CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 74

_id sigradi2006_e171c
id sigradi2006_e171c
authors González Böhme, Luis Felipe and Vargas Cárdenas, Bernardo
year 2006
title Foundations for a Constraint-Based Floor Plan Layout Support in Participatory Planning of Low-Income Housing
source SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 283-287
summary We introduce the foundations of a novel approach that deals with constraint-based design methods to supporting participatory planning processes of low-income dwellings. We examine the space allocation problem inside the architectural domain on the basis of graph theory and combinatorics, providing a concise mathematical background for an implementation strategy called FLS (Floor plan Layout Support), which is analyzed here for the first time regarding this particular context of application. The philosophy underlying a design method that is mainly driven by the formulation of distinct constraints suggests to avoid the traditional procedure of first to create a yet not necessarily valid instance of the eventual design solution by directly choosing specific parameter values of its shape, and later on to evaluate its validity by confronting the designed model to a set of applicable constraints. Instead, constraint-based design poses a search procedure that operates in a space of planning-relevant constraint sets. The FLS methodology integrates some few principles of constraint-based automated reasoning with high user interactivity, into a design environment where as much dwellers as planners can collaboratively work in solving spatial organization problems of housing projects. The FLS model of application makes use of a combination of dweller-specified constraints, planning and zoning regulations, and a small library of modular space units. Constraint-based design ! methods are particularly capable of supplying efficient support for the collaborative involvement of dwellers into the architectural programming process of her/his own home. Mainly, because dwellers themselves tend to describe their space need and design intentions as a set of constraints on room quantity, space utilization, circulation system, allocation of available furniture, available budget, construction time, and so forth. The goal is to achieve an integrated tool for finding and modelling topologically valid solutions for floor plan layout alternatives, by combining user-driven interactive procedures with automatic search and generative processes. Thus, several design alternatives can be explored in less time and with less effort than using mainstream procedures of architectural practice. A FLS implementation will constitute one system module of a larger integrated system model called Esther. A FLS tool shall interact with other functional modules, like e.g. the BDS (Building Bulk Design Support), which also uses constraint-based design methods. A preliminary procedural model for the FLS was tested on Chile’s official social housing standards (Chilean Building Code – OGUC. Art. 6.4.1) which are very similar to most Latin American housing programs currently in operation.
keywords constraint-based design; floor plan layout; participatory planning; low-income housing; design theory; design proces
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:52

_id sigradi2006_c129b
id sigradi2006_c129b
authors Abad, Gabriel; Adriane Borde; Mónica Fuentes; Virginia Agrielav; Adriana Granero and Jacqueline Fernández
year 2006
title Producción colaborativa de material de enseñanza-aprendizaje de Gráfica Digital con aportes multidisciplinarios [Collaborative production for taught-learning materials for digital graphic with multidisciplinary contributions]
source SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 117-121
summary For a contribution to problem solving processes at different areas, this paper presents the use of Digital Graphics as a knowledge object for a distance teaching/learning workshop. At the Learning Management System, different theoretical subjects with supporting tools were proposed, and exercises requiring collaborative work. An specific didactic situation using available technologies at Internet for 3D modelling, combined with satellite images and geographic information program was proposed. The final works were then shared by a 3D models repository. As a complement of this experience and in relation with their professional work, every student proposed a new didactic situation including Learning Objects, sharing them with the others members of the group, through conceptual maps built up in a co-operative way.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id ascaad2006_paper19
id ascaad2006_paper19
authors Arjun, G. and J. Plume
year 2006
title Collaborative Architectural Design as a reflective Conversation: an agent facilitated system to support collaborative conceptual design
source Computing in Architecture / Re-Thinking the Discourse: The Second International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2006), 25-27 April 2006, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
summary In this paper, definitions of collaborative design are discussed and understood in terms of a designer’s cognitive collaborations to explore his/her experiential memory for remote idea associations. Based on Schon’s reflective practice theory, Valkenburg and Dorst’s (1998) description of collaborative team designing is adopted as a model for a proposed design conversation system. The design conversation system is aimed at triggering the experiential memory of the designer by associating significant ideas from different design domains to provide different perspectives of a design situation. The paper describes a proposed framework for the design conversation system incorporating computational agents in a blackboard architecture environment.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2007/04/08 19:47

_id caadria2006_091
id caadria2006_091
authors BAUNI HAMID, YEHUDA E. KALAY, YONGWOOK JEONG, EMELIE K.F. CHENG
year 2006
title INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL ASPECTS IN COLLABORATIVE DESIGN
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2006.x.r4p
source CAADRIA 2006 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Kumamoto (Japan) March 30th - April 2nd 2006, 91-100
summary This paper basically describes part of our current research on the role of social aspects in collaborative design. Most part of this research, up until this stage, is theoretical research, which is our attempt to imply theories in social psychology in collaborative design. In order to step further towards empirical research we needs tool for the investigation. Discussion on this paper is built upon our attempt to develop this tool. Considering this context the discussion can be observed into two sections. First part is basically summary of our theoretical research to this point. Based on these theoretical backgrounds we discuss our research on defining and developing the tool in the second part. The tool is basically a prototype of design process representation system which is expected to be used as our tool for next stages of this research, investigating the role of social aspect in the real practice of collaborative design.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id acadia06_150
id acadia06_150
authors Boza, Luis Eduardo
year 2006
title (Un) Intended Discoveries Crafting the Design Process
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2006.150
source Synthetic Landscapes [Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture] pp. 150-157
summary Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) fabrication machineries are changing the way we design and build. These technologies have increased productivity through greater efficiencies and have helped to create new forms of practice, including increased specializations and broader collaborative approaches. (Kieran Timberlake 2003: 31). However, some argue that these technologies can have a de-humanizing effect, stripping the human touch away from the production of objects and redistributing the associated skills to machines. (Dormer 1997: 103). The (Digital) Craft studio explored the notions of technology and craft to understand how and when designers should exploit the tools employed (both the hand and the machine) during the design and production processes.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 2006_786
id 2006_786
authors Burry, Jane and Mark Burry
year 2006
title Sharing hidden power - Communicating latency in digital models
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.786
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 786-793
summary As digital spatial models take on the complex relationships inherent in a lattice of dependencies and variables, how easy is it to fully comprehend and communicate the underlying structure and logical subtext of the architectural model: the metadesign? The design of a building, the relationships between a host of different attributes and performances was ever a complex system. Now the models, the representations, are in the early stages of taking on more of that complexity and reflexivity. How do we share and communicate these modelling environments or work on them together? This paper explores the issue through examples from one particular associative geometry model constructed as research to underpin the collaborative design development of the narthex of the Passion Façade on the west transept of Gaudi’s Sagrada Família church, part of the building which is now in the early stages of construction.
keywords Design communication; CAD CAM; mathematical models
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 8b29
id 8b29
authors Chaszar, A. (ed.), Burry, M., Eliassen, T., Garofalo, D., Glymph, J., Hesselgren, L., Jonkhans, N., Kienzl, N., Kloft, H., Maher, A., Mueller, V., Palmer, A., Reuss, S., Schuler, M., Schwitter, C., Sharples, C., Sharples, W., Shea, K., Stoller, P., Takemori, T., Woodger, N.
year 2006
title Blurring the Lines: Computer-Aided-Design and -Manufacturing in Architecture
source Wiley-Academy, London 224 pp. Architecture in Practice series
summary The first few years of the 21st century have seen a revolution in the ways that we think about designing and making buildings. In no other area is this more apparent than in the interface of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM). The potential blurring or assimilation of these two systems holds the still elusive but golden promise of a direct, smooth transference of design data into large-scale production facilities in which components are directly cut, modelled and moulded. How far off are we from seeing the widespread adoption of this technology? What is the potential for CAD/CAM beyond tailor-made forms? In the future, what is the possibility of complex, large-scale forms being run out in mass-customised buildings?
keywords associative geometry, auralization, CNC, collaborative design, generative design, parametric design, simulation, visualization
series book
type normal paper
email
last changed 2006/06/12 23:35

_id 2006_810
id 2006_810
authors Dokonal, Wolfgang and Knight,Michael
year 2006
title Pen or PC? - Is Sketching essential to architectural design?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.810
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 810-817
summary This paper reports on an ongoing student architectural design project that is investigating the differing effects of the use of PC’s or Pens in the design process. We are interested to see whether designing wholly on the computer with a volume modeling software would produce differing results to a traditional design process with a strong basis in 2D sketching. To minimize the influence of the participants previous experience in either the use of PC’s or the pen, we have been working with very young students that have not yet gone through a traditional training on architectural design and CAAD software. This is one of the key aspects of our experimental procedure. We have found that recent software developments in the field of CAAD clearly have and will influence the way architects design and brings the computer as a design tool to the “normal architect”. Until very recently the computer was seen as a design tool almost solely for “computer geeks” in the profession, the majority of architects still using it mainly as a drafting machine or to produce visualizations of their projects after a more ‘conventional’ design process had finished. It is now very clear to us that the ongoing change in technology will have a profound effect on the way all of us will work in future undertaking architectural design. It is an important question for every school of architecture what effect these developments will have on our teaching methods and the curricula. We use the above mentioned ongoing educational project to find out about the benefits and risks of using the computer as a design tool for first year students.
keywords Early Design stages; Collaborative Design; Sketching
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id sigradi2006_c056b
id sigradi2006_c056b
authors Díaz Bonilla, Jaime; Marchant, Hernán and Vergara, Mariana
year 2006
title Hacia una lógica de incorporación de los Medios Digitales en la Enseñanza Proyectual [Towards a logical involvement of digital medias in the projective taught]
source SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 142-146
summary This work shows the development of a digital aids incorporation strategy for the improvement of teaching and learning in the areas of architecture, urbanism, design and geography. Its objective is to present a logical construction for the implementation of formative and computer-based support that allows the development and upkeep of cross-disciplinary and collaborative processes.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id 2006_506
id 2006_506
authors Fioravanti, Antonio and Rinaldo Rustico
year 2006
title x-House game - A Space for simulating a Collaborative Working Environment in Architecture
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.506
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 506-511
summary The research consists of the set up of a game simulating a e Collaborative Working Environment – CWE – in Architectural Design. The use of a game is particularly useful as it makes it possible to simplify the complex terms of the problem and, through the game itself, makes it easier to study knowledge engineering tools, communication protocols and the areas of an ICT implementation of a general model of collaborative design. In the following several characteristics of the game are given (also with reference to other games) such as; participating actors (Wix 1997), the “pieces” (construction components) used, the modular space employed, the PDWs/SDW dialectics, the screenshot of the interface prototype, the score.
keywords Architectural Design; CWE; Game; Representation Model; KBs
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id 2006_884
id 2006_884
authors Grasl, Thomas; Christoph Falkner and Christian Kühn
year 2006
title Easy access classes for three-dimensional generative design - Using a collaborative environment for e-learning
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.884
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 884-889
summary Part of an EU funded project to develop a “VIrtual campus for virtual space design Provided for European Architects (VIPA)” was the implementation of a practical run at the Vienna University of Technology. Therein we attempted to evaluate some of the concepts and technologies which were intended for the e-learning platform. After briefly introducing the didactical background, this paper concentrates on the technological setup accompanying the course. Especially the use of Croquet as an immersive three-dimensional environment to teach generative design is highlighted; its strengths and weaknesses in supporting our envisioned didactical concept are analysed. The practical run and its evaluation by the participating students are described, as well as some of the student work performed during and after the course. Concluding remarks elaborating on problems encountered in the software setup and in our didactical concept, followed by the description of future work to amend the above mentioned pitfalls, will mark the end.
keywords collaborative environment; croquet; generative design; learning platform, virtual space design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id 2006_074
id 2006_074
authors Gül, Leman Figen and Mary Lou Maher
year 2006
title The Impact of Virtual Environments on Design Collaboration
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.074
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 74-83
summary With recent developments in communication and information technology there has been increasing research into the role and the impact of computer media in collaborative design. This paper presents a case study that compares two designers collaborating in three different types of virtual environments with face to face (FTF) collaboration. The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences between remote locations in order to have a better understanding of the impact of different virtual environments on design collaboration. Our results show that the architects had different designing behaviour depending on the type of external representation: they developed more design concepts, and had more design iterations through analysis-synthesis-evaluation while designing FTF and in a remote sketching environment; while the same architects focused on one design concept and making the design when designing in 3D virtual worlds.
keywords Collaborative design; virtual environments; remote sketching; 3D virtual worlds; face to face collaboration
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id 2006_114
id 2006_114
authors Hirschberg, Urs; Allen Sayegh; Martin Frühwirth and Stefan Zedlacher
year 2006
title 3D Motion Tracking in Architecture - Turning Movement into Form - Emerging Uses of a New Technology
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.114
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 114-121
summary Tracking in space is an important bridge between physical and virtual environments. Optical 3D motion capture systems have become standards in the special effects industry and are increasingly common in medical applications, as well as in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) set-ups. Beyond these applications, there are a number of emerging uses for such systems in architectural design. The possibility to track complex movements in space in real time and at high precision can open up new modes of interacting with spaces, and of generating movement as form as part of an architectural design process. What makes these possibilities particularly interesting for architectural investigations is that they don’t have to be limited to a single user, but can happen in a collaborative way, involving many users simultaneously. After briefly explaining the technical aspects of the technology, an overview of such emerging uses is discussed. As an illustration of this potential, the results of a recent workshop are presented, in which a group of architecture students explored the hidden beauty of everyday movements and turned them into sculptural objects.
keywords Motion Tracking; Animation; Design Process; Augmented Reality; Digital Fabrication
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id c8de
id c8de
authors Horne, Margaret; Hamza, Neveen
year 2006
title Integration of Virtual Reality within the Built Environment Curriculum
source ITCon Vol.11 pp. 311-324
summary Virtual Reality (VR) technology is still perceived by many as being inaccessible and cost prohibitive with VR applications considered expensive to develop as well as challenging to operate. This paper reflects on current developments in VR technologies and describes an approach adopted for its phased integration into the academic curriculum of built environment students. The process and end results of implementing the integration are discussed and the paper illustrates the challenges of introducing VR, including the acceptance of the technology by academic staff and students, interest from industry, and issues pertaining to model development. It sets out to show that fairly sophisticated VR models can now be created by non-VR specialists using commercially available software and advocates that the implementation of VR will increase alongside industry’s adoption of these tools and the emergence of a new generation of students with VR skills. The study shows that current VR technologies, if integrated appropriately within built environment academic programmes, demonstrate clear promise to provide a foundation for more widespread collaborative working environments.
keywords virtual reality, built environment, integration, academic curriculum
series journal paper
type normal paper
email
more http://itcon.org/2006/23/
last changed 2006/06/07 23:49

_id ddss2006-pb-289
id DDSS2006-PB-289
authors I-Chieh Huang and Teng-Wen Chang
year 2006
title A Study of Using Oversized Display in Supporting Design Communication - Focus on interior design problems
source Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2006, Progress in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN-10: 90-386-1756-9, ISBN-13: 978-90-386-1756-5, p. 289-301
summary This paper focuses on using oversized display for supporting design communication process between designers and clients. The interactive behaviors are analyzed and testified with a prototype developed in this research. Based on interviews with designers and clients, focus of the communication process in this research is onto developing an immersive environment for exchanging and negotiating the design artifacts. Several immersive virtual environment as well as visualization method (display) is reviewed. Furthermore, three over-sized display projects (ShadowLight, CaveUT and Blue-c) with immersive perception at full-scale or near full-scale design artifacts are studied as the inspiration of this research. Designers identify what kinds of influence they had on the design of client's interior space and to what extent they are aware that they can design and influence their perception. An over-sized display environment with direct manipulation interface is developed for evaluation platform.
keywords Virtual environments, Collaborative design
series DDSS
last changed 2006/08/29 12:55

_id 2006_014
id 2006_014
authors Iordanova, Ivanka; Lorna Heaton and Manon Guité
year 2006
title Architectural Design Spaces and Interpersonal Communication-Changes in Design Vocabulary and Language Expression
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.014
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 14-21
summary This paper addresses communication during the design process and the mutations it may undergo depending on the medium of design. Three experimental observations were held with students in the context of architectural digital design studios. Each of them was performed when the students were working on a design problem, in groups of two or three, with different design mediums: cardboard mock-up or modeling software with one or two mice used for interaction with the computer. The methodology used for analysing the recorded video and graphical data is based on previous research work in the domains of collaborative communication as well as in the domain of design. It combines purely qualitative interpretation with graphical linkographic analysis. A software prototype was developed in order to allow for an interactive category assignment, exploration and interaction. Gesture, verbal language and design space are studied in order to determine their dependence on the medium and the eventual impact this might have either on the design process or on the object being designed.
keywords Design communication; education; gesture
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id caadria2006_101
id caadria2006_101
authors IVAN REDI, ANDREA REDI
year 2006
title A.N.D.I. - A NEW DIGITAL INSTRUMENT: For networked creative collaboration in architecture and net.art
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2006.x.i0a
source CAADRIA 2006 [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Kumamoto (Japan) March 30th - April 2nd 2006, 101-110
summary an open source software project, has objective to develop a run-time environment with the focus on the applications for the networked international and cross-disciplinary production in the creative sphere of architecture, urban planning, design and net.art. It is a digital environment which opens the possibilities to generate advanced projects in a networked society. This new working tools will increase the creativity, productivity and competitiveness of the involved actors by drawing upon and developing technologies for virtual, augmented and mixed realities. A.N.D.I. has two basic aspects. On the one hand it is a database driven collaborative environment and on the other hand it will enable the development of future software and tools for networked creative collaboration.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id 2006_428
id 2006_428
authors Jachna, Timothy; Yasuhiro Santo and Nicole Schadewitz
year 2006
title Deep Space
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.428
source Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 428-435
summary An existing café and multi-functional space at the School of Design of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University has been linked to a “twin” in the form of an online-accessible environment. Using arrays of sensors, displays and other interfaces, channels of communication are established between the virtual space and the physical space, enabling on-site visitors to the café and online visitors to the project website to participate in a shared spatial experience. The project explores ways in which digital technologies can serve to enhance and enrich the experience of spatiality and human social interaction in space(s). The paper explains the design of the modes of communication between the two spaces, outlining the theory and genesis of the project and discussing the issues and principles that come into play in the design an realization of such spaces, such as the interplay between the three-dimensionality of the physical space and the two-dimensional picture-plane based monitor interface through which the website is experienced, and strategies for the transmission of spatial experience within the strictures of commonly-available hardware and software interfaces.
keywords Interactive spaces; collaborative virtual environments; twinned spaces; mixed realities; mediated social interaction
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ddss2006-pb-313
id DDSS2006-PB-313
authors Jakob Beetz, Jos van Leeuwen, and Bauke de Vries
year 2006
title Distributed Collaboration in the Context of the Semantic Web
source Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2006, Progress in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN-10: 90-386-1756-9, ISBN-13: 978-90-386-1756-5, p. 313-323
summary In this paper we are proposing a Multi Agent System (MAS) framework for the facilitation of distributed collaboration in the AEC/FM domain. We are showing how the stack of technologies developed in the Semantic Web community can be put to use for the specific requirements of the building industry. Based on our earlier findings and developments in the area of logic based knowledge representations for the Design and Construction industry, we are outlining how these can form the semantic foundations of internal agent representations and their interconnection using speech acts.
keywords Collaborative design, Multi-agent systems, Semantic Web
series DDSS
last changed 2006/08/29 12:55

_id ddss2006-pb-271
id DDSS2006-PB-271
authors Ji-Hyun Lee and Huai-Wei Liu
year 2006
title The Art of Communication: a Collaborative Decision-Making System among Different Industrial Design Stakeholders - The case of the company ASUS
source Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2006, Progress in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, ISBN-10: 90-386-1756-9, ISBN-13: 978-90-386-1756-5, p. 271-288
summary Collaboration benefits the process of complex design. However, there are many communication problems among different stakeholders in the domain of industrial design, because the situation of communication and decision-makings for stakeholders is so complicated. To deal with the complexity requires both a web-based collaborative system to communicate and share information immediately, and a multi-agent system (MAS) integrated with KW architecture to possess different levels of competence at performing a particular task. The goal of our system is to integrate a variety of representational methods of transferring knowledge and to communicate among different stakeholders using a single platform. To demonstrate our proposed concepts, we focus on a prototype system for notebook design for the company ASUS, a leading notebook manufacturer based in Taiwan.
keywords Web-based collaborative system, Computer-supported cooperative work, Decision-making, Multi-agent system, Knowledge warehouse
series DDSS
last changed 2006/08/29 12:55

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