CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id acadia09_122
id acadia09_122
authors Oxman, Neri
year 2009
title Material-Based Design Computation: Tiling Behavior
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 122-129
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.122
summary From natural objects to man-made artifacts, tiling is all around us: it is the act of rationalizing highly complex form by breaking it up into smaller, continuous components. If well pursued, tiled objects can be easily designed and assembled. However, a geometric-centric view of tiling, whereby a predefined form determines the shape, size, and organization of tiles, has victimized the field of digital design. This paper questions the role of tiling as rationalizing method and offers an alternative theoretical framework and technical grounding for tiling behavior: the act of generation-through-tessellation informed by material behavior. The tools developed are implemented in the design of a 3D-printed chaise lounge, using multiple materials. The technical objective is to introduce a quantitative characterization and analysis of property mapping, as it is applied to a tiling algorithm using Voronoi cell tessellation. The network of tessellated Voronoi cells is used as an element in the Voronoi Finite Element Method (V-FEM) that the author developed. Various characterization functions and geometric parameters are generated, and V-FEM is executed for plane-strain analysis of doubly curved surfaces, from which global and local responses are evaluated.
keywords Tessellation, tiling, Voronoi, Algorithmic design
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id cf2009_847
id cf2009_847
authors Rosenberg, Daniel
year 2009
title Designing for the unpredictable: Novel model for the design of emergence through real-world behavior
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009, PUM, 2009, pp. 847- 860
summary Most current approaches to unpredictability, within architectural discourse, lie either in the design of unbuildable emergent shapes or in performance simulations to test already designed outcomes. Even though some recent explorations have enabled the construction of emergent shapes, the unpredictability of real-world behaviors as the rules’ source for the unpredictability of shape generation remains unexplored. This paper proposes a novel model for the design of unpredictable buildable shapes, based on real-world behaviors. Initially, current methodologies are studied in order to find how they deal with the unpredictability of shape generation and real-world behaviors. Finally, a comprehensive novel model is proposed and tested through an empirical experiment, to show how it can be applied in architecture.
keywords Unpredictability, emergence, simulation, folding structures
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2009/06/08 20:53

_id caadria2009_013
id caadria2009_013
authors Rosenberg, Daniel
year 2009
title Novel Transformations of Foldable Structures
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 195-204
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.195
summary Most foldable structures have been designed to optimize collapsibility and structural performance. Likewise, they have been solely applied to a limited number of architectural shapes such as arches, domes or geodesics. While the constant folding process between retracted and deployed states, has been the main concern of designers, non-constant transformations and the in-between states remains unexplored. This research will study non-constant transformations in the in-between states, with the aim to find novel shapes and extend the repertoire of current applications. Initially, existing structures will be modified in order to find what type of shape transformations can be produced. Finally, a novel solution, through a digital model and a kinetic physical prototype, will be proposed.
keywords Transformation; foldable structures; kinetic architecture
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id acadia21_444
id acadia21_444
authors Crawford, Assia
year 2021
title Mitochondrial Matrix
source ACADIA 2021: Realignments: Toward Critical Computation [Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-986-08056-7]. Online and Global. 3-6 November 2021. edited by B. Bogosian, K. Dörfler, B. Farahi, J. Garcia del Castillo y López, J. Grant, V. Noel, S. Parascho, and J. Scott. 444-453.
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2021.444
summary The following project was created as part of an art residency with the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (WCMR) at Newcastle University. The WCMR specializes in leading-edge research into mitochondrial disease, investigating causes, treatments, and ways of avoiding hereditary transmission. Mitochondria is believed to have started off as a separate species that through symbiosis came to be the powerhouse of each cell in our bodies (Hird 2009). Mitochondrial disease is a genetic disorder that is caused by genetic mutations of the DNA of the mitochondria or the cell that in turn affects the mitochondria (Bolano 2018). Mitochondria is a hereditary condition and can affect people at different stages in their lives. It can affect various organs and has a link to various types of conditions. Therefore, the patient experience is unique to each individual and the elusive nature of the condition can make it particularly challenging due to the complexity of the disorder as well as the inaccessible scale on which these variations occur (Chinnery 2014)
series ACADIA
type project
email
last changed 2023/10/22 12:06

_id caadria2009_018
id caadria2009_018
authors Ambrose, Michael; Benjamin G. Callam, Joseph Kunkel and Luc Wilson
year 2009
title How To Make A Digi-Brick
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 5-12
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.005
summary This project examines a non-traditional method of construction generated through a digital design process that leverages digital fabrication techniques related to masonry construction. Where as architects’ use of computers first affected shape and structure, it is now additionally affecting material, construction, and craft. This design proposal explores these concepts through the production of a wall using simple configuration and reconfiguration of a repeated module adaptable to differing and unique contexts and site conditions. The masonry module is designed and built through the exploration of a CAD-CAM process. The prototypes produced investigate the repetition of a single module unit, manipulated and interlocked resulting in a continuous surface that is more than just the sum of its individual parts. The material, construction and craft of each unit informs and challenges the entire project to question the making of the masonry module into a wall.
keywords Digital fabrication, design theory, digital design methods
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2009_157
id ecaade2009_157
authors Barczik, Günter; Labs, Oliver; Lordick, Daniel
year 2009
title Algebraic Geometry in Architectural Design
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 455-464
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.455
wos WOS:000334282200055
summary We describe the exploration of the manifold novel shapes found in algebraic geometry and their application in architectural design. These surfaces represent the zero-sets of certain polynomials of varying degrees. They are therefore very structured, coherent and harmonious yet at the same time geometrically and topologically highly complex. Their application in design is mostly unprecedended as they have only recently begun to become accessible through novel software tools. We present and discuss experimental student design and research projects where shapes found in algebraic geometry were developed into pavilion designs. We describe historic precedents for the inspiration of art and architecture through mathematics and show how algebraic surfaces can be used to expand architects’ sculptural vocabulary, make the utmost of three-dimensional sculptural qualities, employ shapes that have a strong internal structure, transcend the imaginable and explore polynomials as a new kind of shape-making tool.
keywords Geometry, algebraic geometry, shape, sculpture, design, tool, experiment, methodology, software
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2009_124
id ecaade2009_124
authors Beirão, José Nuno; Duarte, José Pinto; Stouffs, Rudi
year 2009
title An Urban Grammar for Praia: Towards Generic Shape Grammars for Urban Design
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 575-584
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.575
wos WOS:000334282200069
summary This paper presents a shape grammar for planned urban spaces intending an implementation for generative urban design. This implementation will form part of an urban design support tool defined to formulate, generate and evaluate urban designs. The goal is to formulate urban program descriptions according to context conditions using a description grammar and generate alternative design solutions using a shape grammar. The generation is guided by several evaluation processes performed by an evaluation module. In this paper we are focusing on the definition of the generic shape grammar using an existent urban plan as a case study. The aim is to encode the design moves of the urban designer into generic grammar rules amenable for specific instantiations through the customization of rule parameters.
keywords Shape grammars, patterns, generative urban design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2009_821
id sigradi2009_821
authors Beirão, José Nuno; Nuno Montenegro; Jorge Gil; José P. Duarte; Rudi Stouffs
year 2009
title The city as a street system: A street description for a city ontology
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The street system is an important component of the city ontology created for a generative urban design tool and should be able to integrate the many visions or interpretations that designers or other urban design agents may have about streets. This paper describes several characteristics of the street system, with its components organized into object classes which are the shape sets of algebras used by a generation module to generate street network representations that can be assessed by a GIS platform.
keywords Ontology; urban design; shape grammars; planning
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id cf2011_p127
id cf2011_p127
authors Benros, Deborah; Granadeiro Vasco, Duarte Jose, Knight Terry
year 2011
title Integrated Design and Building System for the Provision of Customized Housing: the Case of Post-Earthquake Haiti
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 247-264.
summary The paper proposes integrated design and building systems for the provision of sustainable customized housing. It advances previous work by applying a methodology to generate these systems from vernacular precedents. The methodology is based on the use of shape grammars to derive and encode a contemporary system from the precedents. The combined set of rules can be applied to generate housing solutions tailored to specific user and site contexts. The provision of housing to shelter the population affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake illustrates the application of the methodology. A computer implementation is currently under development in C# using the BIM platform provided by Revit. The world experiences a sharp increase in population and a strong urbanization process. These phenomena call for the development of effective means to solve the resulting housing deficit. The response of the informal sector to the problem, which relies mainly on handcrafted processes, has resulted in an increase of urban slums in many of the big cities, which lack sanitary and spatial conditions. The formal sector has produced monotonous environments based on the idea of mass production that one size fits all, which fails to meet individual and cultural needs. We propose an alternative approach in which mass customization is used to produce planed environments that possess qualities found in historical settlements. Mass customization, a new paradigm emerging due to the technological developments of the last decades, combines the economy of scale of mass production and the aesthetics and functional qualities of customization. Mass customization of housing is defined as the provision of houses that respond to the context in which they are built. The conceptual model for the mass customization of housing used departs from the idea of a housing type, which is the combined result of three systems (Habraken, 1988) -- spatial, building system, and stylistic -- and it includes a design system, a production system, and a computer system (Duarte, 2001). In previous work, this conceptual model was tested by developing a computer system for existing design and building systems (Benr__s and Duarte, 2009). The current work advances it by developing new and original design, building, and computer systems for a particular context. The urgent need to build fast in the aftermath of catastrophes quite often overrides any cultural concerns. As a result, the shelters provided in such circumstances are indistinct and impersonal. However, taking individual and cultural aspects into account might lead to a better identification of the population with their new environment, thereby minimizing the rupture caused in their lives. As the methodology to develop new housing systems is based on the idea of architectural precedents, choosing existing vernacular housing as a precedent permits the incorporation of cultural aspects and facilitates an identification of people with the new housing. In the Haiti case study, we chose as a precedent a housetype called “gingerbread houses”, which includes a wide range of houses from wealthy to very humble ones. Although the proposed design system was inspired by these houses, it was decided to adopt a contemporary take. The methodology to devise the new type was based on two ideas: precedents and transformations in design. In architecture, the use of precedents provides designers with typical solutions for particular problems and it constitutes a departing point for a new design. In our case, the precedent is an existing housetype. It has been shown (Duarte, 2001) that a particular housetype can be encoded by a shape grammar (Stiny, 1980) forming a design system. Studies in shape grammars have shown that the evolution of one style into another can be described as the transformation of one shape grammar into another (Knight, 1994). The used methodology departs takes off from these ideas and it comprises the following steps (Duarte, 2008): (1) Selection of precedents, (2) Derivation of an archetype; (3) Listing of rules; (4) Derivation of designs; (5) Cataloguing of solutions; (6) Derivation of tailored solution.
keywords Mass customization, Housing, Building system, Sustainable construction, Life cycle energy consumption, Shape grammar
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2012/02/11 19:21

_id cf2009_poster_37
id cf2009_poster_37
authors Chen, Tzu-Hao
year 2009
title Construction Improvements for the Making of Free-Form Glass Surfaces
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009 CD-Rom
summary The development of computer technology and new media in architecture has given new rise to the creativity of designers and lead architecture to new break through in construction. The making of CAD/CAM free-form structures, can be divided into the making of curved surfaces and the skeleton.
series CAAD Futures
type poster
last changed 2009/07/08 22:12

_id acadia09_255
id acadia09_255
authors Frumar, Jerome; Zhou, Yi Yi
year 2009
title Kinetic Tensegrity Grids with 3D Compressed Components
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 255-258
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.255
summary This paper details a series of preliminary explorations into the concept of kinetic tensegrity grids that can respond to stimuli by changing their shape, porosity, and transparency. The research presented explores double-layer tensegrity grids that utilize 3D “compressed” components. A case study demonstrates their applicability to the formation of sophisticated building envelopes that can actively or passively respond to changes in the environment. A computational form-finding tool is introduced to study design variations in real time. This tool is shown to expand the design spectrum by supporting increased complexity and revealing unexpected design potential. This research is significant as it outlines a practical methodology for conceiving responsive building systems. In particular, it illustrates an approach that synthesizes design concerns with engineering and fabrication goals.
series ACADIA
type Short paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id caadria2009_046
id caadria2009_046
authors Haeusler, Matthias Hank
year 2009
title Modulations of Voxel Surfaces Through Emotional Expressions to Generate A Feedback Loop Between Private Mood and Public Image
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 173-182
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.173
summary My proposal is an investigation into the perceptual boundaries between human and architectural expression. It asks how architecture can creatively adopt human expression by using the emotions ‘displayed’ on the ‘surface face’ as a generator for displaying a surface on a voxel façade to achieve a cross-connecting perceptual change with modulations through emotion (Massumi, 2006). Through voxel facades the public with their expressed emotions will be included in the decision process of defining space, by expressing our innermost feelings through an architectural medium. Thus emotions of the individual have a platform and can be conveyed indirectly to the public, and in turn open up discussions about the state of the community through the state of the façade. An alliance of media and place in an urban context can be achieved and created, with the participation of its inhabitants, along with a new perception of how media and architecture can together shape and inform spatial relations for a feedback loop between private mood and public image.
keywords Voxel façade; simulation; human-environment interaction; dynamic space
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ecaade2009_129
id ecaade2009_129
authors Hemmerling, Marco
year 2009
title Twister: An Integral Approach towards Digital Design and Construction
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 299-304
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.299
wos WOS:000334282200036
summary The paper outlines the relevance of computational geometry within the design and production process of architecture. Based on the case study “Twister”, the digital chain - from the initial form-finding to the final realization of spatial concepts - is discussed in relation to geometric principles. The association with the fascinating complexity, which can be found in nature and its underlying geometry was the starting point for the project presented in the paper. The translation of geometric principles into a three-dimensional digital design model was followed by a process of transformation and optimization of the initial shape, that integrated aesthetic, spatial and structural qualities as well as aspects of material properties and conditions of production.
keywords Geometry, 3D modeling, rapid prototyping, photogrammetry, digital fabrication
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ecaade2009_113
id ecaade2009_113
authors Henriques, Gonçalo Castro; Duarte, José Pinto; Brito, António Carvalho
year 2009
title TetraScript: Development of an Integrated System Capable of Optimizing Light in a Circumscribed Space
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 31-38
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.031
wos WOS:000334282200002
summary The purpose of this research is to develop a process capable of optimizing the capture of light in a circumscribed space, using a responsive system of skylights. Research is focused on the design of irregular dome-like pavilion spaces circumscribed by curved surfaces, but the envisioned process might be applied to other functional, formal, and spatial typologies. The design of the pavilion starts with the generation of a surface, later tessellated into a matrix of skylights depending on the geographic location and sun orientation. In the constructed pavilion, the skylights react to the variation of daylight intensity during the day to satisfy specified internal lighting needs. Simultaneously, the integration of conception and fabrication using digital tools (CAD-CAM) facilitates the construction of a non-standard, parametric geometry, thereby diminishing the costs of production and allowing for personalization, while assuring global sustainability.
keywords Scripting, digital fabrication, automation, responsive system
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id sigradi2009_669
id sigradi2009_669
authors Jacobi, Martina Maldaner; Jan Halatsch; Antje Kunze; Gerhard Schmitt; Benamy Turkienicz
year 2009
title A grammar-based system for the participatory design of urban structures [A grammar-based system for the participatory design of urban structures ]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary We propose a three-step participatory design cycle for the early urban design phase that can be integrated into the digital design chain. Step one involves a visualization method that is implemented as an interactive card-based interview technique for the collaborative requirement specification of urban designs. In step two these specifications are a) translated into simplified GIS data and then b) implemented into a grammar-based system together with the corresponding design regulations. The final outcome is a generative and iterative urban model, which includes buildings, building blocks, transportation networks and open spaces that visually communicates spatial impacts of urban design proposals.
keywords City modeling; participatory design; shape grammars; urban planning
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:53

_id ecaade2009_118
id ecaade2009_118
authors Li, Andrew I-kang; Chen, Liang; Wang, Yang; Chau, Hau Hing
year 2009
title Editing Shapes in a Prototype Two- and Three-dimensional Shape Grammar Environment
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 243-250
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.243
wos WOS:000334282200030
summary Recently we developed a prototype general shape grammar system, called Grammar Environment (Li et al. 2009). It differs from other systems in that it aims to support designers who design with shape grammars. One task of such a system is to support users in editing shapes. The guidelines that we followed in developing Grammar Environment suggested that the shape editing system should both be integrated into the system and be powerful as a drawing tool. This seemed to be contradictory. We decided to make two shape editors: one stronger on integration, the other on drawing power.
keywords Shape grammars, shape grammar interpreter, shape grammar environment
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2009_146
id ecaade2009_146
authors Liapi, Katherine; Kim, Jinman
year 2009
title Tensegrity Structures of Helical Shape: A Parametric Approach
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 53-58
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.053
wos WOS:000334282200005
summary Tensegrity grids composed of tensegrity units that form double layer cable nets of single or double curvature can find applications in architecture as surface structures. In this paper a parametric process for the geometric configuration and representation of double layer tensegrity structures of helical shape is discussed. Departing from the geometric construction process, an algorithm that facilitates the parametric description of helical tensegrity structures has been developed. The algorithm reflects the interdependence of all parameters involved in the design of helical tensegrity structures and has been integrated into a software application that enables the automatic generation of virtual models of helical configurations in a graphic environment.
keywords Modular tensegrity structures, helical surface structures, double layer tensegrity grids
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id sigradi2009_985
id sigradi2009_985
authors Mackay, William Iain; Neander Furtado Silva
year 2009
title From Ancient To Digital: The Challenges Of A Major Transition Towards The Virtual Reconstruction Of The Andean Past (With Special Reference To Inca Architecture.)
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The definition of an underlying shape grammar behind Inca architecture can assist in the virtual archaeological reconstruction of destroyed sites; that is, allowing us to step from the ancient to the digital realm. The Inca architectural style tends to be consistent throughout the Andes and was in effect, a statement of power. Geometricity, interlocking patterns, orthogonal layouts, colour and texture reversal, modular compression, derivations, rotation, mirroring, repetition, symmetry, proportion, ratios, recombination and Andean “entasis” are qualities frequently encountered in Andean art and architecture. They are “CAD-friendly” and can be integrated into predictive digital virtual reconstruction techniques representing partially damaged and substantially destroyed ancient Andean monuments (and fine arts).
keywords Inca; virtual reconstruction; shape grammars; kanchas; Ollantaytambo
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:55

_id cf2009_673
id cf2009_673
authors Tamke, Martin; Thomsen, Mette, Ramsgard
year 2009
title Digital wood craft
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009, PUM, 2009, pp. 673- 686
summary In 1995, Robin Evans points out in his book The Projective Cast how the development of techniques changed architecture and the space inhabited in times of Gothic and early Renaissance. We see a parallel phenomenon today, where the interplay of technology and tool gives shape to new design (Kolarevic 2005). Yet in opposition to the interwoven fields of design and craft of the late Gothic, today’s building sector is enormously diversified, and a growing complexity in the building process and number of used materials can be observed. This gives an opposite point of departure into a more integrated field of design and innovation in architectural design and building industry.
keywords Digital production, CAD/CAM, parametric design, complex form, mass customization
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2009/06/08 20:53

_id caadria2010_055
id caadria2010_055
authors Chen, Zi-Ru; Chung-Yang Wang, Pei-Chien Hung and Yu-Tung Liu
year 2010
title Preliminary tectonic phenomena of diversified architectural spatial forms in digital age
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 599-608
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.599
summary The research on tectonics in the architectural field began from the middle of nineteenth century and in recent twenty years digital technology gradually developed and permeated through the field of architecture. Liu and Lim (2006, 2009) integrated classic and digital tectonic factors a present framework of new tectonics. However, the previous studies related to the tectonics in this digital age were only on architectural cases that use a great deal of digital media. The research wants to know what and how the tectonic factors affect the different spatial forms of modern architecture and focused on a case study of the diversified spatial forms, orthogonal, folding and curving. The results show the classic tectonic thinking is imperative until now. It is critical to prove the significance of adding the new digital tectonic factors in digital age.
keywords Digital and classic tectonics; spatial form; digital media
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

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