CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2009_151
id caadria2009_151
authors Fox, Michael A.
year 2009
title Redesigning The Brick
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.381
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 381-390
summary This research examines the value of “redesigning the brick,” in creating a new vocabulary of basic architectural building blocks with autonomous reconfigurable robotics. The paper highlights several built examples by the author of robotic architectural environments and the work of architecture students whereby individual modules were created within the context of a design studio and applied to scenarios of space making at various scales. Several strategies for decentralized control were explored dictating how individual parts of a system should behave and how local interactions between individual modules can lead to the emergence of global behaviour. The students schematically designed selfreplicating models which would allow for each object to be able to attach, detach, and reconfigure according to predetermined computational logic. The projects successfully demonstrate various strategies for mechanical design, locomotion and control.
keywords Interactive Architecture: Modular Robotics; Robotics; Kinetics; Biomimetics
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id acadia09_98
id acadia09_98
authors Bennett, Ed
year 2009
title ArtBus: A Minimal Bus and Protocol for Distributed Interfacing in Art and Design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.098
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 98-104
summary ArtBus is a protocol and hardware bus for interfacing computers to sensors and actuators. It is a distributed interface, meaning that different parts of an ArtBus system can be at different locations in a space. ArtBus devices can be made on any embedded platform or microcontroller. While unconventional in some ways, ArtBus makes use of engineering design inspired by long established supervisory control and laboratory instrumentation practice. At the same time it is a simple, flexible interface which should be viable into the next generation of media devices and embedded control.
keywords Hardware, sensor, interactive design, media
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2009_117
id ecaade2009_117
authors Burry, Jane; Holzer, Dominik
year 2009
title Sharing Design Space: Remote Concurrent Shared Parametric Modeling
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.333
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 333-340
summary This paper reports on research involving researchers and senior undergraduate students investigating the potential for sharing parametric digital design models via a central server using version control software for file sharing and locking. The innovation is introducing remote shared flexible modeling in very early design to observe firstly, the negotiation of protocols for working together in this environment and secondly the generative and constraining impacts of working in a flexible relational model with other unseen hands at work.
wos WOS:000334282200040
keywords collaborative design, digital modeling, parametric design, version control
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia09_234
id acadia09_234
authors Cantrell, Bradley E.; Yates, Natalie A.
year 2009
title Abstraction Language: Digital/ Analog Dialogues
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.234
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 234-239
summary The connection between biological systems and machines is quickly becoming an important factor in designing the built environment. This paper explores the model of abstraction languages as a method to create communications between biological and mechanical systems, focusing on modes accessible to design professionals. The development of data and control abstraction in programming is explored in order to develop linkages between physical systems and digital interfaces. This examination looks at current methods of data conveyance for the built environment, and at pushing beyond these current methods to suggest a method of abstraction. The researchers are particularly interested in the ability of abstraction to compress ecological/biological complexity into accessible modules for responsive environments.
keywords Abstraction, synthesis, processing, biological systems, responsive design
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id caadria2009_082
id caadria2009_082
authors Fischer, Thomas
year 2009
title Reassessing rigour, Re-cycling Research
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.791
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 791-795
summary Circular causality, circular logic and subjectivity are rejected by many scientists while some designers regard them as keys to understanding the design process. With this paper I hope to stimulate a discussion about a largely unquestioned foundation of our field: the form of enquiry. Taking (as others before) this form to be circular, I examine the implications of and for research and education. Ideally, this discussion should inspire a new branch in our field: A philosophy of computeraided design research.
keywords Control; design; science; logic; causality
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id acadia09_90
id acadia09_90
authors Fox, Michael
year 2009
title Flockwall: A Full-Scale Spatial Environment with Discrete Collaborative Modules
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.090
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 90-97
summary The paper highlights a built example of a human-scale spatial environment composed of discrete collaborative modules. The primary goals were to develop and understand strategies that can be applied to interactive architecture. The design and construction were carried out in an academic context that was displayed to a public audience of approximately 200,000 people over the course of three days. In addressing the performance parameters of the prototype, the concept focused on several key strategies: 1) geometry 2) movement 3) connections 4) scale and 5) computational control, and human interaction. The final objective of the approach was to create an innovative design that was a minimally functional spatial environment with the capability for evolving additional multi-functionality. Heavy emphasis was placed on creating a full-scale environment that a person could walk through, interact with, and experience spatially.
keywords Geometry, design logic, flock behavior, prototype, fabrication, responsive systems
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ijac20097406
id ijac20097406
authors Hanafin, Stuart; Greg Pitts; Sambit Datta
year 2009
title Non-Deterministic Exploration through Parametric Design
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 4, 605-622
summary This paper explores non-deterministic parametric modelling as a design tool. Specifically, it addresses the application of parametric variables to the generation of a conceptual bridge design and the use of repeatable discrete components to the conceptual form. In order to control the generation of the bridge form, a set of design variables based on the concept of a law curve have been developed. These design variables are applied and tested through interactive modelling and variation, driven by manipulating the law curve. Combining this process with the application and control of a repeatable element, known as a Representative Volumetric Element (RVE), allows for the development and exploration of a design solution that could not be achieved through the use of conventional computer modelling. The competition brief for the Australian Institute of Architects (AIA) ‘Dialectical Bridge’ has been used as a case study to demonstrate the use of non-deterministic parametric modelling as a design tool. The results of the experimentation with parametric variables, the law curve and representative volumetric elements (RVE) are presented in the paper.
series journal
last changed 2010/09/06 08:02

_id caadria2009_159
id caadria2009_159
authors Kim, Seung Wook; Hsin-Hsien Chiu
year 2009
title Interactive Chair
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.423
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 423-432
summary InteractiveChair is proposed as a natural and affordable medium that enables direct control of locomotion in 3D virtual space by using dynamic sitting postures. InteractiveChair detects subtle movements of a chair occupant in real time by measuring relative position and orientation between the user’s body and the chair. While standard user interfaces require users to consciously relate the device manipulation by hand to the action in the virtual space, InteractiveChair directly leverages the correlation between our body and spatial conception to control the avatar’s locomotion. This study determines typical user behaviours on the chair and measures them through sensors that are exquisitely integrated with a typical swivel chair. The study then presents results from a user study to measure the qualitative factors of user experience in controlling virtual locomotion with InteractiveChair.
keywords interactive chair, HCI, 3D interface, virtual environment
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ecaade2009_162
id ecaade2009_162
authors Kontaxakis, Dimitris G.; Papadimitriou, Spiros I.
year 2009
title The ‘‘Formalization’’ of the In-Formal: Design and Materialization Evolution of ‘Paramana’ Square as a Case Study
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.399
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 399-406
summary Informal has to do with shifting certainties and the insertion of unexpected, chance and improvisation. The ‘formalization’ of the informal is the subject of this paper; seeking to explore the possibility to have atypical and not rigorous formalizations. But if that is possible until what point informality can be described and designed? By presenting an experimental and realized architectural project we bring forward the necessity of rethinking the concepts of design and construction evolution. There is a strong relation between techniques and the generation, control and construction of complex forms. It is clear that the animation techniques and the dynamic vectorial systems that they are used during the design process played a vital role in the liberation from a pre-conceived typology, as well as in morphing, in controlling, and in materialization of the new that didn’t exist before.
wos WOS:000334282200048
keywords Informality, animation techniques, dynamic design systems, optimization, rationalization
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id acadia09_66
id acadia09_66
authors Menges, Achim
year 2009
title Performative Wood: Integral Computational Design for Timber Constructions
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.066
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 66-74
summary Wood differs from most building materials in that it is a naturally grown biological tissue. Thus wood displays significant differentiation in its material makeup and structure as compared to most industrially produced, isotropic materials. Upon closer examination wood can be described as an anisotropic natural fiber system with different material characteristics and related behavior in different directions relative to the main grain orientation. Because of its differentiated internal capillary structure wood is also hygroscopic. It absorbs and releases moisture in exchange with the environment and these fluctuations cause differential dimensional changes. In architectural history the inherent heterogeneity of wood and the related more complex material characteristics have been mainly understood as a major deficiency by the related crafts, timber industry, engineers and architects alike. This paper will present an alternative design approach and associated computational design tools that aim at understanding wood’s differentiated material make up as its major capacity rather than a deficiency. Along two design experiments the related research on an integral computational design approach towards unfolding wood’s intrinsic material characteristics and performative capacity will be discussed. The first experiment explores the anisotropic characteristics of wood by exploiting the differential bending behavior in relation to the local induction of forces through which a specific overall morphology can be achieved. The second experiment focuses on the hygroscopic property of wood as the base for developing a surface structure that responds to changes in relative humidity with no need for any additional electronic or mechanical control.
keywords Wood, materiality, prototype, performance, responsive design
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2009_067
id caadria2009_067
authors Nilkaew, Piyaboon
year 2009
title The Study of Building Management by using 3D Digital Modeling and Database: ABFM
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.235
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 235-243
summary The principal objective of building management is to control facilities planning and facilities operations and maintenance, that effective criteria in strategic planning about preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance. The key of success in managing the building and facilities is all about collecting and interpreting data on diverse facets of property use. Computer databases are the ideal vehicles in which to log, store and manipulate data; almost unlimited information can be measured and entered en masse. The strength of such information storage is its capacity for expansion and the diversity of subject; it becomes large and requires greater and greater operator familiarity with its structure in order to interrogate successfully. The ultimate solution is to computer–base the entire operation, by using the three-dimensional building modelling to control the operation. This solution will simulate building in virtual environment and the building system data (Architectural part and Engineering part) will collect in digital data type. The digital data will classification and made three-dimensional database relations. This research focus in three sections of the operation as three-dimensional database relationship, topological simulation and smart system, that applied to generate the prototype building management application “Architecture Building Facilities Management: ABFM”.
keywords Building management; facilities management; 3D database; smart system
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2009_091
id caadria2009_091
authors Pitts, Greg; Sambit Data
year 2009
title Parametric Modelling of Architectural Surfaces
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.635
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 635-644
summary Parametric modelling is gaining in popularity as both a fabrication and design tool, but its application in the architectural design industry has not been widely explored. Parametric modelling has the ability to generate complex forms with intuitively reactive components, allowing designers to express and fabricate structures previously too laborious and geometrically complex to realise. This allows designers to address a project at both the macro and micro levels of resolution in the governing control surface and the individual repetitive component. This two level modelling control, of component and overall surface, can allow designers to explore new types of form generation subject to parametric constraints. Shading screens have been selected as the focus for this paper and are used as a medium to explore form generation within a given set of functional parameters. Screens can have many applications in a building but for the purpose of the following case studies, lighting quality and passive sun control are the main functional requirement. A set of screen components have been designed within certain shading parameters to create a generic component that can automatically adapt to any given climatic conditions. These will then be applied to surfaces of varying degrees of geometric complexity to be analysed in their ability to correctly tessellate and create a unified screening array true to the lighting requirements placed on the generic component.
keywords Parametric Modelling: Screening; Design; Fabrication
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id caadria2009_172
id caadria2009_172
authors Schimek, Heimo; Milena Stavric, Albert Wiltsche and Otto Roeschel
year 2009
title Parametrics of Movable Polyhedral Models in Performative Architecture
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.185
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 185-194
summary We present a parametrical approach to movable polyhedral models. Based on polyhedral geometry the whole structure consisting of an interconnected series of prisms (with dual spherical joints) can move 3-dimensionally. The principles of polyhedral geometry allow constraint movements of the prisms with a certain degree of freedom. We use these geometrical principles to open and close façades for ventilation or structures for shading control superimposed on building envelopes. The different groups of regular polyhedra in the Euclidean 3-space and their specific topological types will be discussed in order to choose the appropriate model and showe geometrical theory of movable polyhedral models can be successfully applied to performative architecture.
keywords Moveable polyhedral models: kinematic architecture; parametric design; geometry of joints; performative architecture
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ecaade2009_071
id ecaade2009_071
authors Thompson, Emine Mine; Horne, Margaret
year 2009
title Sharing 3D City Models: An Overview
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.261
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 261-268
summary This study describes the computing methods now available to enable the sharing of three-dimensional (3D) data between various stakeholders for the purposes of city modeling and considers the need for a seamless approach for sharing, transmitting, and maintaining 3D city models. The study offers an overview of the technologies and the issues related to remote access, collaboration, and version control. It builds upon previous research on 3D city models where issues were raised on utilizing, updating and maintaining 3D city models and providing access to various stakeholders. This paper will also describe a case study which is currently analyzing the remote access requirements for a sustainable computer model of NewcastleGateshead in England. Options available will be examined and areas of future research will be discussed.
wos WOS:000334282200032
keywords 3D City Models, sharing, remote access, virtual NewcastleGateshead
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id acadia09_264
id acadia09_264
authors Zhang, Yu; Feng, Han; Wang, Jianguo
year 2009
title An Interactive Decision Support System for Deriving Plot Ratios Based on the Similarity Relations Between Land Attributes
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.264
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 264-266
summary This paper presents a simple tool for deciding land attribute plot ratios by defining elementary entities and their relationships from the viewpoint of a complex adaptive system. Each entity in this case, a block in the city, is described according to its condition and potential for development, such as land function, accessibility, landscape control, and so on. This not only provides a rich yet subtle identification of each entity, but also creates the basis to establish dynamic interconnections between them. The similarity coefficient, calculated by the comparison between the different blocks’ factors fits well with the explanation of the spontaneous development of the city. The weight of every factor and the threshold of the similarity coefficient are both set as variables, with the optimized value recommended as a default, which ensures a multitudinal application of this software with a focus on different aspects of urban planning. The resultant self-regulatory system with flexible input is not only a credible tool for deriving plot ratios, but also an effective platform to activate urban design creations. The system, as a socio-technical tool, enhances the essential process of urban self-organization and hetero-organization.
keywords Decision Support, software, self-organization systems, parametric systems
series ACADIA
type Short paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ascaad2014_023
id ascaad2014_023
authors Al-Maiyah, Sura and Hisham Elkadi
year 2014
title Assessing the Use of Advanced Daylight Simulation Modelling Tools in Enhancing the Student Learning Experience
source Digital Crafting [7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014 / ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, pp. 303-313
summary In architecture schools, where the ‘studio culture’ lies at the heart of students’ learning, taught courses, particularly technology ones, are often seen as secondary or supplementary units. Successful delivery of such courses, where students can act effectively, be motivated and engaged, is a rather demanding task requiring careful planning and the use of various teaching styles. A recent challenge that faces architecture education today, and subsequently influences the way technology courses are being designed, is the growing trend in practice towards environmentally responsive design and the need for graduates with new skills in sustainable construction and urban ecology (HEFCE’s consultation document, 2005). This article presents the role of innovative simulation modelling tools in the enhancement of the student learning experience and professional development. Reference is made to a teaching practice that has recently been applied at Portsmouth School of Architecture in the United Kingdom and piloted at Deakin University in Australia. The work focuses on the structure and delivery of one of the two main technology units in the second year architecture programme that underwent two main phases of revision during the academic years 2009/10 and 2010/11. The article examines the inclusion of advanced daylight simulation modelling tools in the unit programme, and measures the effectiveness of enhancing its delivery as a key component of the curriculum on the student learning experience. A main objective of the work was to explain whether or not the introduction of a simulation modelling component, and the later improvement of its integration with the course programme and assessment, has contributed to a better learning experience and level of engagement. Student feedback and the grade distribution pattern over the last three academic years were collected and analyzed. The analysis of student feedback on the revised modelling component showed a positive influence on the learning experience and level of satisfaction and engagement. An improvement in student performance was also recorded over the last two academic years and following the implementation of new assessment design.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2016/02/15 13:09

_id caadria2009_021
id caadria2009_021
authors Ambrose, Michael A.
year 2009
title BIM and Comprehensive Design Studio Education
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.757
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 757-760
summary Building Information Modeling (BIM) has the potential to fundamentally alter the way composition, scale and abstraction are addressed in today’s comprehensive design studio by displacing the primacy of abstract conventions of representation with a methodology based on systems thinking and virtual simulation. BIM viewed as provocateur of design education provides great potential for the critical analysis of how architectural design is taught. The design studio project reflects new ways of teaching and addressing BIM methods and processes, and critically evaluating their effects and possibilities on architectural production.
keywords Education; design theory; design studies; animation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2018_312
id ecaade2018_312
authors Gündüz, Gamze, Oral, Hülya and Yazar, Tu?rul
year 2018
title Integration of Design Geometry with "Computational Making" in Basic Design Studio - A Case Study of Lanterns Project
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2018.2.439
source Kepczynska-Walczak, A, Bialkowski, S (eds.), Computing for a better tomorrow - Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland, 19-21 September 2018, pp. 439-448
summary Basic design education, as an introduction of design principles to novice students, has two-way of teaching which are design thinking and professional training, since Bauhaus. Initiated in 2009, the Computation-based Basic Design Studio creates a common ground through discussions between students, academics, and professionals from various backgrounds. In this paper, the implementation of parallel courses named Computation-based Basic Design Studio and Design Geometry is discussed upon final assignment of the first semester- New Year's Lanterns. The given assignment structured as a cyclic process through constant feedback between geometric relations, material performance, and, joinery details to achieve novel outcomes that exceed the preliminarily set structural criteria. In relation to individual processes and outcomes of the final assignment, observed tendencies developed by students', at the end of their first-term in design education, will be discussed as final remarks.
keywords design education; basic design; design geometry; polyhedra
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ecaade2009_138
id ecaade2009_138
authors Kozikoglu, Nilüfer; Erdogan, Meral; Nircan, Ahmet Kutsi; Özsel Akipek, Fulya
year 2009
title Collective Design Network: Systems Thinking (Event-Pattern-Structures) and System Dynamics Modelling as a Design Concept and Strategy
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.533
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 533-540
summary This paper will relay the initial phase of a collaborative work within partners from the design discipline, systems engineering, and software engineering which deals with the interrelations of “network idea”, “systems thinking”, “collective design”, and “computation”. Vensim– a system dynamics modelling tool developed by Ventana Systems, Inc. in 1992 – has been used in an experimental first year design studio to engage students in systems thinking in the architectural design environment. It has been observed that this tool enabled most students to develop a multi-layered, complex and more controlled design logic and to amplify the cognitive processes at the beginning of the design education. We conclude that in order to fully realize systems thinking in the design process, new ways of integrating parametric design environments and system dynamic modelling environments needs to be investigated.
wos WOS:000334282200064
keywords Design network, system dynamics, dynamic pattern, collectivity, integration
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id caadria2009_030
id caadria2009_030
authors Lai, Ih-Cheng; Teng-Wen Chang
year 2009
title One Map Many Ideas : How Novice Designers Generate Conceptual Designs From An Idea Map
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.341
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 341-350
summary Brainstorming is a method for creative problem solving in the design studio learning. In brainstorming, linking ideas is regarded as searching design in design space which is constructed by a graph-like knowledge structure between participants’ knowledge. Idea Map provides the potential knowledge representation for representing such design space. This research conducts an experiment to understand how novice designers generate conceptual designs through an idea map. Finally, a preliminary computational mechanism for controlling an effective map size to develop conceptual designs is proposed.
keywords Linking ideas: idea map; design space; conceptual design; brainstorming
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

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