CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 34

_id ascaad2007_058
id ascaad2007_058
authors Abdelhameed, W. and Y. Kobayashi
year 2007
title Developing a New Approach of Computer Use ‘KISS Modeling’ for Design-Ideas Alternatives of Form Massing: A framework for three-Dimensional Shape Recognition in Initial Design Phases
source Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 745-756
summary This research aims at developing a new approach called ‘KISS Modeling’. KISS is generally a rule of ‘Keep It Simple, Stupid’ that will be applied in modeling process investigated and presented by the research. The new approach is implemented in a computer program ‘KISS Modeling’ that generates three dimensional forms based on simplifying the concept of shape recognition in design. The research, however, does not employ totally concepts of shape recognition or shape understanding in Artificial Intelligence and psychology. The research, in summary, investigates and describes: 1) a new approach of computer use contributing to generating design-ideas alternatives of form massing in initial design phases, within a simple way that any designer can understand at single glance, 2) implementation of shape recognition for generative three dimensional forms, 3) function to generate different outputs from different recognition, and 4) case studies introduced through applications and functions of the three dimensional modeling system presented by the research. The research concluded that the introduced processes help the user improve the management of conceptual designing through facilitating a discourse of his/her modeling of design-ideas massing.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2008/01/21 22:00

_id ecaade2007_226
id ecaade2007_226
authors Agger, Kristian; Lassen, Michael; Knudsen, Nikolaj; Borup, Ruben; Rimestad, Jens; Norholdt, Peter; Bramsen, Nikolaj
year 2007
title B-processor
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 43-50
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.043
summary The B-processor is a redesign of the digital building information modelling/managing concept: Addressing the whole building industry participants and all phases in the building process. Offering a new “standard” for digital building information structure with generic modelling and evaluation tools in the B-model kernel. Plug-in structure for free extension of the B-processor system by the Building Industry. Kernel prototyped in Java to be downloaded for free – open source.
keywords Digital applications in construction, digital fabrication and construction, prediction and evaluation, design methodology, generative design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2007_152
id ecaade2007_152
authors Ahmad, Sumbul; Chase, Scott C.
year 2007
title Transforming Grammars for Goal Driven Style Innovation
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 879-886
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.879
summary Shape grammar transformations have been used for developing new design styles by the systematic modification of grammars that encode existing styles. We make use of a style description scheme to aid grammar transformations for goal driven style change. A rule base was authored for the design of Greek temple facades, and was augmented with a style description scheme. These were tested at a student workshop wherein students were asked to develop grammars based on given style briefs. Results gained from the workshop confirmed that most students were able to assemble and transform grammars successfully. The method was found to be useful for teaching style and grammars to students and novice designers.
keywords Design grammars, style, generative design, teaching
series eCAADe
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2007_157
id ecaade2007_157
authors Barczik, Günter; Kurth, Winfried
year 2007
title From Designing Objects to Designing Processes: Algorithms as Creativity Enhancers
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 887-894
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.887
summary We discuss the creative potential of algorithmic design processes in architecture which use computer-based tools through presenting student work employing these techniques. We propose ways of further amplifying these creative possibilities by employing evolutionary design strategies.
keywords Digital aids to design creativity, generative design, education & practice, CAAD curriculum
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2008_055
id ecaade2008_055
authors Beirão, José; Duarte, José; Stouffs, Rudi
year 2008
title Structuring a Generative Model for Urban Design: Linking GIS to Shape Grammars
source Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 929-938
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.929
summary Urban Design processes need to adopt flexible and adaptive procedures to respond to the evolving demands of the contemporary city. To support such dynamic processes, a specific design methodology and a supporting tool are needed. This design methodology considers the development of a design system rather than a single design solution. It is based on patterns and shape grammars. The idea is to link the descriptions of each pattern to specific shape rules inducing the generation of formal solutions that satisfy the pattern. The methodology explores, from the urban designer point of view, the capacity of a shape grammar to codify and generate urban form (Duarte et al, 2007). This paper defines the ontology of urban entities to build on a GIS platform the topology describing the various components of the city structure. By choosing different sets of patterns the designer defines his vision for a specific context. The patterns are explicated into shape rules that encode the designer’s interpretation of the pattern, and operate on this ontology of urban entities generating solutions that satisfy the pattern’s concept. Some examples of the topological relations are shown.
keywords Patterns, shape grammars, ontology, generative urban design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id caadria2007_433
id caadria2007_433
authors Dounas, Theodore; Kotsiopoulos M. Anastasios
year 2007
title Generative Systems Based on Animation Tools: Structure and Form of Core Ideas in Architectural Design
source CAADRIA 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Nanjing (China) 19-21 April 2007
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2007.x.k1h
summary The goal of the research described in this paper is the formulation of a generative system for architectural design, where a structured core architectural idea is the input and alternatives to that idea are the output. Specifically we present a production pipeline of architectural / spatial configurations using the context of animation and time based design tools. Our model consists of “time” and space design constraints of boundaries / objects affecting a given architectural design, thus producing an alternative solution for every timeframe of the animation cycle. Initially the designer shapes an idea using animation software tools, where each tool is actually a constraint or a grammar rule defined informally by the user/designer. The influence of the tools can vary according to time, speed, location, configuration of the object and/or the constraint itself. In some of these animations the designer has the ability to sidestep partially the issue of emergence by providing specific key - frames for the solution to follow. The use of animation tools [shape driven curves, speed and time-line functions, parent child relationships] in the shape generation of our model empowers the user/designer to configure whole sets of shapes and designs interactively and without the need to define every solution independently. Simultaneously, a different, time-focused view of our model describes its use on designs that develop different configurations over time. Thus a duality of our model is established : the animated schema may be either a sum or a family of various designs or the animated time-line may represent a single design which changes over time. Finally the possibility of a structured graph representing each solution is discussed, where the designer can evaluate the merit of an individual solution in terms of conforming to the initial core idea or where alternative spatial configurations evolve in a different structure from the original design.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ascaad2007_014
id ascaad2007_014
authors Dritsas, S. and E. Rafailaki
year 2007
title A Computational Framework for Theater Design
source Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 165-182
summary This paper presents the results of an ongoing research on computational methods for the design of theatrical spaces. We demonstrate a systemic approach to design supported by a set of digital tools implemented for assisting the process. The primary purpose of the framework is to establish a formal basis for expressing and exploring explicit design criteria. At this stage the framework enables us to metrically access a range of design metrics that traditionally have been addressed through primarily architectural narrative. Moreover, our method strives in establishing a background where knowledge can be explicitly encoded and the results of analytical methods can be additively employed. In the future, the framework will assist as the platform for experimenting with generative or query-based design processes empowered by computation. We structured this paper / framework around three conceptual units: (a) a design intent toolkit assisting the processes of rapidly generating theater configurations; (b) an analytical system that evaluates a range of design metrics centered about aspects of visual comfort; and (c) a post-processing and visualization unit that binds the design metrics with existing data / studies and provide a range of representation methods. Overall, the methodology adopts existing knowledge in theatrical design, challenges traditional ideas of understanding the theater and proposes methods for evaluating its architectural performance. The conclusions focus on highlighting both the limitations and the potential of our system in the process of theater design. We also extend outside the boundaries of the current research into a brief discussion on the methodological impact of digital technology in architectural research. Finally we propose areas of future research and development.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2008/01/21 22:00

_id ecaade2007_186
id ecaade2007_186
authors Economou, Athanassios; Grasl, Thomas
year 2007
title Sieve_n
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 947-953
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.947
summary A computational approach for the generation of all partial lattices of two-dimensional shapes with an n-fold symmetry axis is presented and an application in formal analysis in architectural design is presented in the end.
keywords Shape studies, generative design, group theory, graph theory, shape grammars, central buildings
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id caadria2007_381
id caadria2007_381
authors Fischer, Thomas; Christiane M. Herr
year 2007
title Probing Tool Use in the Practice of Generative Design: A Postgraduate Design Workshop Report
source CAADRIA 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Nanjing (China) 19-21 April 2007
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2007.x.r5m
summary This paper investigates whether generative design tools can perform their intended functions after being passed on from the contexts of their production to different application contexts similar to the way that other tools such as hammers or bicycles are. We report on a design studio application of two generative design tools and relate observed design processes and outcomes to our toolmaking intentions. Our findings suggest that, at least in the case of the examined tools and workshop, tool use in generative design tends to defy toolmaking intentions. We discuss the consequences for generative design toolmakers and conclude with some speculations on possible solutions.
series CAADRIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id c2f9
id c2f9
authors Friedrich E, Derix C and Hannah S
year 2007
title Emergent Form from Structural Optimisation of the Voronoi Polyhedra Structure
source Proceedings of the Generative Arts conference, Milan, 2007
summary In the course of the exploration of computational means in the architectural design process, in order to investigate more complex, adaptive geometries, the Voronoi diagram has recently gained some attention, being a three-dimensional space-filling structure which is modular but not repetitive. The project looks at the Voronoi diagram as a load-bearing structure, and whether it can be useful for structural optimisation. Hereby the edges of the Voronoi polyhedra are regarded as structural members of a statical system, which then is assessed by structural analysis software. Results seem to indicate that the Voronoi approach produces a very specific structural as well as spatial type of order. Through the dislocation of the Voronoi cells, the statical structure becomes more complex through emergent topology changes, and the initially simple spatial system becomes much more complex thorough emerging adjacencies and interconnections between spaces. The characteristics of the emerging form, however, lie rather in the complexity how shifted spaces and parts are fitted together, than in a radical overall emergent geometry. Spatially as well as a structurally, the form moves from a simple modular repetitive system towards a more complex adaptive one, with interconnected parts which cannot stand alone but rather form an organic whole.
keywords complex geometry, emergence, adaptive topology, voronoi diagram
series other
type normal paper
email
more http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed 2012/09/20 18:25

_id ecaade2007_009
id ecaade2007_009
authors Gün, Onur Yüce
year 2007
title Composing the Bits of Surfaces in Architectural Practice
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 859-868
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.859
summary Emergent design tools; with enhanced modeling and parametric manipulation capabilities are encouraging the exploration of new geometric typologies in the field of architecture. Designers are not only finding more opportunities to work with geometries of higher complexities but also becoming able to update their designs with simple formulations. After a decade of proximity with free form modeling tools, architects now have to become more aware of the critical relationship of design and construction. When the design is performed without taking the constraints of the construction the inefficient method of geometric post-rationalization unavoidably has to take place. So, the knowledge of the rationale should be applied from the very beginning of the design processes, and the digital models should be informed and controlled while being developed. This paper will present analytical strategies and methods developed for working with non-standard geometries in a geometrically and parametrically controlled environment. Each method is supported with custom scripts which run in both parametric and non-parametric computer aided design (CAD) platforms. Each script and method is manipulated for the next project over time and the computational tools created build up a library of surface generation, manipulation and subdivision tools.
keywords Parametric, surface, construction, Generative Components, Rhino Script
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ijac20075101
id ijac20075101
authors Hanna, Sean
year 2007
title Automated Representation of Style by Feature Space Archetypes: Distinguishing Spatial Styles from Generative Rules
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 5 - no. 1, pp. 2-23
summary Style is a broad term that could potentially refer to any features of a work, as well as a fluid concept that is subject to change and disagreement, yet approaches to representing it too often seek either a pre-defined set of generative rules or list of measurable features. Instead, a general and flexible method of retrospectively and automatically representing style is proposed based on the idea of an archetype, to which real designs can be compared, and tested with examples of architectural plans. Unlike a fixed, symbolic representation, both the measurements of features that define a style and the selection of those features themselves can be performed by the machine, making it able to generalise a definition automatically from a set of examples. This process is implemented in analysis, and coupled with a generative algorithm to produce plans in a learned style.
series journal
email
last changed 2007/06/14 12:11

_id ecaade2007_181
id ecaade2007_181
authors Henriques, Gonçalo Castro
year 2007
title New Digital Procedures through Animation:
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 269-274
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.269
summary Several digital techniques are currently being used in architecture, and animation is certainly one of the most popular in the professional and academic realms. However, its use is frequently limited to representational purposes as an end stage in the creative process. This article will focus on the alternative use of animation techniques as generative tools. It will show how such new generative tools can affect the creative process of form generation by contextualizing these phenomena within advances in complex system theory and in computation. Despite the use of such animation techniques be recent in architecture, the article will pinpoint some examples of how they were used to shape architectural form by taking into account the forces present in specific design contexts.
keywords Digital morphogenesis, generative tools, complex systems
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id acadia07_040
id acadia07_040
authors Hyde, Rory
year 2007
title Punching Above Your Weight: Digital Design Methods and Organisational Change in Small Practice
source Expanding Bodies: Art • Cities• Environment [Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 978-0-9780978-6-8] Halifax (Nova Scotia) 1-7 October 2007, 40-47
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2007.040
summary Expanding bodies of knowledge imply expanding teams to manage this knowledge. Paradoxically, it can be shown that in situations of complexity—which increasingly characterise the production of architecture generally—the small practice or small team could be at an advantage. This is due to the increasingly digital nature of the work undertaken and artefacts produced by practices, enabling production processes to be augmented with digital toolsets and for tight project delivery networks to be forged with other collaborators and consultants (Frazer 2006). Furthermore, as Christensen argues, being small may also be desirable, as innovations are less likely to be developed by large, established companies (Christensen 1997). By working smarter, and managing the complexity of design and construction, not only can the small practice “punch above its weight” and compete with larger practices, this research suggests it is a more appropriate model for practice in the digital age. This paper demonstrates this through the implementation of emerging technologies and strategies including generative and parametric design, digital fabrication, and digital construction. These strategies have been employed on a number of built and un-built case-study projects in a unique collaboration between RMIT University’s SIAL lab and the award-winning design practice BKK Architects.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id bsct_kourkoutas
id bsct_kourkoutas
authors Kourkoutas, Vassilios
year 2007
title Parametric Form Finding in Contemporary Architecture
source Vienna University of Technology; Building Science & Technology
summary The search of new geometry has been during the last years an interesting subject for Contemporary Architecture. As the 21st century brought a new era for architectural design, CAD programs have evolved together with the idea of Form Finding. The possibilities offered make the collaboration of the architect with the computer now possible in terms of searching the appropriate form for given cases. As the analysis of contemporary architectural pieces has indicated, the procedure of architectural design can be semi-automated. Parametric Form Finding is transferring generative approaches into the architectural design workflow by introducing a set of rules to describe the constrains of the form. Given this context, two methods have been realized, which are guided by the user by providing basic two dimensional shapes, restrictions and form characteristics. The approach is fitted in a plug-in for the modeling environment of Rhinoceros that generates three dimensional form based on the user?s input. The methods followed are being evaluated.
keywords Parametric, Form Finding, Rhinoceros, plug-in
series thesis:MSc
type normal paper
email
more http://cec.tuwien.ac.at
last changed 2007/07/22 15:29

_id d481
id d481
authors Langley P, Derix C and Coates P
year 2007
title Meta-Cognitive Mappings: Growing Neural Networks for Generative Urbanism
source Generative Arts conference, Milan, 2007
summary This paper examines the use of dynamic learning systems and adaptive topologies within neural networks models, and their implications as a tool for architectural mappings. The principal investigation is the ability of such systems to identify/ map/ model/ represent flows within dynamic data sets and identify topological relationships between these flows. A growing neural network [GNN] model is proposed, able to map dynamic data inputs over time. It is based on Kohonen’s early self-organising feature maps [SOM] and takes as its starting point previous work by CECA with neural networks in an architectural context, as well as other examples of neural gases, and GNNs, in order to develop a model capable of ‘autopoietic’ behaviour and ‘meta – learning’. The principal investigation is the ability of such a system to identify/ map/ model/ represent flows within dynamic data sets and identify topological relationships between these flows.

As a case study, the proposed neural network model has been used to map ‘urban territory’, as part of an on going architectural research project, based in North London. The project takes the notion of ‘urban territories’ rather than ‘urban space’ as the field for interrogation, as a description of temporal spatial occupation space, rather than spatial physical permanence. Furthermore, the GNN may be used to identify the relationships between unused and vacant sites along the street. In this way, the GNN may become a means of proposing architectural interventions for these spaces, so that the territories of those that occupy it and the negotiations between them are not lost.

keywords neural networks, adaptive topology, urban planning, generative design
series other
type normal paper
email
more http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed 2012/09/24 19:38

_id ascaad2007_055
id ascaad2007_055
authors Mallasi, Z.
year 2007
title Applying generative modeling procedure to explore architectural forms
source Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 697-712
summary Computer generated 3D forms using generative procedures have matured in the last decade and now considered as a tangible approach for realizing architectural design ideas. As fascinating as the approach might be, it is still lacking actual application in the early architectural design process. There are many reasons for this, among them: it has many implications over the architectural design process mainly the practicality of design during the conceptual design stage; it is cumbersome to develop construction drawings for complex architectural forms; and the necessity for producing conceptual designs quickly in less time as design requirements and decisions are constantly being changed. This paper initially reports on a practical development of a computer program which generates architectural massing designs based on integrating forms generation technique in a design scheme. The influence for this development was inspired by Spirolaterals technique used in generating complex 3D architectural forms that are based on parametric shape configuration. The development has three goals: to review the principles for constructing generative forms in the conceptual design stage using simple CAD tools, to assist in the production of design schemes based on a few basic shapes and rules, and to explore 3D forms finding and generation without the need to write a complicated computer program that are difficult to produce by hand. The development resulted in generating an interesting number of 3D compositions. The author applied this technique to experiment during the production of a design scheme. The paper hence describes the current development of ArchiGen tool to produces generative 3D forms utilizing ArchiCAD © GDL programming language. The tool is embedded within ArchiCAD for generating 3D shapes. One of the main features of this implementation is that users are able to sketch 2D shapes and the tool will deform its three dimensional generation. Moreover, the user being able to abstract the architectural character from the resulting complex 3D shapes. This development extends current related work by allowing the designer to load shapes into ArchiGen which acts as vocabulary of shapes for a design scheme constraints. It is intended from this work to inspire future work focusing on using generative tools in the early conceptual design stages.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2008/01/21 22:00

_id ecaade2007_173
id ecaade2007_173
authors Matcha, Heike
year 2007
title Parametric Possibilities: Designing with Parametric Modelling
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 849-856
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.849
summary We describe several projects in our ongoing research and teaching activities in the field of parametric design. The work is based on the premise that using parametric modelling and customized mass production for designing, planning and realisation, the creation of a spatially rich and varied architecture which is specific for individual programs, users and contexts is being made possible. We demonstrate this design approach by explaining three different design methodologies of various projects. The specifics and the experience of the use of various CAD software tools will be described: scriptable CAD programs like VectorWorks and CAD software with integrated parametric modelling like Unigraphics.
keywords Parametric design, generative design, mass customisation, CAAD curriculum, digital aids to design creativity
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ascaad2007_057
id ascaad2007_057
authors Menges, A.
year 2007
title Computational Morphogenesis: Integral Form Generation and Materialization Processes
source Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 725-744
summary Natural morphogenesis, the process of evolutionary development and growth, derives polymorphic systems that obtain their complex form, organisation and versatility from the interaction of system intrinsic material capacities and external environmental influences and forces. One striking aspect of natural morphogenesis is that formation and materialisation processes are always inherently and inseparably related. In stark contrast to these integral development processes of material form, architecture as a material practice is mainly based on design approaches that are characterised by a hierarchical relationship that prioritises the definition and generation of form over its subsequent materialisation. This paper will present an alternative approach to design that entails unfolding morphological complexity and performative capacity without differentiating between form generation and materialisation processes. Based on an understanding of material systems not as derivatives of standardized building systems and elements but rather as generative drivers in the design process this approach seeks to develop and employ computational techniques and digital fabrication technologies to unfold innate material capacity and specific latent gestalt. Extending the concept of material systems by embedding their material characteristics, geometric behaviour, manufacturing constraints and assembly logics within integral computational models promotes an understanding of form, material and structure not as separate elements, but rather as complex interrelations in polymorphic systems resulting from the response to varied input and environmental influences and derived through the logics and constraints of advanced manufacturing processes. These processes will be explained along 8 research projects.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2008/01/21 22:00

_id caadria2007_249
id caadria2007_249
authors Nicholas, Paul; Mark Burry
year 2007
title Import As: Interpretation and Precision Tools
source CAADRIA 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Nanjing (China) 19-21 April 2007
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2007.x.g6n
summary This paper presents research on the relationship between digital tools and design communication, focussing on the interaction between architectural and lighting design. Early design integration often involves negotiating between different levels of resolution to inform a design that is still in formation, and part of the challenge is doing so in a manner appropriate to that phase of exploration. This paper describes some of the technical and social issues of translation and reports a project in which a generative design process supported the interaction between architectural design and lighting analysis; domains in which geometry is not necessarily a common ground.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

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