transportation, respectively, No. 14 became one of the most sold chairs worldwide, and it is still in production nowadays. Iconic examples of mass production are formally studied to provide insights to mass customization studies. The study of the shape grammar for the generation of Thonet chairs aimed to ensure rules that would make possible the reproduction of the selected corpus, as well as allow for the generation of new chairs within the developed grammar. Due to the wide variety of Thonet chairs, six chairs were randomly chosen to infer the grammar and then this was fine tuned by checking whether it could account for the generation of other designs not in the original corpus. Shape grammars (Stiny and Gips, 1972) have been used with sucesss both in the analysis as in the synthesis of designs at different scales, from product design to building and urban design. In particular, the use of shape grammars has been efficient in the characterization of objects’ styles and in the generation of new designs within the analyzed style, and it makes design rules amenable to computers implementation (Duarte, 2005). The literature includes one other example of a grammar for chair design by Knight (1980). In the second step of the current research phase, the outlined shape grammar was implemented into a computer program, to assist the designer in conceiving and producing customized chairs using a digital design process. This implementation was developed in Catia by converting the grammar into an equivalent parametric design model. In the third phase, physical models of existing and new chair designs were produced using rapid prototyping. The paper describes the grammar, its computer implementation as a parametric model, and the rapid prototyping of physical models. The generative potential of the proposed digital process is discussed in the context of enabling the mass customization of furniture. The role of the furniture designer in the new paradigm and ideas for further work also are discussed.
keywords Thonet; furniture design; chair; digital design process; parametric design; shape grammar
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2012/02/11 19:21

_id sigradi2005_300
id sigradi2005_300
authors Cavieres, Andrés P.; Marcelo Quezada G.
year 2005
title Analysis of the possibilities offered by the application of parametric modeling technologies in the design processes shared between architects and industrial designers: The prefabricated house case.
source SIGraDi 2005 - [Proceedings of the 9th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Lima - Peru 21-24 november 2005, vol. 1, pp. 300-303
summary Traditionally, the teaching of digital design systems has been focused on the operative learning of software. However, this almost exclusively technical approach has leaded to a partial view of these systems, as well suited platforms to exploration of project’s possibilities. Consequently their relevance as a base for project representation and therefore as a useful instrument for conceptual exploration for design and experimental research of their processes have been undervalued. On the other hand, this restrictive perspective results in an important waste of the teaching possibilities lying in CAD software related with interdisciplinary teamwork. The following academic experience obeys to a new insight of how to teach these tools, based upon problem solving in Design by interdisciplinary students work teams from Architecture and Industrial Design. In this bet, the learning process is flexible, shared and collaborative, according to the requirements of each project, powered by the commitment of facing common goals. [Full paper in Spanish]
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:48

_id caadria2005_a_7b_a
id caadria2005_a_7b_a
authors Abdullah, A.Q.M. ; Md. Emran Hossain, Md. Shabab Habib Khan
year 2005
title Digital Perception, Development and Presentation in Architecture: a study of Bangladesh with global context
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.255
source CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 255-267
summary In the recent past the computer has become an important tool in both the design and presentation media/method in architecture. In this paper digitalization in architectural practice and architectural education in both the global and Bangladesh contexts have been studied. A survey questionnaire was carried out to find how and to what extent available software are being used in Bangladesh for this purpose. Opinion, views, expectations of architects from leading architectural firms of Bangladesh were studied to understand the future prospect of this field in Bangladesh.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id cf2005_2_32_203
id cf2005_2_32_203
authors CHASE Scott and AHMAD Sumbul
year 2005
title Grammar Transformations: Using Composite Grammars to Understand Hybridity in Design
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 89-98
summary Hybrid designs are those that develop from multiple sources. This paper presents the methodology of composite grammars, developed by merging multiple grammars, for the analysis of hybrid designs. The methodology is discussed with an example from Islamic architecture, which is known to have developed by borrowing from various sources. The methodology is seen to be useful for the analysis of the evolution of historic architecture, as well as for the development of new languages of designs.
keywords shape grammars, generative design, historical analysis, Islamic architecture, hybridity
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_1_51_122
id cf2005_1_51_122
authors FISCHER Thomas
year 2005
title Generation of Apparently Irregular Truss Structures
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 229-238
summary While cheaper mass-customisation technologies are becoming available, architectural design strives for ever more complex and less regular forms. The increasing costs associated with this tendency are difficult to control. Key factors contributing to this cost increase are non-uniform building components. Focusing on space frame construction, this paper examines the possibility of creating apparently irregular structures from relatively small sets of identical parts. Starting with an examination of the cost implications of irregular truss construction, a case study of the Beijing National Swim Center's space frame system and the conflicting natures of bottom-up and top-down generative logic in this context is presented. The paper concludes with the description of the development of a truss system that incorporates various design variables that increase visual irregularity. Learning from the past, this new system draws its basic logic from classic space frame principles but applies present-day computational logic to achieve new aesthetic effects and structural possibilities.
keywords apparent irregularity, truss structures, prefabrication, generative design
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2006/11/07 07:27

_id cf2005_2_22_193
id cf2005_2_22_193
authors HSIEH Chun-Yu
year 2005
title A Preliminary Model of Creativity in Digital Development of Architecture
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 63-74
summary Research into the various forms and processes of creativity has been a topic of great interest in the design field for many years. Part of the view is personality, and part of the answer is behavioural. Creativity is also explained through the identity of social values and the whole creative process. This paper proposes to use the interacting creativity model of Csikszentmihalyi as the basic structure, to establish the major criteria of testing creativity in the digital era. This paper demonstrates two facts: first, it confirms that creativity in architecture is truly valuable in the digital age; second, it proves that in the digital era, individuals, cultures and societies are all under the impact of digital technologies, a fact which transforms the model of interacting creativity proposed by Csikszentmihalyi in 1988 into a new model of digital interacting creativity.
keywords creativity, digital media, society, culture
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_14_39
id cf2005_2_14_39
authors HYUN-AH Choi and HAN-JONG Jun
year 2005
title A Design Model Using Mutation Shape Emergence
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 41-50
summary The ability to recognize properties and characteristics unforeseen in the early stage of design, namely shape emergence, is considered one of vital aspects of human visual perception in creative thinking. This study aims at developing a design model by using an extended theory of shape emergence, mutation shape emergence which we call. The first part of this paper describes the definition of mutational emergent shapes clearly. In the second part, possibility of discovering mutational emergent shapes will be explored through protocol analysis. On the basis of the results of these efforts, we will examine closely the cognitive mechanism to discover mutational emergent shapes. In the last stage, based on our results we propose a design model for understanding the cognitive process implications for training architects.
keywords creativity, design process, mutational emergent shapes, design model
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_1_42_119
id cf2005_1_42_119
authors IORDANOVA Ivanka and TIDAFI Temy
year 2005
title Using Historical Know-how to Model Design References
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 197-206
summary The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that new computer and communication technology has the potential to change architectural education in a positive way, based on previous experiences and learning from the past. This research is based on two historical aspects that we bring together in order to propose a new didactic method and material for architectural education: the first one consists in finding obsolete architectural training practices and reconsidering them from a modern point of view; the second one proposes using precedents in a new constructive way in situation of teaching architectural conception in studio. This historical approach, combined with architectural design studio observations, has lead to an outline of a prototype of a digital assistant for teaching architectural design. Some aspects of its functioning are here discussed.
keywords architectural education, reference modeling, digital design studio
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2006/11/07 07:27

_id cf2005_2_35_224
id cf2005_2_35_224
authors KOBAYASHI Yoshihiro and BATTINA Subhadha
year 2005
title Housing Layout Design Using Fractals
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 119-128
summary This paper introduces a computer-based tool for three dimensional (3D) landscape simulations of housing-layout-design using the concepts of fractals with Iterative Function System (IFS). Housing layout design is defined as a design to allocate many house-units in the undeveloped site. The tool generates a variety of layout designs consisting of multiple dwelling house-units from manual inputs or a template pattern defined as an XML file. Each unit can contain any detailed 3D components found in the residential development such as a house, roads, walls, trees etc. The template defines the transformation rules for IFS including the information of geometrical relationships between the stages in the iteration and of the components used in stop-conditions. The application tool is formulated, implemented and tested. The results in the case studies using several practical sites are demonstrated and evaluated based on the experiments in the design studio.
keywords fractal, housing layout, virtual reality, generative system, Java3D
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_000
id cf2005_2_000
authors Martens, Bob and Brown, Andre (eds.)
year 2005
title Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future
source Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0 / Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, 280 p.
summary CAAD Futures is a biennial Conference that aims to promote the advancement of Computer Aided Architectural Design in the service of those concerned with the quality of the built environment. The conferences are organised under the auspices of the CAAD Futures Foundation. The series of conferences started in 1985 in Delft, and has since travelled to Eindhoven, Boston, Zurich, Pittsburgh, Singapore, Munich, Atlanta and Tainan. This book is a special publication of papers from the CAAD Futures 2005 conference which took place at Vienna University of Technology, June 20-22, 2005. Papers selected for this publication were required to be innovative and original, and to present rigorous, high-quality research and development work.
series CAAD Futures
type normal paper
email
last changed 2007/07/23 07:33

_id cf2005_2_63_81
id cf2005_2_63_81
authors McMEEL Dermott, COYNE Richard and LEE John
year 2005
title Talking Dirty: Formal and Informal Communication in Construction Projects
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 265-274
summary We analyse the emergence and use of formal and informal communication tools in group working to aid in understanding the complexity of construction projects. Our test case is the design and build of an interactive digital installation in an exhibition space, involving students. After the project we conducted focus group studies to elicit insights into the effective use of the digital communications available for the project. We recount key insights from the study and examine how digital messaging devices are contributing to or hindering creative discussion. Whereas the construction process is concerned with the removal of dirt and re-ordering, in this paper we reflect on construction’s ritualistic, contractual and unauthorized aspects, and dirt’s role within them. We draw on Bakhtin’s theories of the carnival in exploring ritual, and the mixing of the un-sanctioned (rumour) with the official (contractual). How does dirt impinge on issues of communication, open discussion, and the move towards “partnering” in construction practice? We conjecture that while physical dirt might be unpleasant, the removal of other forms of metaphorical dirt hampers construction as an efficient and creative process.
keywords communications, technology, construction
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_33_220
id cf2005_2_33_220
authors PARK Hyoung-June, ECONOMOU Athanassios and PAPALAMBROS Panos
year 2005
title Hermes: A Computational Tool for Proportional Studies in Design
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 99-108
summary A computational tool for proportional analysis and synthesis in architectural composition is presented. The various components of the software are briefly explained and two case studies, one in analysis and one in synthesis of form are presented. Both studies presented here are drawn from Palladio's second book of architecture.
keywords proportion, genetic algorithms, design optimization, Palladio
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_55_233
id cf2005_2_55_233
authors Penttilä, Hannu
year 2005
title The State of the Art of Finnish Building Product Modelling Methodology
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 225-240
summary This paper describes and analyses the impacts of the current Finnish building product modelling methodology on the building process and on construction field organizations. The objective is also to recognize and monitor changes in the design and construction environments as well as in the software platforms. In Finland building product modelling has, after 10-15 years of preliminary research, evolved into a piloting phase where the developed modelling methods are currently tested in real-life projects. One quite possible - and even more desired - future scenario is that building product modelling will become an essential collaborative working platform for building projects within the next 10 years.
keywords building product modelling, building information modelling, construction IT
series CAAD Futures
type normal paper
email
last changed 2009/06/04 07:02

_id cf2005_2_21_64
id cf2005_2_21_64
authors ROMÃO Luís
year 2005
title SGtools: A Computer Tool for Exploring Designs with Set Grammars
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 53-62
summary A set grammar interpreter is presented in this paper. It differs from previous interpreters in many ways: it accepts any shapes for edition, the user rather than symbols, manipulates shapes, and rules can be stored and retrieved. This tool is intended as a conceptual design tool and not as a tool for full design development. The tool has been developed in the AutoLisp language as a plug-in to AutoCAD, thereby taking advantage of the existent means of visualizations.
keywords shape grammars, human-computer interaction, collaboration
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_11_132
id cf2005_2_11_132
authors SCHNABEL Marc Aurel
year 2005
title Interplay of Domains
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 11-20
summary A diversified, open-ended, and critical approach of architectural design that interplays with a variety of media, suggests an innovative development to gain new spatial solutions. Architects and designers are aware of these possibilities by integrating physical and digital media during their design process, yet the creative potentials of these media are rarely used to their full potentials. The architectural design process can be enriched by using uncommon perceptions, comprehensions, and conceptions of spatial design translations within both physical and virtual environments. A wilful interplay with the design media and the process offers the possibility to dismantle the limits of each domain and explore the design itself in unorthodox ways. The overall engagement within both real and virtual environments leads to innovative form creations and powerful design solutions. Following the tradition of artists, who explore media in unusual ways, new architectural interpretations emerge, reflecting on the media as well as the architectural design.
keywords design process, design media, form generation, physical and virtual environments
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

_id cf2005_2_41_104
id cf2005_2_41_104
authors SEICHTER Hartmut
year 2005
title Assessing Virtual Tangibility
source Learning from the Past a Foundation for the Future [Special publication of papers presented at the CAAD futures 2005 conference held at the Vienna University of Technology / ISBN 3-85437-276-0], Vienna (Austria) 20-22 June 2005, pp. 151-160
summary Design technology simulates a variety of senses but on the other hand restricts them to audio and visual responses. What happens if technology can accommodate more senses in the creation process and how does it affect the way we approach design? This paper investigates the implication of tangible interfaces in design computing. The focal point is to assess the factors of perception and cooperative working by employing an Augmented Reality (AR) setup with tangible interfaces in a design studio. A concept of usability evaluation is discussed with the focus on core theories and resulting methodology.
keywords augmented reality, urban design, usability evaluation, tangible interface, CSCW
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2005/05/05 07:06

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