CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id sigradi2009_834
id sigradi2009_834
authors Correia, Maria João Felgueiras Teixeira Machado; Cristina Caramelo Gomes
year 2009
title ICT as generators of a new paradigm in architecture – humanism and scale
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary Despite the global and universal characteristics of nowadays’ society, the new information and communication technologies, seem, in paradox, to direct Architecture to growing individualism, shown in the nervous search for each one’s form. This path seems to end up in cities filled up with iconic buildings with no respect neither for the consolidated built environment, nor for the human being. Known as an innovation tools, with huge power and able to make all the visionary and utopian projects become real seem to further Architecture away from its humanist basis. The architect, selfish and egocentric, dives deep into his own craziness, in an era where the new technologies allow everything. If boundaries are not established, a new architectural paradigm is anticipated, where all the individualisms live but that the individual cannot inhabit, and where the innovation seems to enter in conflict with built heritage.
keywords ICT; form; expressionism; individualism; humanism
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:49

_id ascaad2009_wael_abdelhameed
id ascaad2009_wael_abdelhameed
authors Abdelhameed, Wael
year 2009
title Assessment of a Physical Planning Project through Virtual Reality: A case study
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 365-378
summary The study reports an application of VR models in the assessment of a part of physical planning project. The project outputs were different reports, GIS data and maps, and CAD drawings. The GIS data were used to create the VR models by importing Shpfiles of the GIS project outputs to VR software. The study presents VR models and the assessment of the physical planning project in terms of: 1) effect of the population increase, 2) effect of the required residential units, and 3) quality assurance for the current situation and future situation. The method used to build up the VR Models was through satellite images (by Google Earth Pro) and VR software (by UC Win/Road). Different models were built up to visualize and assess the alternative solutions and various influential factors. The study employed Virtual Reality in various urban and planning problems through models that are employed as tools of communication and design. The visualized environment and the associated models facilitated the evaluation of important areas, namely: impact of different factors and alternative solutions. The study concludes that the processes, such as decision making, visualization and representation, performed through VR manifest its importance to different design phases of urban and physical planning.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id sigradi2021_50
id sigradi2021_50
authors Albuquerque, Dilson and Andrade, Max
year 2021
title The Impacts of Collaboration and Cordination of Architectural and Engineering Projects Developed with BIM in Reducing Design Interferences
source Gomez, P and Braida, F (eds.), Designing Possibilities - Proceedings of the XXV International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2021), Online, 8 - 12 November 2021, pp. 783–794
summary This paper addresses the importance and development of cultural transformations involving the design process in architecture and the advent of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in civil construction activities and how its implementation in a coordinated, collaborative and interoperable way contributes to a diagnosis of Clash Detection between diferentes design projects, before building construction, saving excessive costs and rework. Taking as its main reference the BIM Maturity Matrix of Succar (2009), the proposed BIM Project Integration Maturity Matrix contributes to the awareness of bringing designers and builders closer to design activities, to encourage the integration of design processes involving the building, to consolidate an environment of ease of communication between participants, the organization of documentation and, above all, prioritize the compatibility between projects to avoid conflicts, excess costs and rework, resulting in a higher quality of the final project.
keywords Coordenaçao de projetos, detecçao de interferencias, Building Information Modeling, matriz de avaliaçao, projeto integrado
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/05/23 12:11

_id sigradi2009_890
id sigradi2009_890
authors Almeida, Fábio de
year 2009
title Documentação e Comunicação Digital do Patrimônio Arquitetônico Moderno: Centro Técnico de Aeronáutica – CTA [Documentation and Communication Digital Architectural Heritage Classic: Aerospace Technical Center - CTA]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This paper intends to contribute for the analysis of the digital representation applied for documentation, communication and diffusion of architecture as cultural heritage, more specifically the production and communication of informations about buildings and sites of modern movement, arguing the possibilities and limits of this instrumental for the best understanding, recognition, evaluation and diffusion of the architecture on a historiographical perspective. As studies of cases, were selected buildings of an important technical center of aeronautic of Brazil, the CTA (Centro Técnico de Aeronáutica) in São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo.
keywords surveying and reconstruction; Digital Heritage; Modern Movement
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id caadria2010_043
id caadria2010_043
authors Barker, Tom and M. Hank Haeusler
year 2010
title Urban digital media: facilitating the intersection between science, the arts and culture in the arena of technology and building
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 457-466
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.457
summary The research presented in this paper investigates ways of providing better design applications for technologies in the field of Urban Digital Media (UDM). The work takes an emergent approach, evolving a design strategy through the early engagement of stakeholders. The paper discusses research in a design-led creative intersection between media technology, culture and the arts in the built environment. The case study discusses opportunities for the enhancement of a university campus experience, learning culture and community, through the provision of an integrated digital presence within campus architecture and urban spaces. It considers types of information architecture (Manovich, 2001) and designs for use in urban settings to create communication-rich, advanced and interactive designed spaces (Haeusler, 2009). The presented research investigates how to create a strategy for display technologies and networked communications to transform and augment the constructed reality of the built environment, allowing new formats of media activity.
keywords Urban design; outdoor digital media; information architecture; multidisciplinary design; augmented reality; media facades
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2011_409
id sigradi2011_409
authors Bertoni, Griselda; De Monte, Andrea
year 2011
title Mediaciones perceptivas. Desafíos en la incorporación de la tecnología como instrumento potenciador del proceso de aprendizaje en el TCG [Perceptual mediation. Challenges in incorporating technology as a tool enhacing the learning process in the TCG]
source SIGraDi 2011 [Proceedings of the 15th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Argentina - Santa Fe 16-18 November 2011, pp. 472-475
summary This work presents an introduction to current problems detected in the teaching and learning of perceptual and communication processes in front of the availability of disipositivos installed and digital media courses to students enrolled for Design and Architecture careers of our faculty. The same seeks to clarify a state of affairs to continue studies already carried out (Stipech 2004), (Bertero 2009), in relation to issues of representation in the design disciplines, while rehearsing possibilities updated theory and practice in the field of workshop.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id ijac20097408
id ijac20097408
authors Biloria, Nimish; Valentina Sumini
year 2009
title Performative Building Skin Systems: A Morphogenomic Approach Towards Developing Real-Time Adaptive Building Skin Systems
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 4, 643-676
summary Morphogenomics, a relatively new research area, involves understanding the role played by information regulation in the emergence of diverse natural and artificially generated morphologies. Performative building skin systems as a bottom-up parametric formation of context aware interdependent, ubiquitously communicating components leading to the development of continually performative systems is one of the multi-scalar derivations of the aforementioned Morphogenomic understanding. The agenda of adaptations for these building skins specifically corresponds to three domains of adaptation: structural, behavioral and physiological adaptations resulting in kinetic adaptability, energy generation, conservation, transport and usage principles as well as material property based changes per component. The developed skins adapt in real time via operating upon ubiquitous communication and data-regulation protocols for sensing and processing contextual information. Computational processes and information technology based tools and techniques such as parametric design, real-time simulation using game design software, environmental information mapping, sensing and actuating systems coupled with inbuilt control systems as well as manufacturing physical models in collaboration with praxis form a vital part of these skin systems. These experiments and analysis based on developing intrinsic inter-dependencies between contextual data, structure and material logistics thus lay the foundation for a new era of continually performing, self powering, real-time adaptive intelligent building skin systems.
series journal
last changed 2010/09/06 08:02

_id cf2009_314
id cf2009_314
authors Boerner, Andrea; Maquil, Valérie
year 2009
title Enhancing synergies between computer science and urban disciplines: Semi-automated applications for tangible user interfaces, a case study
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009, PUM, 2009, pp. 314-327
summary This paper explores an interdisciplinary design approach for coupling semi-automated applications with tangible user interfaces. It describes communication methods based on parameters and diagrams, between computer scientists and urban, architectural professionals and the matching abilities to give meaning to the various parts and elements of the system. By means of the development of two rule based applications it exploits different degrees of automation and kinds of feedback possibilities and its impact on discourse and decision making. It discusses design methods for interactive urban planning applications, which integrate the different requirements and benefits from both disciplines.
keywords Tangible user interfaces, semi-automation, decision making, urban planning
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2009/06/08 20:53

_id sigradi2009_773
id sigradi2009_773
authors Carniel, Denize Regina; José Luis Farinatti Aymone
year 2009
title Desenvolvimento virtual e visualização de produtos a partir de banco de dados e modelagem 3D [Virtual development and product visualization with database and 3D modeling ]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This article presents a methodology for product virtual development using a developed database application and virtual reality technology VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) for final product visualization. To do that, information technology and communication in industry, virtual reality and computational resources for concept and prototyping are investigated. An example of product assembly is presented to illustrate the methodology proposed.
keywords Information Technology and Communication; Virtual Prototyping; Virtual Reality; VRML; Database
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:48

_id cf2011_p135
id cf2011_p135
authors Chen Rui, Irene; Schnabel Marc Aurel
year 2011
title Multi-touch - the future of design interaction
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 557-572.
summary The next major revolution for design is to bring the natural user interaction into design activities. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) brought a new approach that was more effective compared to their conventional predecessors. In recent years, Natural User Interfaces (NUI) have advanced user experiences and multi-touch and gesture technologies provide new opportunities for a variety of potential uses in design. Much attention has been paid to leverage in the design of interactive interfaces. The mouse input and desktop screen metaphors limit the information sharing for multiple users and also delayed the direct interaction for communication between each other. This paper proposes the innovative method by integrating game engine ‘Unity3D’ with multi-touch tangible interfaces. Unity3D provides a game development tool as part of its application package that has been designed to let users to focus on creating new games. However, it does not limit the usage of area to design additional game scenarios since the benefits of Unity3D is allowing users to build 3D environments with its customizable and easy to use editor, graphical pipelines to openGL (http://unity3d.com/, 2010 ). It creates Virtual Reality (VR) environments which can simulates places in the real world, as well as the virtual environments helping architects and designers to vividly represent their design concepts through 3D visualizations, and interactive media installations in a detailed multi-sensory experience. Stereoscopic displays advanced their spatial ability while solving issues to design e.g. urban spaces. The paper presents how a multi-touch tabletop can be used for these design collaboration and communication tasks. By using natural gestures, designers can now communicate and share their ideas by manipulating the same reference simultaneously using their own input simultaneously. Further studies showed that 3Dl forms are perceived and understood more readily through haptic and proprioceptive perception of tangible representations than through visual representation alone (Gillet et al, 2005). Based on the authors’ framework presented at the last CAADFutures, the benefits of integrating 3D visualization and tactile sensory can be illustrated in this platform (Chen and Wang, 2009), For instance, more than one designer can manipulate the 3D geometry objects on tabletop directly and can communicate successfully their ideas freely without having to waiting for the next person response. It made the work more effective which increases the overall efficiency. Designers can also collect the real-time data by any change they make instantly. The possibilities of Uniy3D make designing very flexible and fun, it is deeply engaging and expressive. Furthermore, the unity3D is revolutionizing the game development industry, its breakthrough development platform for creating highly interactive 3D content on the web (http://unity3d.com/ , 2010) or similar to the interface of modern multimedia devices such as the iPhone, therefore it allows the designers to work remotely in a collaborative way to integrate the design process by using the individual mobile devices while interacting design in a common platform. In design activities, people create an external representation of a domain, often of their own ideas and understanding. This platform helps learners to make their ideas concrete and explicit, and once externalized, subsequently they reflect upon their work how well it sits the real situation. The paper demonstrates how this tabletop innovatively replaces the typical desktop metaphor. In summary, the paper addresses two major issues through samples of collaborative design: firstly presenting aspects of learners’ interactions with physical objects, whereby tangible interfaces enables them constructing expressive representations passively (Marshall, 2007), while focussing on other tasks; and secondly showing how this novel design tool allows designers to actively create constructions that might not be possible with conventional media.
keywords Multi-touch tabletop, Tangible User Interface
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2012/02/11 19:21

_id caadria2009_208
id caadria2009_208
authors Chen, Irene Rui; Marc Aurel Schnabel
year 2009
title Retrieving Lost Space With Tangible Augmented Reality
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 135-142
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.135
summary Tangible Augmented Reality can be an innovative way for designers to understand the spatial conception. Due to the high integration of tactile and vision, this realm allows users to gain a better understanding how to retrieve ‘lost space’ in an urban context. By using a variety of visualisation methods, such as wireframe and transparencies, hidden or other ways unperceivable (lost) space is made available. With the aid of Tangible Augmented Reality designers are subsequently able to evaluate the design context and its solution more holistically. This paper argues that the retrieval of lost space enhances the design communication.
keywords Tangible augmented reality; tangible user interface; augmented reality
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id caadria2009_112
id caadria2009_112
authors Chen, Pei-Lin; Jen Yen
year 2009
title A Color Combination Knowledge-Based System for Designer
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 737-745
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.737
summary The purpose of this paper is to investigate colour combination tools of visual communication designers’ need. Participants were twentythree students of Visual Communication Design Graduate School to follow the questionnaire survey and seven students of Design Doctoral Program Graduate School to follow the interview survey. The findings display that visual communication designers seldom use web-based colour combination systems. Based on the findings, we developed a colour combination support system: the adobe illustrator plug-in to proof this hypothesis. The databases of the tool use the book of “colour combination charts”, and the tool of this paper provides a personal database.
keywords Colour; colour image; colour set; colour combination
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ascaad2009_tellef_dannevig
id ascaad2009_tellef_dannevig
authors Dannevig, Tellef; Jostein Akre Thorvaldsen and Ramzi Hassan
year 2009
title Immersive Virtual Reality in Landscape Planning
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 349-364
summary In Norway there has been an increased focus on participatory planning the latter years. The public is now supposed to be included in the planning process. The documents which the public have access to usually consists of the project`s technical drawings. In some cases, the documents include perspective drawing or computer rendering supplied by the stakeholder. Most affected parties are non professional in terms of planning, and have little or no experience dealing with the plans. Therefore, the information they rely on most cases is the perspective images, which easily can be manipulated. A system that enables all parties engaged in the planning process to visualize planning scenarios in a much realistic way is therefore needed. Virtual Reality is a tool that enables the viewer to move freely in a three dimensional digital environment. In this virtual world, different levels of interactivity can be added. The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) has recently installed a new immersive Virtual Reality system based on the idea of ConCave theatre. This research study is making use of the new ConCave theatre in order to test whether VR can be used as an enhancement of the communication process between professionals and amateurs and between professionals. By presenting digital models of different level of detail to two subject groups consisting of students with planning background and two groups without such experience we first investigated perception in an immersive VR-environment.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id ecaade2009_151
id ecaade2009_151
authors Ehsani, Ehsan; Chase, Scott
year 2009
title Using Virtual Worlds as Collaborative Environments for Innovation and Design: Lessons Learned and Observations from Case Studies in Architectural Projects
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 523-532
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.523
wos WOS:000334282200063
summary In this paper we discuss observations and lessons learned in conducting architectural design projects in virtual worlds. By integrating a community of users in virtual worlds into a collaborative architectural design process, organisations can tap the community’s creativity and intelligence through immersive technology. The paper provides an overview of the latest advances of information and communication technologies in immersive virtual environments and discusses some of the observations and lessons learned which should be taken into account in developing collaboration models for such activities. Here we propose four modes of collaboration, based on the choices for degree of openness and governance structure, which are illustrated by four case studies.
keywords Virtual worlds, open source collaboration, online communities, collaborative design, open innovation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id cf2009_083
id cf2009_083
authors El-Khoury, Nada; De Paoli, Giovanni
year 2009
title Compréhension, communication et gestion de l’esprit du lieu : patrimoine et stratégies de développement durable à l’aide des TIC; The understanding, communication and management of the spirit of the location: ICT supported heritage and sustainable development strategies
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009, PUM, 2009, pp. 83-94
summary The research results presented in this article propose, with the aid of Information and Communication Technologies and 3D digital modeling, the creation of a communications platform to promote the acquisition of knowledge and to support the management of “sustainable development”. These initiatives are essential if sustainable development practices want to make significant progress. The digital environment proposed, which is by nature multidisciplinary, allows for an efficient collaboration between different disciplines concerned with heritage challenges. The purpose of this study is to understand, communicate, manage and envisage heritage within the optic of sustainable development.
keywords ICT, collaborative work space, wiki, 3D modeling, sustainable development, heritage
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2009/06/08 20:53

_id sigradi2009_715
id sigradi2009_715
authors Fernández Colombo, Mónica Inés; Ricardo Gustavo Piegari; Liliana Bonvecchi
year 2009
title Mutación de la arquitectura de lo analógico a lo digital [Mutation of Architecture, from Analogical to Digital]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The combined experience of GIDCAD (Group of Research and Teaching in Applied Computer Design), and LabPra (Laboratory of Architectural Project), pretends to analyze the newest points of view concerning architecture and to mull around the evolution from the traditional to the digital project, incorporating theory to help decode the mutation of Architecture. The goal is to evaluate the changes caused by architecture’s design and communication from the incorporation of digital technologies, and to check its progress and behavior in the Virtual Community to the service of the discipline’s teaching.
keywords Mutación; Concepción; Comunicación Virtual; Enseñanza
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:51

_id ijac20097104
id ijac20097104
authors Forte, Maurizio; Pietroni, Eva
year 2009
title 3D Collaborative Environments in Archaeology: Experiencing the Reconstruction of the Past
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 1, 57-76
summary This paper presents the outcome of the research project: "Integrated Technologies of Robotics and Virtual Environments in Archaeology", financed by the Italian Ministry of the University and Scientific Research, FIRB (Funds for the Investments of Basic Research). The aim of the project is to experiment and realize a multi-user domain on the web aimed to a multidisciplinary scientific community: archaeologists, historians, experts in human and social sciences, communication experts. The capacity to load, share and interact with data in the same spatial virtual environment can increase the level of learning and scientific communication. The project is the result of the collaboration between CNR-ITABC of Rome, the University of California, Merced, the Department of Archaeology of the University of Pisa and Scuola S. Anna of Pisa. It focuses on three archaeological sites: the Teban tomb 14 in the necropolis of Gurna, Fayum Medinet Madi, both in Egypt, and Khor Rori, in Oman. The collaborative environment is constructed through a virtual reality system. This allows to create a virtual space where it is possible to share 3D information on the project and to host additional behaviors of the scientific community.
series journal
last changed 2009/06/23 08:07

_id ijac20097202
id ijac20097202
authors Fukuda, Tomohiro; Kaga, Atsuko; Izumi, Hideaki; Terashima, Takanori
year 2009
title Citizen Participatory Design Method using VR and A Blog as a Media in the Process
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 2, 217-233
summary This research concerned the establishment of a citizen participatory design method using VR (Virtual Reality) and CGM (Consumer Generated Media) as design media or a communication media in the design process. For this, problems in the citizen participatory design are addressed, and the continuous study method using VR and a blog is shown. Then, evaluation is conducted by considering an actual design project as a case study. Furthermore, VR functions needed through the case study are developed. Using this method, a small patio on which parasols were permanently and lawfully set up on a road lot was completed.
series journal
last changed 2009/08/11 08:39

_id caadria2009_057
id caadria2009_057
authors Gu, Ning; Leman Figen Gul, Anthony Williams and Walaiporn Nakapan
year 2009
title Conquering New Worlds
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 153-164
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.153
summary Two Architecture Schools that are geographically separated provided students with a learning experience in Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs). Reported in this paper is the experience of the students as well as a commentary on the quality of the outcomes they achieved whilst confronting this new learning experience. A comprehensive questionnaire was developed and used in the end of the collaboration for students to reflect and evaluate their design and collaborative experiences. Based on the questionnaire results, this paper documents the issues that the students experienced in CVEs from the communication aspect, the design support aspect, and the collaboration and teamwork aspect. The paper concludes with insights on how this initiative can inform the way that we can better support design education in CVEs.
keywords Design Education; Collaborative Virtual Environments; and Student Perception
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id sigradi2009_1121
id sigradi2009_1121
authors Guimarães, Celso Pereira; Carlos Alberto Murad; Diego de Jesus Penaforte; Pedro Putz
year 2009
title A transmutação imagética para ambientes iconodigitais [The image transmutation for icono-digital environment ]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The present paper has as objective to study the tools of transposition of the image - bases icono-graphs for icono-digital environment - and the potentiality of cultural collections for sensorial visitation, propose in the form of semi or total immersion exhibition. It is known that, with the evolution of digital reproduction processes, communication interfaces in the cyberspace and representation means in Virtual Reality (VR), Augment Reality (AR), presume access of closed intellectual collections. This action facilities provides to the researchers and specialists to win time on obtaining more information.
keywords image; virtual reality; augmente reality; museum
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:53

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