CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 579

_id 96d8
id 96d8
authors Booth, Peter; Loo, Stephen
year 2009
title Beyond Equilibrium: Sustainable Digital Design
source Sustainable theory/ theorizing sustainability Proceedings from the 5th International Conference of the Association of Architecture Victoria University, New Zealand, 4-5 September 2009
summary Implicit in current understandings of sustainability is the presence of a closed system with the capacity of equilibration. Sustainable practices, including design practices, are therefore assumed to possess a redemptive role: design is deployed (as environmentally sustainable design, etc.) to change habits, develop new technologies and recover marginalized practices in the hope of righting the balance between the environment and human endeavours.

Recent developments in experimental digital design have demonstrated non‐linear and highly complex relations between topological transformations, material change, and the temporal dimension of forces. More importantly, this method of design is bottom‐up, because it does not rely on design solutions presaged by conventions, or restricted by representation, but is emergent within the performance of computational design itself. We argue that digital design processes need to move beyond the flux of determinates and solutions in equilibrium, towards a radically continuous but consistent production, which is in effect, an expression of sustainable pedagogy.

The role of emergent digital techniques has significant impact on the methods in which computation is utilized within both practice and academic environments. This paper outlines a digital design studio on sustainability at the University of Tasmania, Australia that uses parametric modelling, digital performance testing, and topological morphology, concomitant with actual material fabrication, as a potent mode of collaborative design studio practice towards a sustainable design pedagogy.

keywords digital, computation, process, morphogenesis.
series other
type normal paper
email
last changed 2009/09/08 23:21

_id ijac20097405
id ijac20097405
authors Derix, Christian
year 2009
title In-Between Architecture Computation
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 4, 565-586
summary In-Between Architecture Computation describes the evolution of the Computational Design approach at the AedasR&D Computational Design and Research group founded in 2004 at Aedas architects in London. The approach has transformed itself from an academic inspired thinking about computing media to a more flexible model of design heuristics and search algorithms that finally start to produce new hybrid design workflows in the industry while also swimming against the industry trend of super-integration software. Only if computing is not exclusively defined through architectural design intent or purely computing logic, does computational design explore new design thinking.
series journal
last changed 2010/09/06 08:02

_id ecaade2009_025
id ecaade2009_025
authors Dounas, Theodoros; Sigalas, Alexandros
year 2009
title Blender, an Open Source Design Tool: Advances and Integration in the Architectural Production Pipeline
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 737-744
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.737
wos WOS:000334282200089
summary We examine an open source 3d suite of tools called blender, as a tool for architectural design. The unique features of blender are examined in terms of ease of use and integrated nature since blender incorporates a simulation engine and a game engine that can be used creatively in the design process. The unique data structure of Blender is examined with the features and work flow that this structure brings in the design process. Also a simple comparison is made between Blender and 3ds max in terms of features and workflow as visualization tools together with an assessment of a two year seminar that took place in the Department of Architecture, in Volos Greece.
keywords Integrated design, open source cad
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2009_070
id ecaade2009_070
authors Ediz, Özgür
year 2009
title “Improvising” Architecture: A Fractal Based Approach
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 593-598
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.593
wos WOS:000334282200071
summary In this study, a computational, generative design model is investigated in the context of an approach based on improvising in architectural design. This approach asks the question: “How can fractals be used in the architectural design process?” The initial focus is the similarity between the architectural design process and musical improvisation. This is informative because improvisation in the design process can aid in developing numerous design alternatives. An understanding of improvisation in jazz music is particularly relevant for the architectural design process.
keywords Generative design, fractal-based design, computational architectural design, improvisation, jazz music
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2009_014
id ecaade2009_014
authors Haeusler, Matthias Hank
year 2009
title Media-Augmented Surfaces: Embedding Media Technology into Architectural Surface to Allow a Constant Shift between Static Architectural Surface and Dynamic Digital Display
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 483-490
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.483
wos WOS:000334282200058
summary The way screens are attached to architecture at present limits architectural surfaces to carriers of signs. The research presented in this paper offers a possible solution that allows architectural surfaces to be both a space-defining element that has certain architectural material qualities and at the same time allows media technology to be embedded. These surfaces can alter their state from static material to dynamic image in an instance. The paper presents a prototype capable of fulfilling this requirement. It also positions the research within the architectural discussion by comparing it to works of others and confirming its research value by reference to work in a similar direction. Finally, the paper evaluates the research and concludes that it could offer a ‘fabric’ to be used as a sort of media clothing for architecture in the electronic age (Ito, 2001).
keywords Media facade technology, media-augmented spaces, architectural screen design, media architecture, digital displays
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ecaade2009_150
id ecaade2009_150
authors Ilal, Mustafa Emre; Kale, Serdar; Yavas, Altug
year 2009
title Introducing Interdisciplinary Collaboration into Design Curriculum: Identifying the Appropriate Technological Infrastructure
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 129-136
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.129
wos WOS:000334282200015
summary There is an increasing adoption of BIM technology in the AEC industry. Organizations are forced to restructure their practices. The role of the architect within the new multi-disciplinary design team will depend on the architects’ skills in communicating with other team members. Architecture schools need to prepare students for this change. Collaborative aspect of design should be incorporated into the curriculum. This paper reports on the collaboration initiative between the architecture and civil engineering departments at Bal_kesir University. The initiative is investigating the extent to which courses can be coordinated across departments. Students from three different courses have been asked to provide analysis and feedback for the same project concurrently. The results confirm that BIM technology can effectively support collaboration even among undergraduate students who are relatively inexperienced with interdisciplinary data exchange.
keywords BIM, collaboration, curriculum
series eCAADe
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id cf2009_740
id cf2009_740
authors Kendir, Elif; Schork, Tim
year 2009
title Tools for conviviality : Transcribing design
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009, PUM, 2009, pp. 740- 753
summary This paper presents the outcomes and findings of a semester long trans-disciplinary design studio recently taught at RMIT University, involving students from the disciplines of architecture, industrial design and landscape design. The focus of the studio was to investigate the creation and appropriation of tools for innovative design processes. Drawing on craft theory and theories of design and computation, this paper illustrates how tools can transgress disciplinary boundaries and investigates how an understanding of the intricate relationship between tools, techniques, the media they operate in and the design outcome is the premise of a more informed design approach.
keywords Craft Theory, Design and Computation, Design studio pedagogy, Tooling
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2009/06/08 20:53

_id ecaade2009_103
id ecaade2009_103
authors Kirschner, Ursula; Pratschke, Anja
year 2009
title Experiment Digital Space: Composition with Elements Designed by Mies van der Rohe and the Importance of their Web Presentation: Didactical Design Methods Applied in Design Studios for Architectural and Cultural Sciences in Brazil, University of São Paulo and in Germany, Leuphana University of Lüneburg
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 787-792
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.787
wos WOS:000334282200096
summary This empirical research project is a didactical teaching method intended to introduce students interested in space to theoretical architecture topics using specific computer capacities. In different variations, this teaching method was tested on students of Cultural Sciences and Architecture in Brazil and in Germany. With this method, even students without previous CAD or architecture experience can creatively design spaces. Visualization of the design process as Web design joins the individual aspects to a logical composite and applies the computer as “brain-craft” to complement handcraft. For the creative tasks, this means interaction in a complex information structure where the borders between the disciplines fade.
keywords Design, didactic, CAD, web design, interdisciplinary
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2009_026
id ecaade2009_026
authors Lorenz, Wolfgang E.
year 2009
title Fractal Geometry of Architecture: Implementation of the Box-Counting Method in a CAD-Software
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 697-704
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.697
wos WOS:000334282200084
summary The author describes the basic principles for measuring architecture from the point of view of Fractal Geometry outlining the principle connections between Fractal Geometry and architecture, giving some examples and explaining the Box-Counting Method, which is an easily manageable method that can be applied to elevations. The paper not only deals with problems arising from using the Box-Counting Method but also with its relation to visual perception. It shows how the Box-Counting Dimension DB of façades can be measured with the help of a software program that was written by the author and has been implemented into AutoCAD. Finally, results of different configurations are given for the Koch curve and Robie House by Frank Lloyd Wright, showing the accuracy of this measurement method.
keywords Fractal architecture, box-counting dimensions of façades, visual perception, implementation in a CAD-software
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2009_030
id ecaade2009_030
authors Shadkhou, Shaghayegh; Bignon, Jean-Claude
year 2009
title Design, Fabrication, Digital: Between digital design and digital fabrication
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 305-312
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.305
wos WOS:000334282200037
summary This paper represents an educational practice aiming at analysis of the link between digital design and digital manufacturing. CFD (conception, fabrication, digitale) is a one week workshop with graduate (master recherche) students of architecture school of Nancy. Having passed the first semester with a focus on modelling principles, computational logics and formal data representation, students are well prepared to apply them all in the process of form generation. The exercise is based on experimenting with new approaches in computational form generation interweaving geometry, aspects of construction and fabrication technologies.
keywords CAD/CAM technologies, form generation, digital design, digital fabrication, constructability, architectural education
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2009_036
id ecaade2009_036
authors Tamke, Martin; Thomsen, Mette Ramsgard; Asut, Serdar; Josefsson, Kristoffer
year 2009
title Translating Material and Design Space: Strategies to Design with Curved Creased Surfaces
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 385-390
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.385
wos WOS:000334282200046
summary This paper shares findings from the project DevA (Developable surfaces in Architecture), a research by design based project developed a collaboration between academic and industry partners. The project aims to investigate the use of curved sheet material in architecture using hybridised 3D modelling and pattern cutting techniques. The project investigates how digital design and fabrication technologies enable the development of new structural concepts through the new means of material specification and detailing at unprecedented levels of precision. The paper presents speculative research project as well as the demonstrator Reef Pattern.
keywords Complex surface design, CAD, material behavior in design, industrial and interdisciplinary collaboration, practice based research
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaade2009_082
id ecaade2009_082
authors Wang, Chung-Yang
year 2009
title Effect on Architectural Representation through Dynamic and Static Design Methods
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 497-504
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.497
wos WOS:000334282200060
summary For accelerating the birth of architectures, people apply logical inductions and definitions to design processes ambiguous in the past then explore the possibilities of design methods. Evolving with times and varied perspectives, there are gradually increasing ways which could generate the difference of the natures in architectures – dynamic or static. Architecture has its own mode of dynamic or static representation in every era. Many studies have pointed out this variation derives from the advances of design media, but there still apparently lacks studies focus on the relationship between design processes and architectural representation. Thus, this research aims to juxtapose design methods with dynamic and static representation in architecture then summarize the possible correlation between these factors.
keywords Statics/Dynamics, Design method, design media, architectural representation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id ecaade2009_000
id ecaade2009_000
authors Çagdas, Gülen; Çolakoglu, Birgül (eds.)
year 2009
title COMPUTATION: The New Realm of Architectural Design
source 27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings [ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9], Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, 854 p.
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009
summary In the field of architecture, computational design has emerged as sub-discipline having a multidisciplinary nature and using computing methods and capabilities to understand and solve architectural design problems. Computational design is based on computational thinking that includes a range of mental tools in solving problems, designing systems, and understanding human behavior. It has drawn on the concepts of mathematics and computer science. Computational design elements are derived from both theoretical science and experimental design in such a way that its mechanism relies heavily on mathematical logic, but once built, experimentation is done by varying one parameter at a time to study individual changes. It is a design model, not design itself. Computational design involves applying appropriate computational mechanisms, algorithms, or methods to architecture in order to solve design problems and develop design applications. This process creates systems that can be used as design tools for exploring and forming entirely new design concepts and strategies. Over the next decade, computation will have a great impact on design world. It will solve more complex design problems with greater accuracy and be applied by more designers more routinely—it will go deeper and wider. However, the greatest change that it will bring is the breaking down of barriers between scientific domains and design, enabling real “design science.” Computation is already a key driver in “joined-up” research. It forces scientists and designers to think deeper and wider. Some people have considered it to be the enemy of creativity. In their opinion, designers simply must do things rather than think about what they are doing and how they are doing it. Deeper thinking is associated with scientific rather than designer thinking. The fact is that some of the most innovative and creative work is being done by people who have developed computational thinking skills and know other disciplines along with computing. The theme of eCAADe 2009 conference, Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design, is devoted to exploring the ramifications of this view for the domain of design: research, education, and practice. We believe that the most intriguing research questions that will emerge from the advent of new and more powerful computational devices—and from the design tools that make use of them—will be in the realm of developmental design science.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ascaad2009_mohamed_abdalla
id ascaad2009_mohamed_abdalla
authors Abdalla, Mohamed Saad Atia
year 2009
title 3D Model and Decision Support System for Fire Safety: A case study of Kingdom of Bahrain
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 419-430
summary Fire agencies on all levels try hard to save lives, properties, and natural resources. Accurate access to critical information is essential in this regard, many agencies around the world have embraced GIS as a tool that helps them balance needs, uses, and hazards to promote sustainability of the environment while identifying and limiting vulnerability. At Kingdom of Bahrain, Ministry of interior established the Geographic Security System (GSS) to enhance the emergency response. The 3D of the GSS Consisted of 3 main parts: (1) 3D for terrain model, (2) 3D model for entire targeted zones, and (3) 3D models for individual buildings. In this paper, the integration between GSS system and 3D model will be illustrated, and how this kind of integration could enhance decision support system (DSS) for fire safety at kingdom of Bahrain. On other hand, we will highlight the technical and legislation difficulties faced in this project. Also, the future steps to enhance DSS will be discussed.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id ascaad2009_000
id ascaad2009_000
authors Abdelhameed, Wael; N. Hamza and A. Bennadji (eds.)
year 2009
title Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content
source 4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009)[ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, 463 p.
summary CAAD is constantly provoking and raising many potentials, challenges and arguments in academia, practice, and even in the theory of architecture itself. This process starts with the pedagogy of designing and the ongoing questions such as how much of CAAD should be incorporated in teaching, and ends with digital design technologies and the new emerging questions such as how biologically inspired computational processes alter the form of our architecture and the typical design process. Architecture originates from peoples’ needs and beliefs. The new forms of digital architecture generate debates in terms of various important issues, ranging from emotional and social factors to sustainability and warming climate. The focus area of the conference can be shaped, as follows: considering all these potentials, challenges, and arguments, which we have to benefit from and cope with, are there truly legitimate concerns about the future of our architecture and its content in particular from human and environmental dimensions? Can we develop our own ways of benefiting from the technology that cater to our environment and culture? Can we still see the form of architecture in the traditional way or should we change our perspectives? In other words the conference concentrates on bridging between the new digital form and the traditional human content.
series ASCAAD
type normal paper
email
last changed 2010/02/26 07:31

_id acadia09_30
id acadia09_30
authors Aish, Robert
year 2009
title Tools of Expression: Notation and Interaction for Design Computation
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 30-31
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.030
summary Design considers function, fabrication, and aesthetics collectively. Computation is beginning to affect the competitive dynamics of design. Using algorithms, designers are exploring forms that are essentially “undrawable,” even with advanced modeling and direct manipulation techniques. Determining the appropriate functional characteristics may require the application of increasingly complex structural- and environmental-performance analysis techniques. To realize physically a design may require further geometric analysis and rationalization, and the use of complex computer-controlled fabrication techniques.
keywords Design, Computation, Form Finding, Design logic
series ACADIA
type Keynote paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ascaad2009_amal_al-ali
id ascaad2009_amal_al-ali
authors Al-Ali, Amal and P. Sharma
year 2009
title Creativity and Collaboration in Architecture Education in the UAE
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 245-256
summary A review of national government literature indicates that today’s knowledge-driven economy demands a workforce equipped with complex skills and attitudes. Examples of these skills and attitudes are general problems solving, meta-cognitive skills, critical thinking and lifelong learning. Reviews of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry indicates a gap between architecture practice and education. The Egan report states that there is a need for a change of style, culture and process within the construction industry and it identified five driving forces, the report also recognised that the achievement of these driving forces is linked to training and education. Education must not only teach the necessary technical skills and knowledge, but also the culture of teamwork, collaborative work and creativity. The construction boom in the United Arab Emirates combined with the country’s mission to highly educate and train its nationals to be able to tackle market challenges provoked the necessity of implementing the culture of creativity and collaboration in education system. On the other hand, use of technology in education has been proven to facilitate and enhance the learning process. This paper will highlight the importance of implementing the virtual design studio as a technlogical platform in architecture education in the UAE in a way that aims to promote the culture of creativity and collaboration through the use of technology.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id ascaad2009_a_al_attili
id ascaad2009_a_al_attili
authors Al-Attili, A. and M. Androulaki
year 2009
title Architectural Abstraction and Representation: The embodied familiarity of digital space
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 305-321
summary This paper argues that familiarity is the tool that enables the understanding of space abstraction and representation. Familiarity in this context is independent from embodied interaction, and is crudely based on the connection between the various similar images of space; in this particular case, virtual space. Our investigation into the nature of human interaction with space, its abstraction and its representation is based on the critical contrast between the outcomes of interaction with two virtual versions of a physical reality; the first version is a non-linear interactive graphical abstraction of the space where no assertions or indicators are given as to whether or not there is a relationship between the abstraction and its physical reality, whereas the second is a none-linear interactive 3D virtual environment clearly representing the physical space in question. The paper utilises qualitative methods of investigation in order to gain an insight into human embodied experience in space, its abstraction and representation.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id sigradi2021_50
id sigradi2021_50
authors Albuquerque, Dilson and Andrade, Max
year 2021
title The Impacts of Collaboration and Cordination of Architectural and Engineering Projects Developed with BIM in Reducing Design Interferences
source Gomez, P and Braida, F (eds.), Designing Possibilities - Proceedings of the XXV International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2021), Online, 8 - 12 November 2021, pp. 783–794
summary This paper addresses the importance and development of cultural transformations involving the design process in architecture and the advent of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in civil construction activities and how its implementation in a coordinated, collaborative and interoperable way contributes to a diagnosis of Clash Detection between diferentes design projects, before building construction, saving excessive costs and rework. Taking as its main reference the BIM Maturity Matrix of Succar (2009), the proposed BIM Project Integration Maturity Matrix contributes to the awareness of bringing designers and builders closer to design activities, to encourage the integration of design processes involving the building, to consolidate an environment of ease of communication between participants, the organization of documentation and, above all, prioritize the compatibility between projects to avoid conflicts, excess costs and rework, resulting in a higher quality of the final project.
keywords Coordenaçao de projetos, detecçao de interferencias, Building Information Modeling, matriz de avaliaçao, projeto integrado
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/05/23 12:11

_id ascaad2009_michael_ambrose
id ascaad2009_michael_ambrose
authors Ambrose, Michael A.
year 2009
title Spatial and Temporal Sequence: Film, animation and design theory - toward a constructed morphology
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 165-176
summary This paper presents an investigation of film, space, form and motion to expose issues of spatial perception. The objective is to use a brief moment of constructed moving imagery (a film scene) as the vehicle to develop a spatial/temporal sequence. The design research focuses on an examination of the procedure or process constructed by the director/cinematographer. The changing position of the camera continually changes the relationship of the frame to the viewed context. The project asks the student to interpret the spatial and temporal transformation, through the continual oscillation between foreground and background, in an effort to unravel the pretext of the singular point of view to reveal the intention of the filmmaker. The project discussed here focuses on a relationship between the projection of space in architectural representation and the production of space through complex geometries relative to temporal discontinuities and the way in which they agitate and alter one another. Drawing topological relationships between of the paths, or trajectories of movement, within a proposed scene of a film is the vehicle for investigation in this project. An event or configuration complete in itself, but forming part of the larger collection, is modelled and transformed to suggest various structural and temporal definitions with respect to spatial portrayal through the composition of time and the cinematic frame. In particular, spatial animation of a sequence of framed condition was to be explored in the development of a spatial episode.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

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