Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	cf2005_1_33_194
id	cf2005_1_33_194
authors	HE Jie, TSOU Jin Yeu, XUE Yucai and CHOW Benny
year	2005
title	A Visual Landscape Assessment Approach for High-density Urban Development
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 125-134
summary	The rapid developments of economy and urbanization bring great pressure to natural environment and resources, which contribute big challenge to sustainable urban development in high-density urban areas like Hong Kong, China and many other Eastern Asia cities. In these areas, protecting natural landscape resources and enhancing visibility to urban spaces and residential zones has become significant in improving the livability of human settlement. This paper presents a new approach in assessing the visual quality in high-density urban environment. The principal methodology is to quantitatively integrate human visual perception parameters with the visible landscape resources' characteristics. GIS is employed as the database and technical platform. A residential development in Hong Kong was used as a case study. The approach provides decision making support to urban planning, site layout design, and estate management during the early stage of the schematic design/planning process.
keywords	visual perception, visual quality assessment, urban planning, GIS
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:27

_id	ijac20053202
id	ijac20053202
authors	Ataman, Osman
year	2005
title	Integrating Digital and Building Technologies: Towards a New Architectural Composite
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 2, 181-190
summary	This paper presents an ongoing research project about the development of the materials and fabrication techniques for a fundamentally new class of architectural composite. This type of composite, which is a representative example of an even broader class of smart architectural material, has the potential to change the design and function of an architectural structure or living environment. As of today, this kind of composite does not exist. Once completed, this will be the first technology on its own. We believe this study will lay the fundamental groundwork for a new paradigm in surface engineering that may be of considerable significance in architecture, building and construction industry, and materials science.
series	journal
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	sigradi2005_190
id	sigradi2005_190
authors	Ataman, Osman
year	2005
title	The digital architecture of tomorrow
source	SIGraDi 2005 - [Proceedings of the 9th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Lima - Peru 21-24 november 2005, vol. 1, pp. 190-193
summary	This paper presents an ongoing research project about the development of the materials and fabrication techniques for a fundamentally new class of architectural composite. This type of composite, which is a representative example of an even broader class of smart architectural material, has the potential to change the design and function of an architectural structure or living environment. As of today, this kind of composite does not exist. Once completed, this will be the first technology on its own. We believe this study will lay the fundamental groundwork for a new paradigm in surface engineering that may be of considerable significance in architecture, building and construction industry, and materials science.
series	SIGRADI
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	2005_077
id	2005_077
authors	Chen, Hong-Sheng, Tseng, Lan-Ting and Li, Chi-Hua
year	2005
title	CaseBox: a Tool for Case-based Learning
source	Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 77-82
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.077
summary	This study reports on the development and experiment of CaseBox for case-based learning. Due to many advantages of the case-based reasoning, the authors create a learning environment for both teachers and students. In the digital era, multimedia and web-based education methodologies emerge auspiciously in schools. Teachers and students no longer satisfy paper-based documents, they research with case-based reasoning on the internet. CaseBox is proposed as a learning environment, which supports: 1) Teachers introduce cases. 2) Students study and reuse cases. 3) Members discuss design on the web. CaseBox is still under development and this study reports on the efforts and discoveries at the recent stage, and shares the debates of ideas and problems of case-based e-Learning.
keywords	Case-based Learning, Design Studio, Education
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ijac20053403
id	ijac20053403
authors	Datta, Sambit; Beynon, David
year	2005
title	A Computational Approach to the Reconstruction of Surface Geometry from Early Temple Superstructures
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 4, 471-486
summary	Recovering the control or implicit geometry underlying temple architecture requires bringing together fragments of evidence from field measurements, relating these to mathematical and geometric descriptions in canonical texts and proposing "best-fit" constructive models. While scholars in the field have traditionally used manual methods, the innovative application of niche computational techniques can help extend the study of artefact geometry. This paper demonstrates the application of a hybrid computational approach to the problem of recovering the surface geometry of early temple superstructures. The approach combines field measurements of temples, close-range architectural photogrammetry, rule-based generation and parametric modelling. The computing of surface geometry comprises a rule-based global model governing the overall form of the superstructure, several local models for individual motifs using photogrammetry and an intermediate geometry model that combines the two. To explain the technique and the different models, the paper examines an illustrative example of surface geometry reconstruction based on studies undertaken on a tenth century stone superstructure from western India. The example demonstrates that a combination of computational methods yields sophisticated models of the constructive geometry underlying temple form and that these digital artefacts can form the basis for in depth comparative analysis of temples, arising out of similar techniques, spread over geography, culture and time.
series	journal
email
more	http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ijac/2006/00000004/00000001/art00002
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	caadria2005_a_7c_d
id	caadria2005_a_7c_d
authors	Jin Yeu Tsou, Jie He, Yucai Xue
year	2005
title	An Open Space with Scenery: ‘Greenscape Index’ for Performance Based Planning of High Density Urban Habitation
source	CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 328-334
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.328
summary	This paper presents an improvement of the original openness ratio concept, which has been formulated as an integrated index for early-stage urban open space planning and design support. The ‘greenscape index’ is a rating system which quantitatively integrates human visual perception with the visible landscape resources to evaluate the visual quality of open space vision within high-density urban environment. This new index is expected to provide more comprehensive environmental performance consideration criteria for urban planning and design. The research team also discusses the potential of the introducing this index to assess both psychological preference and physical form of urban open spaces. The new concept also has shown its feasibility on integrating key environmental considerations in visual sensitivity, urban wind, urban noise and solar heat gain into simple massing study which is applicable in the preliminary planning stage.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	caadria2005_a_1a_a
id	caadria2005_a_1a_a
authors	Pojchara Jatupoj
year	2005
title	Sketchboard: The Simple 3D Modeling From Architectural Sketch Recognition
source	CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 3-22
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.003
summary	The main objective of this research was to study freehand architectural sketches and computer algorithms to develop a sketch recognition software and to apply software with basic 3D modeling. This research was conducted by collecting the data of sketch recognition and related software to analyst relevant information and to develop new software that would be practical for architects.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	caadria2005_a_7b_a
id	caadria2005_a_7b_a
authors	Abdullah, A.Q.M. ; Md. Emran Hossain, Md. Shabab Habib Khan
year	2005
title	Digital Perception, Development and Presentation in Architecture: a study of Bangladesh with global context
source	CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 255-267
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.255
summary	In the recent past the computer has become an important tool in both the design and presentation media/method in architecture. In this paper digitalization in architectural practice and architectural education in both the global and Bangladesh contexts have been studied. A survey questionnaire was carried out to find how and to what extent available software are being used in Bangladesh for this purpose. Opinion, views, expectations of architects from leading architectural firms of Bangladesh were studied to understand the future prospect of this field in Bangladesh.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	cf2005_1_64_168
id	cf2005_1_64_168
authors	ACHTEN Henri
year	2005
title	Resolving some Ambiguities in Real-time Design Drawing Recognition by means of a Decision Tree for Agents
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 311-320
summary	In this paper, we present a theoretical study on automated understanding of the design drawing. This can lead to design support through the natural interface of sketching. In earlier work, 24 plan-based conventions of depiction have been identified, such as grid, zone, axial system, contour, and element vocabulary. These are termed graphic units. Graphic units form a good basis for recognition of drawings as they combine shape with meaning. We present some of the theoretical questions that have to be resolved before an implementation can be made. The contribution of this paper is: (i) identification of domain knowledge which is necessary for recognition; (ii) outlining combined strategy of multi-agent systems and online recognition; (iii) functional structure for agents and their organisation to converge on sketch recognition.
keywords	multi-agent system, decision tree, pattern recognition, sketch
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:27

_id	caadria2005_a_2b_a
id	caadria2005_a_2b_a
authors	Affleck, Janice; Kvan Thomas
year	2005
title	REINTERPRETING VIRTUAL HERITAGE
source	CAADRIA 2005 [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] New Delhi (India) 28-30 April 2005, vol. 1, pp. 169-178
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2005.169
summary	This paper describes the context and proposal for an alternative approach to the common pattern of application of digital tools in the area of cultural heritage, also know as Virtual Heritage (VH). It investigates and addresses arising issues in a digital case study developed to implement a theoretical framework and investigate how and if existing technology can support it.
series	CAADRIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	2005_331
id	2005_331
authors	Al-Douri, Firas A., Clayton, Mark J. and Abrams, Robin F.
year	2005
title	The Impact of 3D Digital Modeling on the 3D Design Aspects in Urban Design Plans
source	Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 331-340
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.331
summary	Some experts suggest that urban design plans in US cities may lack adequate coverage of the three-dimensional design aspects of the built environment. 3D digital models may help designers visualize and interact with design alternatives, large urban data sets, and 3D information more effectively, thus correcting this problem. Case studies of recent urban design plans that have used 3D digital models may indicate whether these technologies can increase the quality of the plan. This research discusses the role 3D urban models can play in supporting designers in addressing the 3D design aspects. A literature review focused on reviewing secondary sources to construct or adopt theoretical propositions against which the empirical data can be compared and contrasted. A case study involved investigating the methods with which 3D models have been used in developing a selected urban design plan. The content analysis of the case study refuted the premise that the plan would inadequately address 3D aspects and utilize 3D information, and indicated an effective usage of 3D modeling to analyze and represent most of the 3D and 2D information elements and issues. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that the effective usage of 3D modeling would result in the effective coverage of 3D information and issues. The effective usage of the model’s functionalities has improved the quality of the decision-making process through improving designers’ cognitive capabilities and providing a platform for communicating design ideas among and across design teams.
keywords	3D Modeling; Urban Design Plans; Digital Models; 3D Design Aspects
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	caadria2014_042
id	caadria2014_042
authors	Alam, Jack and Jeremy J. Ham
year	2014
title	Towards a BIM-Based Energy Rating System
source	Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 285–294
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.285
summary	Governments in Australia are faced with policy implementation that mandates higher energy efficient housing (Foran, Lenzen & Dey 2005). To this effect, the National Construction Code (NCC) 2013 stipulates the minimum energy performance for residential buildings as 114MJ/m2 per annum or 6 stars on an energy rating scale. Compliance with this minimum is mandatory but there are several methods through which residential buildings can be rated to comply with the deemed to satisfy provisions outlined in the NCC. FirstRate5 is by far the most commonly used simulation software used in Victoria, Australia. Meanwhile, Building Information Modelling (BIM), using software such as ArchiCAD has gained a foothold in the industry. The energy simulation software within ArchiCAD, EcoDesigner, enables the reporting on the energy performance based on BIM elements that contain thermal information. This research is founded on a comparative study between FirstRate5 and EcoDesigner. Three building types were analysed and compared. The comparison finds significant differences between simulations, being, measured areas, thermal loads and potentially serious shortcomings within FirstRate5, that are discussed along with the future potential of a fully BIM-integrated model for energy rating certification in Victoria.
keywords	Building Information Modelling, energy rating, FirstRate 5, ArchiCAD EcoDesigner, Building Energy Model
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2012_30
id	sigradi2012_30
authors	Angeluzzi, Gustavo; Hanns, Daniela Kutschat
year	2012
title	Um levantamento de requisitos gerais para o desenvolvimento e posicionamento de DOOTERS – um aplicativo lúdico de listas de tarefas para iPhone [A survey of general requirements for developing and positioning DOOTERS - a to-do list application for iPhone]
source	SIGraDi 2012 [Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Brasil - Fortaleza 13-16 November 2012, pp. 191-195
summary	DOOTERS is a to-do list application for iPhone which entertains and motivates the user to get things done. It was developed based on requirements obtained trough: 1. the study of several personal information organizing methods (Covey, 1989; Allen, 2005; Foster, 2006); 2. answers to a task lists user focused questionnaire; 3. observation of to-do list users while creating lists and organizing tasks; 4. comparison of digital and non-digital task list media (paper, computer and mobile device); 5. analysis of profiles, behaviors and to-do list applications for iPhone. In this paper, the authors present the process of obtaining requirements for developing and positioning DOOTERS.
keywords	information and interface design, requirements, to-do list application, iPhone, DOOTERS
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ascaad2006_paper25
id	ascaad2006_paper25
authors	Artopoulos, Giorgos; Stanislav Roudavski and Francois Penz
year	2006
title	Adaptive Generative Patterns: design and construction of Prague Biennale pavilion
source	Computing in Architecture / Re-Thinking the Discourse: The Second International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2006), 25-27 April 2006, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
summary	This paper describes an experimental practice-based research project that considered design process, implementation and construction of a pavilion built to be part of the Performative Space section of the International Biennale of Contemporary Art, Prague 2005. The project was conceptualized as a time-bound performative situation with a parasite-like relationship to its host environment. Its design has emerged through an innovative iterative process that utilized digital simulative and procedural techniques and was formed in response to place-specific behavioral challenges. This paper presents the project as an in-depth case-study of digital methods in design, mass customization and unified methods of production. In particular, it considers the use of Voronoi patterns for production of structural elements providing detail on programming and construction techniques in relationship to design aspirations and practical constraints.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2007/04/08 19:47

_id	cf2005_1_73_113
id	cf2005_1_73_113
authors	BARRIOS Carlos
year	2005
title	Transformations on Parametric Design Models
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-3460-1] Vienna (Austria) 20–22 June 2005, pp. 393-400
summary	This paper presents a research in progress in the development of parametric models for generation of complex shapes, and introduces a methodology for exploration of possible designs generated from a single model. The research presents a case study on the designs of the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi, and takes on the fundamental rules of form generation of the lateral nave columns of the Sagrada Familia temple in Barcelona. A parameterization schema is presented as a fundamental tool for design exploration, which allows the reproduction of the original shapes designed by Gaudi, and the generation of a large set of new designs.
keywords	parametric modeling, parametric design, design transformations
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2006/11/07 07:27

_id	sigradi2005_126
id	sigradi2005_126
authors	Barrios Hernandez, Carlos Roberto
year	2005
title	EVALUATION OF parametric models: TWO PROVISOS FOR THE SAGRADA FAMILIA COLUMNS
source	SIGraDi 2005 - [Proceedings of the 9th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Lima - Peru 21-24 november 2005, vol. 1, pp. 126-132
summary	This paper presents a research in progress in the development of parametric models for geometric manipulation of complex shapes, and introduces a methodology for evaluation of the design instances of a parametric model. The research presents a case study on the designs of the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi, and takes on the fundamental rules of the form generation of the nave columns of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona. The evaluation is done applying two provisos that determine if a shape is part of the design language and is an instance of the parametric model is a Gaudinian design.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	cf2011_p170
id	cf2011_p170
authors	Barros, Mário; Duarte José, Chaparro Bruno
year	2011
title	Thonet Chairs Design Grammar: a Step Towards the Mass Customization of Furniture
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 181-200.
summary	The paper presents the first phase of research currently under development that is focused on encoding Thonet design style into a generative design system using a shape grammar. The ultimate goal of the work is the design and production of customizable chairs using computer assisted tools, establishing a feasible practical model of the paradigm of mass customization (Davis, 1987). The current research step encompasses the following three steps: (1) codification of the rules describing Thonet design style into a shape grammar; (2) implementing the grammar into a computer tool as parametric design; and (3) rapid prototyping of customized chair designs within the style. Future phases will address the transformation of the Thonet’s grammar to create a new style and the production of real chair designs in this style using computer aided manufacturing. Beginning in the 1830’s, Austrian furniture designer Michael Thonet began experimenting with forming steam beech, in order to produce lighter furniture using fewer components, when compared with the standards of the time. Using the same construction principles and standardized elements, Thonet produced different chairs designs with a strong formal resemblance, creating his own design language. The kit assembly principle, the reduced number of elements, industrial efficiency, and the modular approach to furniture design as a system of interchangeable elements that may be used to assemble different objects enable him to become a pioneer of mass production (Noblet, 1993). The most paradigmatic example of the described vision of furniture design is the chair No. 14 produced in 1858, composed of six structural elements. Due to its simplicity, lightness, ability to be stored in flat and cubic packaging for individual of collective transportation, respectively, No. 14 became one of the most sold chairs worldwide, and it is still in production nowadays. Iconic examples of mass production are formally studied to provide insights to mass customization studies. The study of the shape grammar for the generation of Thonet chairs aimed to ensure rules that would make possible the reproduction of the selected corpus, as well as allow for the generation of new chairs within the developed grammar. Due to the wide variety of Thonet chairs, six chairs were randomly chosen to infer the grammar and then this was fine tuned by checking whether it could account for the generation of other designs not in the original corpus. Shape grammars (Stiny and Gips, 1972) have been used with sucesss both in the analysis as in the synthesis of designs at different scales, from product design to building and urban design. In particular, the use of shape grammars has been efficient in the characterization of objects’ styles and in the generation of new designs within the analyzed style, and it makes design rules amenable to computers implementation (Duarte, 2005). The literature includes one other example of a grammar for chair design by Knight (1980). In the second step of the current research phase, the outlined shape grammar was implemented into a computer program, to assist the designer in conceiving and producing customized chairs using a digital design process. This implementation was developed in Catia by converting the grammar into an equivalent parametric design model. In the third phase, physical models of existing and new chair designs were produced using rapid prototyping. The paper describes the grammar, its computer implementation as a parametric model, and the rapid prototyping of physical models. The generative potential of the proposed digital process is discussed in the context of enabling the mass customization of furniture. The role of the furniture designer in the new paradigm and ideas for further work also are discussed.
keywords	Thonet; furniture design; chair; digital design process; parametric design; shape grammar
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	sigradi2020_112
id	sigradi2020_112
authors	Brandao, Jaqueline; Costa, Frederico Ribeiro; Silva, Geovany
year	2020
title	Morphological transformations in Brazilian peripheral areas: a case study of the Vila Cabral neighborhood at Campina Grande-PB
source	SIGraDi 2020 [Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISSN: 2318-6968] Online Conference 18 - 20 November 2020, pp. 112-119
summary	This article describes an analysis of the morphological changes between 2005 and 2020 in the Vila Cabral neighborhood, located on the outskirts of the Brazilian city of Campina Grande. The research was developed in two different analytical scenarios, adopting the algorithmic- parametric computational implementation as a methodology, and applying the following procedures: (i) formal decomposition of a sample of the urban fabric; (ii) visibility graph analysis (VGA); (iii) analysis of the diversity of uses and (iv) analysis of urban density (populational and built). The study demonstrated that the association of different urban analysis tools strengthens decision-making in the context of evidence-based urban design.
keywords	Algorithmic-parametric urban analysis, Evidence-based design, Urban morphology, Campina Grande, Brazilian peripheral sprawl
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2021/07/16 11:48

_id	ijac20053102
id	ijac20053102
authors	Burry, Jane; Felicetti, Peter; Tang, Jiwu; Burry, Mark; Xie, Mike
year	2005
title	Dynamical structural modeling A collaborative design exploration
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 1, 27-42
summary	This study is based on a generative performative modeling approach that engages architects and structural engineers in close dialogue. We focus on knowledge shared between engineers and architects to apply the Finite Element Analysis based structural design technique Evolutionary Structural Optimization [ESO] as a way to understand or corroborate the performance factors that are significant in determining architectural form. ESO is very close conceptually to the dynamical system of matter and forces of growth itself. It has parallels both mathematical and metaphorical with natural evolution and morphogenesis so it has been poignant to apply the approach to a formal architectural case study in which the generative influence of these processes is inherent.
series	journal
more	http://www.multi-science.co.uk/ijac.htm
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	sigradi2005_344
id	sigradi2005_344
authors	Bustos, Gabriela I. L.; Iván V. Burgos P., Javier Oliva
year	2005
title	Multi-user virtual worlds: 3D interactive visualization in synthetic environments for design workshops
source	SIGraDi 2005 - [Proceedings of the 9th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Lima - Peru 21-24 november 2005, vol. 1, pp. 344-349
summary	The goal of this research is to describe a methodology of architectural design by using digital technology with three-dimensional interactive simulation in multi-user virtual worlds. In addition, this study will focus on the application of this method in the workshops at the School of Architecture in the University of Zulia. With this proposal, it is possible to integrate many users, in real time, from different locations on the same virtual world in Internet. In the same way, each visitor is able to interact and modify the virtual world using virtual menus while sharing ideas or modifications regarding the design of the project. This strategy allows modeling, visualizing, developing and evaluating the designed projects during the conceptual and parametric phase in the process of design. This application is a powerful tool to develop creativity and skills of spatial perception among the students. [Full paper in Spanish]
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

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